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ffi To demonstrate W

the processof diffusion in the laboratory.

Potassium permanganatetablet, beaker containing water.

Diffusion is the movement of moleculesof a substancefrom the region of their higher concentration to region of their lower concentrationwhen they are in contact with each other.

1. Take a beaker containing water. 2 . Drop a tablet of potassium permanganatein it.

Beaker Water Molecules of potassium permanganate diffusing in water the process of dififrrsion

Poiassium permanganate

Fig. Experimental

set-utrr to demonstrate

The water turns pink in colour.

We conclude that moleculesof potassium permanganate diffirse in water becauseafter sometime the water in the beaker turns pink.

Internal Assessment of Practical Work

WTo

show that roots of a plant absorbwater'

iit"r,oil,

a young plant with roots intact'

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Two test tubqs are taken' They are filled with water' In one test tube a young plant is kept' The level of water in the two test tubes is noted' to test tube,1 prevent loss of water by evaporation' A few drops of oil are introduced in both the for a while' The test tubes are left undisturbed in a stand

:l

]M,j':^,_
. r^: -r- rL^ -r^a} ."oo La plant was kept fell after sometinre. The level of water in the test tube in which the it remained the same. F'ird:-!i'#JiJ+--i4q{F'----trs*F'*itr+'ds* In thg other tgst tube

We concludethat roots of a plant absorbwater'

'W
To demonstrate osmosisin the laboratory' mem. animal bladder or egg rnembrane (semi-permeable Stand, thistle funnel, water, sugar solution, ) and beaker. BiologY QCSE) -X '7ord/'e q'd

Osmosisis a phenomenonin which there is a movementof water moleculesfrom a region of their higher concentrationto a region of their lower concentrationthrough a semi-permeablemembrane.

1. A thistle funnel is taken. 2. An animal bladder is tied at the mouth of the funnel. !,;, 3. The thistle funnel is fixed to a stand in an inverbedmanner. 4. A beaker filled with water is taken and kept at the base of the stand. 5. The thistle funnel is introduced in the beaker. 6. Sugar solution is poured into the thistle funnel stem. 7. The level of the solution is marked. 8. The apparatusis left undisturbed for a few hours.

Beaker Water funnel Thistle $0lution Sugar

Animal bladdet

Fig. Experimental

set'up to demonstrate

osmosis

The level of the sugar solution rises in the stem of the thistle'funnel.

The water from the beaker movesinto the funnel through the animal bladder which is the semi-permeable
membrane.

i"

ffi To
paper.

compare the rate of transpiration

from the upper and lower surface of a leaf using cobalt chloride

Filter paper, cobalt chloride (CoOlr)solution, glass slides, rubber bands, dessicator,a potted plant.

Dissolve5 g cobalt chloride in 100 ml water to make \Vo cobalt chloride solution. Cut thin strips of filter paper and dip them in CoCl, solution. Dry the cobalt chloride paper strips thoroughly in a dessicator. The pink colour strips becomeblue when dried in a dessicator. TWostrips are taken and they are fixed on the lower and upper surfaceof a leaf with the help of glass slides and rubber bands. 6. Observethe time taken by each of the strips in changing its colour from blue to pink. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

set-up to compare the rate of transpiration Fig. Experimental " from upper and lower surface of a leaf. .

It is observedthat the strip fixed on the lower surface of the leaf turns pink earlier as comparedto the strip attached to the upper surface. Totdae a,r6@ Biotogy (ICSE) -X

The strips changedcolour'from blue to pink becauseof the water vapour releasedfrom the leaf due to transpiration. Since more stomata ate present in the lower surface the strip fixed to the lower surface turned pink quickly.

1. 2. 3. 4.

The cobalt chloride strips should be dried completely. The cobalt chloride p#er strips should not be handled with wet hands. / The strips should be completely coveredwith the glass slides. The strips should be coveredwith the slides and the rubber bands should be fixed properly.

ffi To measurethe water taken in by

a plant becauseof transpiration, with the help of Ganong,s potometer.

Ganong'spotometer, twig of a plant Iike Coleus,water, beaker, colouring agent (eosin).

The twig of a plant is taken. It is cut with a sharp knife and fitted at one end of the capillary tube. The graduated capillary tube is frlled with water. One end of the tube is made to dip in a beaker containing colouredwater. An air bubble is introduced into the horizontal graduated capillary tube by lifting the bent capillary tube abovethe colouredwater. 6. As the processof transpiration takes place from the twig the bubble mov6sforward. Ttris is because of the suction force which pulls the water from the beaker. 7. Sincethe capillary tube is graduated the reading would give an idea about the volume of water lost. 8. The air bubble can again be brought into the capillary tube by releasing somewater from the stopcock.
Twig of a Coleus plant

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Fig. Ganong's Potometer

Internal Assessment of Practical Work

As the processof transpiration takes place from the twig the bubble moves forward. This is becauseof the suction force which pulls the colouredwater from the beaker. Since the capillary tube is graduated the reading would give an idea about the volume of water lost.

Tlanspiration takes pface from the leaves and results in absorption of water by the roots. This water then movesup to the leavd#through the stem.

1. The entire apparatus should be filled with water. There should be no air spaces. 2. The air bubble should be carefully introduced

Limitations

of a Potofireter

A potometeris a devicewhich is used to measurethe rate of water uptake by a shootcut from a plant. It oftranspiration and absorption are interredoesnoi measure the transpiration rate directly. The processes It and lated and so the rate of absorption is measr,rred transpiration rate is assessed. is a difficult processand requires accurateobservationhence it is often not used. In this process,somewater is used by the plant for melabolic activities. The rate at which this water is used is not shown by the potometer. The cobalt chloride paper strip experiment is simpler and it directly helps in comparing the rate of transpiration.

ffi To show that oxygenis evolvedduring photosynthesis.

Beaker, glass funnel, Hydrilla plant twig, water, splinter, matchbox, test tube, sodium bicarbonate.

Hydrilla plant twigs are taken in a glass funnel. The funnel is inverted in a beaker containing water. A test tube filled with water is inverted over the stem of the funnel. A pinch of sodium bicarbonateis added in the water containedin the beaker, so that carbon dioxide is produced. 5. The apparatus is kept in sunlight for a few hours. l. 2. 3. 4.

Gasbubbles

Testtubefilledwithwater Bedker watr coniaining Funnel Hydrtilaplanttwigs Fig. Experimental set-up to show that orygen is evolved during photos5rnthesis

Bubbles are seenrising from the stem of the funnel. After sometimethe test tube losesall its water and becomesempty. A glowing splinter is introduced in the test tube, it bursts irlto flames.

1..Hydrilla plant twigs should be completely submergedin water. 2. The empty test tube should be carefully removed by placing the thumb at the mouth of the test tube. 3 . Sodium bicarbonate should be added to the water so that the plant gets carbon dioxide which is
neededfor photosynthesis. Internal Assessment of Practical Work

To show that carbon dioxide is necessaryfor photosynthesis.

Glassbottle, split cork, potassium hydroxide, a plant with long leaves,iodine, alcohol,spirit lamp, tripod stand, beaker, water bath containing water, petri dish.

1. A healthy green plant'with long leaves is taken. 2. The plant is kept in darkness for 24hours. 3. The next day, a bottle containing potassium hydroxide is tdken and its mouth is closedwith a cork which is split in the middle. 4. One of the leaves of the plant is introduced through the split cork into the bottle. Only half the leaf is introduced. 5. The plant and the bottle are exposedto sunlight for a few hours. 6. The leaf which was introduced in the bottle is removed. 7. It is boiled in alcohol in a beaker which is kept in a water bath. 8. The leaf becomescolourless. 9. The colourlessleaf is washed in water and dipped in iodine.

greenplant Healthy

Beaker Alcohol Waler bath containing water

Tripod stand

rI I
l ,-

Partof the leafin the bottle KOHwill notgive containing a bUe-black colourwithiodine

Spirit lamp

M-Btu*bla*

colour

Leafbeingboiledin alcohol overa waterbath Fig. Experimental set-up to show that carbon dioxide

is necessar5z for photos5mthesis

rr,at@ Biotogy (ICSE) -X "ordle

Boaker Alcohol Waterbath containing water Blue-black Tripodstand Didnotturn blue-black Blue-black Spirit lamp
Leaf being boiled in alcohol over a water bath Fig' Experimental set'up to show that light is neeessar5r for photosSrnthesis Leaf showing starch iodine test lLtgnt ts necessary for photosynthesisl

The portion of the leaf which was covered with the black strips of paper did not turn blue-black when dipped in iodine \Mhereas rest of the leaf did. the

1. The plant should be destarched properly 2. The leaf should be boiled in alcohol over a water bath becauseif we boil direcgy, the alcohol can catch fire. 3. The black strips of paper should be fixed properly so that,
sunlight at all. that portion of the leaf is not exposedto