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Hltlpucat Galaxy Mass ;rom the Virial Theorem, hnetic energy (K) and potential energy (W) are related by 2K+W = 0. ror a spherical system with an isotropic distribution ofvelocities, K = 3ousM /2 where dlos = (vn" &nr)"lr/, is the velocity dispersion along the observer's line-of-sight, equivalnt to any

>ther single direction (i.e. x, y, or x). Use these relations together

with the relationship

tAt__GM3(3-a)
R(5
to estimate the mass (in solar masses) of a giant lliptical galaxy with R = 40kpc and dispersion in the observed velocities ofmember stars 300 kmls . You may assume s=2. Be careful with the units.

lor

a powerJaw density distribution

o<

r-4

2a)

Physics 195 Problem Set due

I October

201 l

EllipticalGalaxy Mass
From the Virial Theorem, kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (W) are related by 2K+W 0 = For a spherical system with an isotropic distribution of velocities, K = 3o6rM f Z where o1o, = ((uu, is the velocity dispersion along the observer's line-of-sight, equivalent to any other single direction (i.e. x, y, or x), Use these relations together with rhe relationship

lv.

The Virgo cluster of galaxies is the nearest large cluster which extends over nearly 10 degrees across the sky and contains distance to VirSo and

- Dn)'l'/'

a number of bright galaxies. lt is very interesting to find the to deduce certain cosmological information from it. The table below

1y=-GM"(3-a)
R(5
For a power-law density distribution p q r-a to estimate the mass (in solar masses) of a giant elliptical galaxy with R = 40kpc and dispersion in the observed velocities of member stars
dros

provides the distance estimates using various distance indicators (listed in the left column). The right column lists the mean distance d, + 1;ts standard deviation
s,.

2a)

Distance lndicator
Cepheids

= 300 km/s . You may assume u=2. Be careful with the units.
Novae

Virgo Distance (Mpc)

IL

14.9tt.2

Dark matter in galaxy clusters Consider a cluster of galaxies of radius I Mpc, with line-of-sight dispersion in velocrties of member galaxies of 800 km/s, containing 1000 galaxies each of typical luminous (baryonic mass) 10" solar masses. What is the ratio of dark matter to visrble matter (i.e. the total baryonic mass of the galaxies) in the cluster? You may assume s=2. Cosmic evolution We previouly solved for the evolutron of the universe in the matter-domrnated era for the case when the curvature, k, is zero, conesponding to zero energy for our Newtonian analog. The solution we obtained in class was R radius R.

2t.t13.9
l5.211.1
18.8 15.9 15.8

Planetary Nebulae Globular Cluster Surface Brightness Fluctuation Tully-Fisher relation

Faber-Jackson relation

t
r

3.8 0.9
1.5

III.

= (i)u fzc*>t/3tz/3

where

4rR3 p is the mass insrde

16.8r.2.4
19.4

Type la Supernovae Now, consider the non-zero curvature cases.The Fnedmann equation for a matter-dominatedzero-A Universe yields

5.0

/F\' = BnGp , cz 3 -K* \Ri

where k is the curvature, In our Newtonian derivation, the term -kcr represents 2E. so that bound and k=-l is unbound. a) Show that a parametnc solution to this equation in the case k =-l is

L.

By applying a weighted mean, compute the average distance (which can be taken as an estimate to the

distance to Virgo)

k=l

rs

';S qu,.s

L: - -----i'I

y4
,,,

p =ZG-M ,rnhz(g) and., c"

and a parametric solution in the case k =

+l

=9flsinheil c3'
GM120

z0l
2.

^ R = ----;- sin'(O) and

b)
Plot

zGM

is

where the sum runs over the eight distance indicator used. What is the uncertainty (rms) (in unit of Mpc) in that estimate? Spectra of the galaxies in Virgo indicate an average recession velocity of 1136 km/sec for the ctuster.
Can you estimate the Hubble constant Ho and its uncertainty (rms)?

t= ,,

sin(Z?)l

of ct/R, for the cases k=1.0. and -l all on the same figure. where R,=GM.rcr. using a large enough range of 0 fbr the cases k=* I anrJ k= - | that you can clearll distinguish the behavior. Also plot a close-up view fbr smallt, and interpret vour results in terms of the early evolution of the Universe with differine k.
as a function

fu&

What is the Hubble Time (age of the universe) using the value
uncertainty (rms)?

of

Hubble constant you found and the