92249-272

Journal of Physical Education, National Taitung University

Vol.1, pp.249-272 (2003)

(Somatics)

(Somatics) 18

1976 Thomas Hanna

soma
(experience from within)
(Somatics)

(Somatics)

950 684

089-318855 ext.2224

E-mail : dflin@cc.nttu.edu.tw
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(Somatics)

Somatics (2001)

(Somatics)
(New Age Movement)
(2001Johnson, 1994)

EQ
(New Age)

(Body Therapy)(Movement Therapy)

(Body-Mind Integration)(Bodywork)(Hands-on Work)
(Body-Mind Technique) 1976 Thomas Hanna

(experience from within)(Somatics)

SomaticsJournal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences

2
(Somatics)

(Pilates)(Pilates)

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92

W 12 X

(Somatics)
Somatics soma
(Hanna,
1983a: 6)
(body)Soma
physical body
mind body()(Thomas Hanna) soma

(Hanna,
1970: 6)

Somatics
SOMATICS : The art and science of the inter-relational process between
awareness, biological function and environment, all three factors being
understood as a synergistic: the field of Somatics. (Hanna, 1983, inside
front cover).

(body)
(Hanna, 1983a)

(physical body) soma

soma (the living body in its wholeness)
(Hanna, 1983a: 6)

(Hanna, 1983a)Soma
()

soma (process)
soma body (Hanna, 1977
1983b1986)Body soma

Soma
soma
(solid body)(process)
(what)(how) soma
(the how of life)(Hanna, 19771983a)

soma
body soma
Soma
(
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(Somatics)

)
physical body (Hanna, 1986)living body(
)
(1970)Soma
soma
body soma (Hanna, 1988)
soma body

Body
Soma
(Hanna, 1986:4)

(object)

soma

(Somatic Education)

(Linden, 1994: 16)(Hanna, 1977: 51)

Soma

(changing)(moving)
?
(conscious
awareness)/

(awareness)

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92

12

(Grossinger, 1995)

1800s (F. Matthias Alexander,

1869-1955)

(Alexander Technique)-

(Grossinger, 1995Hanna, 1977Johnson, 1995)

(Elsa Gindler, 1885-1961)

(Sensory Awareness)(1940s)

(Kent)(Merleau-Ponty)
(Kirkeggard)(Hegel)
(Freud)(Reich)(Darwin)
(perception)(awareness)

(Johnson, 1997)

(Kleinman, 1972)

(Alexander)
(Gindler)
(Dewey)(William James)(Greene, 1995)

1950s 1960s
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(Somatics)

(Hanna, 1977Johnson,
1997)
1962 (Murphy)(Price)(The Esalen Institute,
Big Sur, CA)

1975 (Hanna Criswell) Novato

(Thomas Hanna, 1976)
SomaticsJournal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences (
)
Somatics
(Body Therapy)(Movement Therapy)
(Movement Education)(Body-Mind Integration) Somatics
() Soma
1979 (The California Institute of Integral
Studies)(Body-Oriented
Family Therapy)(Somatics)(Johnson,
1994)

(SomaticsThe Movement Arts)4 (Kleinman, 1994-95)

(New Age Movement)

YZ[\](New Age Movement)

(Change)
SomaticsMovement Arts
(Theoretical courses): Nature of Human Movement, Movement Awareness,Observation
and Description, Eastern Movement Forms: Cross-cultural Implication for Physical Education, History of
Physical Education and Sports from Ancient Times to 19th Century Europe, Sport in Western Culture,
Philosophic Perspectives of Sport and LeisureConcepts of Body, Body/Mind Goes to School, Human
Movement Theory, Research methods (Qualitative Quantitative approaches).
(Practical courses): Laban Movement Analysis, Alexander Technique, Bartenieff
Fundamentals, Tai Chi practice, Yoga, Aikido, and many visiting scholars Somatic Seminars, such as Hannas
Somatic Education, Body-Mind Centering, Awareness Through Movement, Body Tale, Brain Gym, So tai
Technique, Craniosacral Therapy, Continuum, Authentic Movement..etc.
(Individual study)
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92

 12 

5
(Structural Approaches)
(Rofing-Structural Integration)(Hellerwork)
(Aston-Patterning)(Myofascial Release)
(Functional Approaches)
(Alexander Technique)(Sensory Awareness)
(Feldenkrais Awareness Through Movement)
(Hanna Somatic Education)(Body-Mind Centering)
(The Rosen Method) (Ilse Middendrofs breath
therapy)
(Western Movement Arts)
-(Laban-Bartenieff Movement Analysis)
(Continuum)(Ideokinesis)(Contact Improvisation)
(Kinetic Awareness)(Authentic Movement)
(Skinner Releasing Technique) (The Pilates or Physicalmind
Method)
(Energetic Approaches)
(Polarity Therapy)(Reiki)(Smiths
Zero Balancing)(Kiregers Therapeutic Touch)
(Reflexology- Zone Therapy)
(Psycho-motor Approaches)
(Bioenergetics)(Gestalt)(Dance Therapy)
(Psychomotor Therapy)(Lomi School)
(Kelemans Somatic-Emotional Therapy)

Johnsons book: Bone, Breath

Gesture (1995) (Coming to our senses-about
experiencing)(Structural wisdom-about bodily structure and function)(Moving
intelligence-about many possibilities of body movement) Knasters
book: Discovering the bodys wisdom (1996)(body work)
(Energy)(Chi)
(: Wilhelm Reich, Alexander Lowen, William Schutz, Stanley Keleman, Fritz
Perls..)

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(Somatics)

!
" .J#(So-tai Technique)
4&

$``
E 6

(%6
) A 7 (
Somapsychology and Dance Somatics)+
= j


gMC

c-.

(Body & mind are one, not two)

C= ?:

I
(Klienmen, 1972)

'
~
FJ 8

Q

(changing)(moving)
6

7
2004 8 (CORD)
Somatics and Dance
8

- 256 -

92

 12 

i*98|,s0e12
3L7(1998Hanna, 19701983a)
q;<wD>nBGHKtTPKN(a holistic one)
(The Living Body is the source of thoughts, feelings and knowledge)

TORS
(Greene, 1995Hanna, 1983a19861988Kleinman, 1990)U
V soma

(moving)(Hanna, 1986)^(Lin, 2000)

(flowing body)
(the flow of Chi)_(the flow of fluid)ab
d(the flow of happiness and pleasure)
fh

(The human being must be observed from a first-person viewpoint)

(self-observation)(be observed)(Hanna,
1986: 5)

()klm()
(Kleinman, 1990)o

pruv
x
Ly (2002
Hanna, 1983b1986)
(experienced from within)

z{

(Greene, 1995Hanna, 19701977Johnson, 1995Knaster, 1996)(soma)

}
0(to listen)
(to embrace)
(to follow)
(to pay attention to)(Johnson, 1994)

(Gomez, 1986)

- 257 -

(Somatics)

(Knaster, 1996)

(goal-oriented)
(awareness)

(awareness)

(body awareness)(19981998
Dorko, 1989-90Greene, 1995)

(emotional awareness)

()(social awareness)

(environmental awareness)

(change)
(choice)

(change)
(difference)
(Feldenkrais, 1977)

(touch)

(re-patterning)
- 258 -

92

12

Q=GO gHoW;
Kt |
V
3zN!((U1998)T
(touch)2lX}F.]1
 *
(Johnson, 1995Knaster, 1996Lin, 2000)c"l
X<[
>%?
S[5
Y
(Hanna, 19771988)
/~
6\
0Ga
f 8D ( g
r)s5 F
]^
U[(re-patterning)

()E

wisdom)

(cognitive mind)(body mind or body wisdom)

CZ

(Hanna, 1986Kleinman, 1990)

qL

L4

)


()()q#P

(The harmony and balance between the inner world and the outer world)

I$I&(The Ohio State University) 2000

- 259 -

(Somatics)

mn' Somatics +i,-79:@dABvJM

Re_`bhwkdA+
puxy{
yB+
{udA

(awareness)
(alignment)(movement)

(Hyland, 1990Kleinman, 1972)

- 260 -

92

12

(wisdom of body)

reness)

3 | q} 1 H
g
ix
O

a
Qyz . (R)
zU~M{ @
B, (R)
Z
`

(Awareness Through Movement)

(Feldenkrais, 1977: 54)

(awareness)

(body awareness)(Hanna, 1988)
(Sensory-Motor Amniesia,


SMA)
E7
F
^

(
8: b
9

(Linden, 1994Zimberoff, 1993)

(Hanna, 1988: xii-xiii) SMA(sensory-motor amnesia)

The fact is that, during the course of our lives, our sensory-motor systems continually respond to daily stress
and traumas with specific muscular reflexes. These reflexes, repeatedly triggered, create habitual muscular
contractions, which we cannotvoluntarilyrelax. These muscular contractions have become so deeply
involuntary and unconscious that, eventually, we no longer remember how to move about freely. The result is
stiffness, soreness, and a restricted range of movement.
- 261 -

(Somatics)

Jn;KdW"PN
A
 =_>'
Xs?

!C

&e

>

10

(alignment)

(movement)

c 0

T69
L
Y
<
[v\
IS]fhjk
lmoort

lm

khh
6


10

- 262 -


92

(body map)

(Myers, 1984: 163)

(awareness)

(alignment)(movement)

(changing)

- 263 -

(Somati

D
&)
k!$ [
.^
f
"(Linden, 1994: 16-19)#

()
()
()
()
()
( )

U(AAHPERD)

(physical fitness)
(emotional fitness)(social fitness)(spiritual fitness)(cultural
fitness)

'

(88 )


,

(Project Adventure)

/d

(Armstrong, 1992)

0 1
- 264 -

92

W X

()(word smart)
( ) (number/logical smart)

= 4
()
(space smart)
(Z)(body smart)
(b)(music smart)

()(people smart)
()(self smart)

@

(learning by
doing)

C V

2
\




i
E



FP


;}

(Alternative
Therapy)
(Movement Therapist)

w
B
353

(Dorko, 1989-90)


3 9
G
q:g<

M>
68

(Giulini, 1994-95Pohl, 1994 1995)

- 265 -

c?A

(Somati

HIKLNSOvQRThY]_H`aL
ej(Spector
Flock, 1995)lno
pr
y

s t

{ | ~

ej

(Kogler, 1995)

()(Experiential Anatomy)(Body Mapping)11

()

()

()
( )

11

(2003)

(Body Mapping)

- 266 -

92

(Qualitative Research)(Naturalistic Inquiry)

(questionnaire)(quantitative research)
(Case Study) (Action Research) (Content
Analysis)

(Bauer, 1994Brenneman, 1985

Hanada, 1990Howell, 1982Locke, 19931995Marineau, 1985Williams Bradford,

1990)
(Painter, 1996)

(Dorko, 1989-90Durak Lilly Seligsen, 1996-97Hanna, 1990-91Painter, 1996Serlin,

1997)
(Colletto, 1978Dickey
Dunnett, 1988Heggie, 1980Kogler, 1995Martin, 1984Millman, 1979)

(2002)
(2001)

(2003)

75

12

13

14

12

(2001)
(2002)(2002)
(2003)
(2003)
13

(body mapping)

14

- 267 -

Somat c


x}+(4i${60+)n_9h1

D F[
5PpXr
~%OK
 v/^ w
D !#>}

.M&*Hd
;

3

(Somatics)(soma)(soma)
(the living body)
1960
?(body worker)

T[
Y

"
'
,

(2002)

-
27 (1998)  8
:<= (1998)
I@ (1998) f
ZAB (1998)
(2001)141-160C
(2002) 16(4)134-141
(2003)UG(Body
Mapping) k 92 (
)No. 925151-25X
(2003)J
LN
(2001)
- 268 -

92 W QR V

|\]
Armstrong, T. (1992). Seven kinds of smart: Discovering and using your natural intelligence.
New York: New American Library/ Penguin USA.
Barer, S. M. (1994). A body/mind approach to movement education for adolescents.
Unpublished master s thesis, Wesleyan University, Amherst, MA.
Brenneman, B. (1985, Spring/Summer). A field report: Putting the body back into the learning
equation. Somatics, 5(2), 12-16.
Colletto, J. (1978). A report: American football and India yoga. Somatics, 1(4), 16-18.
Dickey, T. Dunnett, W. (Eds). (1988). The trained mind: Total concentration. Virginia:
Time-Life Books.
Dorko, B. L. (1989-90, Autumn/Winter). Somatic philosophy in the practice of physical
therapy. Somatics, 7(3), 12-15.
Durak, E. P. , Lilly, P. C. Seligsen, S. (1996-97, Autumn/Winter). A wellness program for
cancer patients: A min/body approach to conditioning. Somatics, 11(1), 42-48.
Feldenkrais, M. (1977). Awareness Through Movement: Health exercises for personal growth.
New York: Harper Row Publishers. (Original work published 1972)
Giulini, E. (1994-95). A somatic approach to making choices in client-centered psychotherapy.
Somatics, 10(1), 42-47.
Gomez, N. (1986). Embodying the structures and functions of the body. Somatics, 5(4),
49-54.
Greene, D. (1995). Embodying holism: A somatic perspective on communication.
Unpublished dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
Grossinger, R. (1995). Planet medicine: Origins (6th ed.). Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
Hanada, N. (1990). On communication with human body-self and So tai. Journal of Nagasaki
Prefectual Womans Junior College, 38, 201-209.
Hanna, T. (1970). Bodies in revolt: A primer in somatic thinking. New York: Holt, Rinehart
Winston.
Hanna, T. (1977). The somatic healers and the somatic educators. Somatics, 1(3), 48-52.
Hanna, T. (1983a). The body of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hanna, T. (1983b). The whole world of inner experience. Somatics, 4(2), Inside front cover.
Hanna, T. (1986). What is Somatics Part one? Somatics, 5(4), 4-9.
Hanna, T. (1988). Somatics: Reawakening the minds control of movement, flexibility, and
health. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Hanna, T. (1990-91, Autumn/Winter). Clinical somatic education: A new discipline in the
field of health care. Somatics, 8(1), 4-11.
Heggie, J. (1980). Awareness through movement and skiing. Somatics, 2(4), 46-47.
Howell, M. (1982, Spring/Summer). Somatic education in public school. Somatics, 3(4),
34-40.
- 269 -

`begjlqsuy

Hyland, D. A. (1990). Mind and body in sport. Philosophy of Sport (pp. 88-101). New York:
Paragon House.
Johnson, D. H. (1994). The way of the flesh: A brief history of the somatic movement. Noctic
Science Review, Spring, 26-30.
Johnson, D. H. (Ed.). (1995). Bone, breath

gesture: Practices of embodiment. Berkeley:

North Atlantic Books.

Johnson, D. H. (Ed.). (1997). Groundworks: Narratives of embodiment. Berkeley: North
Atlantic Books.
Kleinman, S. (1972). Philosophy and physical education: The classic philosophers and their
metaphysical positions. In R. Singer (Eds.), Physical Education: An Interdisciplinary
Approach (pp. 327-352). New York: Macmillan.
Kleinman, S. (1990). Moving into awareness. Somatics, 7(4), 4-7.
Kleinman, S. (1994-95). Somatics studies: Somatics in higher education revisited. Somatics,
10(1), 14-15.
Knaster, M. (1996). Discovering the bodys wisdom. New York: Bantam Books.
Kogler, A. (1995). Yoga for every athlete: Secrets of an Olympic coach. St. Paul: Liewellyn
Publications.
Lin, D. F. (2000). The Flowingbody: An integrated somatic approach for health and well
being. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Ohio.
Linden, P. (1994). Somatic literacy: Bringing somatic education into physical education.
JOPERD, 65(7), 15-21.
Locke, M. (1993, Fall/Winter). Spirits in motion: Bring Somatics and the Arts together in the
classroom. Somatics,9(3), 42-45.
Locke, M. (1995, May). Being in motion: Somatic activities for children and their teachers.
Paper presented at the fifth Somatic Conference in the Ohio State University.
Marineau, R. F. (1985, Spring/Summer). Expressive thrrapy: The body in pre-school
education. Somatics,5(2), 4-11.
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style in analyzing the discus throw. In C. G. Shell (Ed.), The dancer as athlete (pp.
227-237). Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers.
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92 z

Pohl, H. (1994). Feldenkrais for psychoanalysts (Part I). Somatics, 9(4), 14-19.
Pohl, H. (1995). Feldenkrais for psychoanalysts (Part II). Somatics, 10(2), 20-25.
Serlin, I. (1997, Spring/Summer). Root images of healing in dance therapy. Somatics, 11(2),
4-9.
Spector, B. S.

Flock, N. S. (1995). Overcoming movement deficits caused by technology.

Somatics, 10(2), 14-18.

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- 271 -

Study of the Meaning and Development of Somatics

Dah-Feng LinMei-Chu Liu
Department of Physical Education,
National Taitung University

Abstract
Somatics is a new term invented to described this new fieldthe study of soma.
Science 1976, Thomas Hanna used this word soma , which means the living body in its
wholeness in Greek, to manifest the meaning of human body. Being a living process instead
of a concrete object, the soma is different from the physical body, but is a bodily being as
perceived from within by first-person perception. Soma, for Thomas Hanna (1970), is moving,
flowing and changing with different emotional feelings. Focusing on the awareness and the
intimate relationship between mind and body, the central study of somatic processes bases
itself on the reciprocity between sensing and moving. The study of Somatics teaches us to
respect our own bodies, appreciate the individual experience and understand the significant
meaning of human movement. Following these somatic pioneers ideas, people have their
ways to listen to their own bodies, experience their movements and enjoy the moment of
being. Now, there are many different schools of somatic techniques created, developed and
applied in education, therapy, body training and gradually in many other fields.
The main focus of this study is to research and present what Somatics is? By literature
reviewing, the definition of Somatics, the historical origin, the basic theoretical background,
and the educational contribution were displayed in sequence. The application of Somatics in
many different fields and the trend of academic research were presented as well.

Key words: Somatics, body awareness

Contact: Dah-Feng Lin

Tel: 089-318855 ext.2201

Address: 684, Sec. 1, Chung-Hua Rd., Dept. of Physical Education,

National Taitung University
E-mail : dflin@cc.nttu.edu.tw

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