Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
CHAPTER
23
LENGTH, SPLICE OF
23.1 INTRODUCTION
The failure of the reinforced concrete structure commonly caused by incorrect reinforcements detail. Reinforcement detail includes the development length, hook (anchorage) and splice between reinforcements.
The strength of reinforcing bar is based on the bond strength between steel reinforcement and concrete material. Due to external load the bond stress between steel reinforcement and concrete can be exceeded and cause crushing and splitting of the surrounding concrete.
The followings are the major factors of the bond strength, as follows : Adhesion between concrete and steel reinforcement. Gripping effect from drying shrinkage of the surrounding concrete. Shear interlock of bar deformation and surrounding concrete. Concrete quality. Diameter of the steel reinforcement.
This chapter describes the analysis of development length, standard hook, development of flexural reinforcement, bar cut off and splice of reinforcements.
23.2.2
The pull out bond is determined based on the pull out force applied to the embedded steel reinforcement with prescribed embedded length. The pull out bond strength can be calculated based on the average bond stress , as follows : Tnb = (db )ld
[23.1]
23 - 1
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
where : Tnb db ld = bond strength of embedded reinforcement = average bond stress per unit area of bar surface = diameter of reinforcement = embedded length (development length)
T=
1 2 db fs 4
[23.2]
where : T db fs = tensile force at bar cross section = diameter of reinforcement = stress of bar
(db )ld =
1 2 db fs 4
[23.3]
ld =
db fs 4
[23.4]
23.3.2
ACI code uses the concept of development length rather than average bond stress. The average bond stress is determined based on the test result and function of the concrete compressive strength.
= where :
9.5 f 'c db
800
lb in2
[23.5]
23 - 2
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
fc db
= average bond stress per unit area of bar surface = concrete compressive strength = diameter of reinforcement
= k f 'c
[23.6]
Rewritten the above condition we can obtain the basic development length, as follows :
[23.7]
23.3.3
A.
ld = db
15fy c + K tr 16 f 'c d b
ld = db
3fy c + K tr 40 f 'c d b
c + K tr 1.5 d b
2. 5
K tr =
A tr fyt 260sn
K tr =
A tr fyt 1500sn
where : Ktr Atr fyt = transverse reinforcement index = area of transverse reinforcement through the longitudinal bar being developed = yield strength of transverse reinforcement
23 - 3
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
B.
, , , & c Factor
TABLE 23.3
TABLE 23.4
The c factor is spacing / cover dimension factor determined as the smaller of : Distance from center of bar to the nearest concrete surface. 0.5 of center to center spacing of the bar being developed.
C.
For the design purpose the simplified development length formula is often used, as follows :
TABLE 23.6 SIMPLIFIED DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF TENSION BAR PSI UNIT CASE NO. 6 (DEFORMED BAR) > NO. 7
Clear spacing of developed bar > db, stirrup not less than the code minimum requirement Clear spacing of developed bar > 2db, clear cover > db Other 3fy ld = db 50 f 'c 3fy ld = db 40 f 'c fy ld = db 25 f 'c fy ld = db 20 f 'c
23 - 4
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
TABLE 23.7
SIMPLIFIED DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF TENSION BAR SI UNIT CASE NO. 6 (DEFORMED BAR) > NO. 7
Clear spacing of developed bar > db, stirrup not less than the code minimum requirement Clear spacing of developed bar > 2db, clear cover > db Other ld 18 fy = db 25 f 'c ld 18 fy = db 20 f 'c ld 12fy = db 25 f 'c ld 12fy = db 20 f 'c
The development length ld must be greater than 300 mm. 23.3.4 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF COMPRESSION BAR
The development length for compression bar is shorter than in the tension bar, because there is no concrete cracking occurs.
ld =
0.02fy db f 'c
0.0003 fy db
ld =
fy db 4 f 'c
0.044 fy db
The development length of compression bar ld must be greater than 8 inch / 200 mm. 23.3.5 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BUNDLED BAR
The development length of bundled bar either in tension or compression is greater than development
length of single bar, because the bundled bar reduce the surface area surrounding concrete.
TABLE 23.9 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BUNDLED BAR 4 BUNDLED
3 BUNDLED
1.2ld
1.33ld
ld is calculated based on the equivalent single bar area having the same area of bundled bar. 23.3.6 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC
A w fy ld = 0.27 s f' w c
[23.8]
23 - 5
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
sw fy fc
= spacing of wire = yield strength of wire = concrete compressive strength (psi) (psi)
The development length must be greater than 6 inch or (sw + 2 inch). 23.3.7 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF WEB REINFORCEMENT
The following figure shows the development length of double U stirrup, as follows :
FIGURE 23.1
DOUBLE U STIRRUP
If the development length above can not fit the depth of the member, the development length can be extended to full depth of member.
When the insufficient length can not be provided to develop a bar then the bar needed to be anchorage. Two type of standard hooks can be used which is 90o hook and 180o hook.
23.4.2
The hook development length is obtained from the basic development length for standard hook lhb
multiplied with factor.
lhb =
1200 db f 'c
lhb =
100db f 'c
23 - 6
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
[23.9]
where : ldh lhb = hook development length = multiplier factor = basic development length of standard hook
TABLE 23.11
=
fy different from 400 MPa / 60000 psi
fy 400 fy
=
For 90 hook cover not less than 2 No. 11 bar and smaller cover not less than 2.5 No. 11 bar and smaller stirrup spacing less than 3d Light weight concrete Epoxy coating
b o
60000
= 0 .7 = 0 .8 = 1 .3 = 1 .2
23.4.3
The figure below is the standard hook for 90o hook and 180o hook.
FIGURE 23.2
STANDARD HOOK
D = 6db
D = 8db
D = 10db
23 - 7
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
FIGURE 23.3
D = 4db
D = 6db
Flexural reinforcement has different treatment of development length. The flexural reinforcement in one span may designed due to different value of bending moment so the reinforcement is different.
We have to determine the location where the bar can be cut and the development length from the point of maximum moment.
23.5.2 A.
The flexural reinforcements are designed using the maximum bending moment value such as at mid span (positive moment) and at support (negative moment). To ensure the full development the flexural reinforcement must be extended at least development length ld from the point of maximum
bending moment.
B.
The followings are the rules of the development length of flexural reinforcement for positive moment, as follows : The reinforcement must be extended at least development length ld from the point of
maximum bending moment.
23 - 8
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
In simple beam structure, at least 1/3 of positive moment reinforcement must be extended at
least 6 inch into support without bending.
Interior continuous beam without closed stirrup, at least of positive moment reinforcement shall be spliced with spliced class A.
C.
The followings are the rules of the development length of flexural reinforcement for negative moment, as follows : The reinforcement must be extended at least development length ld from the point of
maximum bending moment.
Negative moment reinforcement must be anchored to the supporting column or member. At least 1/3 of total reinforcement for negative moment must be extended beyond the
inflection point > d or 12 db or 1/16 of clear span the larger value is taken.
23 - 9
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
23.5.3 A.
The critical location of the flexural reinforcement is where there is rapid drop in the bending moment
such as inflection point (zero moment). To ensure the full development length the flexural
reinforcement must be extended beyond the inflection point with a distance 12db or d which is
greater.
B.
The followings are the rules of the bar cut off for all reinforcements, as follows : Bars must be extended d or 12 db beyond the theoretical flexural cut off points except at support / end of cantilever. Bars must be extended ld from the theoretical flexural cut off point of adjacent bar.
23.5.4 A. SKETCH OF FLEXURAL DEVELOPMENT LENGTH General
This section shows the flexural development sketch of positive moment reinforcement and negative moment reinforcement based on the all rules at previous section.
B.
The figure below shows the flexural development length of positive moment reinforcement.
FIGURE 23.4
23 - 10
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
C.
The figure below shows the flexural development length of negative moment reinforcement.
FIGURE 23.5
The bars are produced in standard length so sometime it is needed to be spliced. The splice of the reinforcement must ensure that it can develop yield stress along the splice length.
There are two types of lap splice of tension bar according to ACI code, as follows :
Class A. Class B.
[23.10]
23 - 11
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
[23.11]
The following table shows the conditions of tension lap splice, as follows :
TABLE 23.14 TENSION LAP SPLICE MAXIMUM % OF SPLICED BAR As PROVIDED / As REQUIRED 50% 2 <2 Class A Class A 100% Class B Class B
23.6.3
ls 0.0005 fy db
ls 0.07 fy db
ls 0.0009fy 24 db
ls 0.13fy 24 db
The most important thing in the reinforced concrete structure is the reinforcement detail. After the reinforced concrete member is analyzed and designed a structural engineer must make a
reinforcement detail, splice of reinforcement, bar bending schedule because the engineer is the
only person who knows the location of critical section of the member, these information then used by the contractor when they build the structure.
23.7.2 A.
For ensure the workability of the concrete the spacing of the reinforcement must be limited so the spacing is not o small compared to the size of the coarse aggregate.
B.
Minimum Spacing
[23.12]
23 - 12
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
[23.13]
Minimum clear spacing of longitudinal reinforcement in compression member with tied and spiral transverse reinforcement is :
(1 1.5)db 1"1.5"
where : db
C.
[23.13]
= diameter of bar
Maximum Spacing
Maximum spacing between bars must not spaced greater than : 3hf 18" where : hf
23.7.3 [23.14]
= slab thickness
The figure below shows the typical detail of reinforcement for end span in continuous reinforced concrete structure.
FIGURE 23.6
23 - 13
http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/
syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com
23.7.4
The figure below shows the typical detail of reinforcement for interior span in continuous reinforced concrete structure.
FIGURE 23.7
23.7.5
COLUMN
The figure below shows the typical detail of reinforcement for column.
FIGURE 23.8
COLUMN
23 - 14