1953

January
3 Turkey is reported to have suggested that Pakistan and Iran should be included in the Middle East Defence Organization proposed by Britain, France, Turkey and America. Judgement in the 'Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case' is delivered. Eleven officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including exMajor General Akbar Khan, are found guilty by the Special Tribunal. Of the four civilians, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Sajjad Zahir and Mohammad Ata are also convicted. The fourth civilian, Mrs. Nasim Akbar is acquitted. The Pakistan Government sets up a Medical Research Association to initiate, assist, develop and finance medical research in the country.

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February
1 The Indo-Pakistan Passport talks, which conclude in New Delhi, recommend free movement of visitors from either country over the whole territory of the other, transit facilities, travel for all valid purposes, facilities for obtaining passports and visas, and arrangement for exchange of information. A Trade and Goodwill Mission from Indonesia arrives in Karachi. 3 The Government of Pakistan announces its new trade policy. Government decides to allow barter transactions against 'exportable commodities particularly cotton' with any country. Imports against cotton and other exportable items are restricted to essential goods like machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, drugs and medicines. Talks on Kashmir are resumed in Geneva between representatives of India and Pakistan under the chairmanship of Dr. Frank Graham. Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established at Lahore. The Kashmir talks in Geneva between India and Pakistan, under the chairmanship of Dr. Graham, conclude without achieving any substantial progress.

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March
3 The Government of Pakistan announces its food policy in an official Press Note. Ban on export of food grains out of Pakistan by private businessmen will continue. A Treaty of Friendship between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is signed. 5 India rejects property laws. Pakistan's offer for scrapping evacuee

Martial Law is promulgated in Lahore to control mass movement directed against Qadiani functionaries in the government. Finance Minister Muhammad Ali presents the sixth surplus budget in Parliament. Chief Minister of Punjab Mian Mumtaz Daultana and his Cabinet resigns in the wake of anti-Qadiani Movement. Air Transport Agreement between Syria and Pakistan is signed. The Constituent Assembly provides the necessary constitutional authority to Government for introducing price control. U.S.-Pakistan Agreement is signed in Karachi by which Pakistan gets Rs. 40,000,000.

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Dr. Frank Graham reports to the Security Council on the talks between representatives of India and Pakistan conducted in Geneva over Kashmir. The report shows that Dr. Graham presented, on February 14 ,1953, a proposal that on the Pakistan side of the cease-fire line there should remain an armed force of 6,000 while on the Indian side there should be an Indian armed force of 21,000 including state armed forces.

April
3 6 7 Malik Feroz Khan Noon is sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister. Qadiani Chief Mirza Bashiruddin's printed sermons are confiscated to avoid escalation of anti-Qadiani sentiments. Pakistan Government describes Dr. Graham's report on

Kashmir as a very disappointing document'. As "having arrived at the conclusion that the number of troops that India regarded as the bulk of its forces in Kashmir was not such as to conform to the terms of the UNCIP Resolution of August 13, 1948, and that the number that India claimed to retain on its side of the cease-fire line was not such as Dr. Graham could sponsor for presentation to Pakistan, he found himself compelled to revert to his own 12 proposals. His own 12 proposals had culminated in the resolution of the Security Council of December 23, 1952. This resolution clearly recommends reduction of troops on the Indian side to between 12,000 and 18,000 and on the Azad Kashmir side to a number between 3,000 and 6,000". 9 The Pakistan Prime Minister declares that he will ask the U.S. Government for one million tons of wheat as 'loan on aid basis'. He hopes to get the remaining 500,000 tons from Canada, Australia and other countries under the Colombo Aid Plan. Australia gives Pakistan 2 million under the Colombo Plan as a gift to buy wheat. New Zealand gives Pakistan 250,000 under the Colombo Plan as a gift to buy wheat. The Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismisses Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin Cabinet and asks Mr. Mohammad Ali (Bogra), Pakistan's Ambassador in the U.S.A., to form a new Cabinet. The Governor-General, in his announcement says that he has been 'driven to the conclusion that the Cabinet of Khwaja Nazimuddin has proved entirely inadequate to grapple with the difficulties facing the country'. Mr. Mohammad Ali Bogra is sworn in as the Prime Minister. 20 An Iraqi Military Mission, led by the Commander-in-Chief of the Iraqi Air Force, arrives in Karachi. Sardar Abdur Rashid takes over as Chief Minister NWFP.

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May
7 Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra, speaking to Pressmen at Calcutta airport, on his way to Dhaka, supports friendly relations between Pakistan and India. He says that the Kashmir question and the canal water disputes are the two main problems standing between the two countries, and once

they are resolved the rest will resolve themselves. 10 A three member Food Mission from America arrives in Karachi for an on-the-spot study of the food situation in the country. Amir-e-Jamaat-i-lslami, Maulana Abul A'la Maududi, and Maulana Abdus Sattar Niazi are sentenced to death by a Martial Law court at Lahore. The step is taken in connection with the recent anti-Qadiani Movement. The Government of Pakistan sends a team of financial experts to Burma to advise the Burmese Government at their request. 13 The Chief Martial Law Administrator in Lahore converts the death sentences of Maulana Maududi and Maulana Abdus Sattar Niazi into 14 years' rigorous imprisonment. Martial Law ends in Lahore. The Japanese Government gives a five-year credit to the Government of Pakistan to purchase machinery worth six million sterling. Pirzada Abdus Sattar is sworn in as Sindh Chief Minister. U.S. Secretary of State, Mr. John Foster Dulles arrives in Karachi. A joint Press communique issued simultaneously from Delhi and Karachi announces that Kashmir would be the first item on the agenda for the preliminary Mohammad Ali Bogra-Pandit Nehru meeting in London early next month. Evacuee property and other Pakistan-India issues will also be discussed. A Steering Committee of officials of both Governments will be appointed to meet from time to time to devise ways and means to resolve unsettled issues. Mr. Dulles, US Secretary of State, tells newsmen in Karachi that he discussed the Kashmir problem with Mr. Mohammad Ali Bogra and Pandit Nehru. He says that Pakistan and India differences pose a potential threat to peace and act as a deterrent to the economic progress of both countries because collective defence is less costly, more effective and solid.

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June
23 General Naguib, Pandit Nehru and Mr. Mohammad Ali Bogra start a series of meetings to discuss the problem of the Suez Canal. U.S. President Eisenhower signs a bill making available one million tons of wheat to Pakistan. Pakistan concludes a Cultural Agreement with Turkey.

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July
6 9 The 26,660 feet high mountain, Nanga Parbat, is conquered by an Austro German expedition. The Governments of Pakistan and India agree in principle to the re-opening of Railway Traffic between the two countries, especially on the Lahore-Amritsar route. Wazir Mansion, Karachi, the house in which the Quaid-i-Azam was born, is declared a protected monument. Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra thanks U.S.A. for goodwill for Pakistan on the occasion of the arrival of 'SS Anchorage Victory' which brings a gift of US wheat to Pakistan. The Indian Prime Minister Pandit Nehru arrives in Karachi accompanied by his sister Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. Bogra-Nehru talks begin at Karachi. A credit of 10 million is made available to Pakistan by the U.K. Government for the purchase of food stuff. The conference of the Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India ends in Karachi after discussing various problems affecting the two countries. Prime Minister Pandit Nehru on arriving back at New Delhi declares that a solution of the Kashmir problem is no nearer. His Royal Highness Prince Ali Reza, brother of the Iranian King arrives in Karachi from Teheran on a fortnight visit to Pakistan. Mr. Sydney George Holland, Prime Minister of New Zealand, arrives in Karachi and calls on Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra.

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August
8 The Burmah Oil Company submits a scheme of Rs. 100 million for the utilization of Sui-gas to the Government of Pakistan. Dr. Ali Sastroamitjojo, Prime Minister of Indonesia arrives in Karachi en-route to Jakarta. 9 Indian Army Units in the streets of Srinagar shoot and kill proPakistani demonstrators. Sheikh Abdullah, Prime Minister of Indian-held Kashmir is dismissed and arrested, Bakhshi Ghulam Muhammad is made Prime Minister. Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra sends an urgent communication to the Indian Prime Minister, Pandit Nehru expressing grave concern at events in Indian-held Kashmir and asks for immediate meeting between the two Prime Ministers. About 100 persons are killed when Indian-Dogra troops open fire on a huge Muslim demonstration in Srinagar. 16 The Quaid-i-Azam's birth-place is declared open as a national monument by the Governor-General, Ghulam Mohammed. Kashmir Martyrs' Day is observed throughout Pakistan. Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra arrives at New Delhi for talks with Indian Prime Minister, Pandit Nehru.

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The Government of Pakistan extends the term of General Mohammad Ayub Khan as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army upto January 16, 1959. A joint communique is issued from New Delhi by the Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India declaring that a plebiscite administrator for Kashmir should be appointed by the end of April next year. Indian Prime Minister Nehru admits in a meeting of the Congress Parliamentary Party that 30 persons were killed in Kashmir in the disturbances following the dismissal of Sheikh Abdullah.

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Three Azad Kashmir leaders, Sardar Mohammad Ibrahim Khan, Mir Waiz Mohammad Yousuf Shah and Mr. Sher Mohammad Khan, at a press conference in Kashmir, declare that India is using the Delhi Agreement as a blanket to cover her misdeeds in the valley. The Government of Pakistan sanctions a sum of Rs.15 million for the construction of Shipyard at Keamari (Karachi).

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September
1 Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra in a broadcast speech strongly condemns the shooting and arrests of the people of Jammu and Kashmir for daring 'to express their views on the question of the State's accession to Pakistan'. Mr. Horace A. Hildreth, U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, characterises Indian allegations of American intervention in Kashmir as a 'smoke screen designed to divert attention from the real issues'. The Muslim League Party in the Constituent Assembly unanimously elects Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra as its leader in place of Khwaja Nazimuddin.

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October
5 17 19 22 30 Muslim League's Assembly party approves Premier Bogra's formula of two national languages i.e., Urdu and Bengali. Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra is elected President of the Pakistan Muslim League with an overwhelming majority. Governor-General Ghulam Mohammed leaves for Baghdad on a six-day tour of the Middle East, Europe and the U.S.A. The Muslim League Assembly Party decides that the Head of the State of Pakistan will be a Muslim. The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan lays down that no legislature will legislate any law repugnant to the Holy Quran and Sunnah.

November
2 Parliament passes a Bill which indemnifies the action taken by the Martial Law authorities in Lahore during the anti-Qadiani Movement.

The first woollen mill set up by the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation at Harnai in Balochistan is declared open. The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan names the country as "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan". 7 The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan adopts Part Three of the Basic Principles Committee Report regarding the Federation. Governor-General Ghulam Mohammed confers with U.S. President Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles at the White House. The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan completes adoption of the main principles of the Constitution. The Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru in New Delhi describes Pakistan's Islamic Constitution as "medieval and totally opposed to democratic conceptions". The U.S.A. formally informs India that it is considering a military agreement with Pakistan in order to strengthen the free world's defences in South Asia. Allama Sayed Sulaiman Nadvi, well-known scholar and historian, passes away at Karachi. Basic Principle Committee's Taleemat-i-lslamiya recommends to declare Qadianis as non-Muslim. Board

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December
2 "Pakistan has no aggressive intentions towards any Power", declares a spokesman of the Pakistan Government in reference to the U.S.S.R. apprehensions on negotiations between the Governments of Pakistan and the U.S.A. and establishment of American bases in Pakistan. The World Bank agrees to finance Pakistan's Sui Gas Power Project to the extent of 50 per cent of the total cost which is estimated at 100,000. American Vice-President, Mr. Richard A. Nixon arrives in Karachi from Kabul on a three-day visit to Pakistan. Renowned scholar, Allama Abdullah Yusaf Ali, passes away in Lahore. He translated the Holy Quran into English. The P.A.F. Pre-Cadet School is opened at Sargodha.

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The Indian Prime Minister, Pandit Nehru, declares situation under which he and Pakistan's Prime Mohammad Ali Bogra reached certain agreements to Kashmir problem "will completely change if military aid Pakistan from the United States".

that the Minister, solve the comes to

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The 22 million dollar Economic Aid Agreement between the United States and Pakistan is signed in Karachi for the period ending June, 1954.