LED Industry Overview

LED Illumination in Architecture
NTAEE November 19, 2009 Luncheon Meeting
Sally Lee, LC Applications Marketing Manager (& self-proclaimed lighting enthusiast) OSRAM Sylvania, Inc.
| LED Color in Architecture | Background | Life and Efficacy | Applications | Specification Information |
Why is LED Lighting Important?
According to the DOE, energy efficient LED lighting is a solution to our energy crisis: U.S. DOE has chosen energy efficient LED lighting to play the key role in reducing our electric light consumption by 50% by 2025
Over the next 20 years, rapid adoption of LED lighting in the U.S. can: Reduce electricity demands from lighting by 62% Eliminate 300 million metric tons of carbon emissions/year Avoid building 133 new power plants Anticipate financial savings that could exceed $200 billion/year
Slide: Lighting Science Group
LED illumination in architecture

Next Generation Lighting Initiative (NGLI) - EPAct 2005, Title IX Secretary of Energy (DOE) to carry out a Next Generation Lighting Initiative (NGLI) to support research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities for SSL. $50 million to the NGLI for each fiscal year 2007 through 2009 authorization to allocate $50 million for each of the fiscal years 2010 to 2013 Public R&D investment serves the ultimate goals to successfully commercialize the technologies in the buildings sector (lighting = 39% of total electricity use) realize the full promise of solid-state lighting by 2025 speed SSL technologies to market unique attributes of SSL technologies underscore the importance of a long-term, coordinated approach encompassing applied research and strategic technology commercialization support
LED Illumination in Architecture

SSL technologies are undergoing rapid change and improvement. New SSL products are being introduced to the market almost on a daily basis. Understand the lighting application considerations Placement Performance Light level, luminance, contrast, glare Products arriving on the market exhibit a wide range of performance and quality, particularly in the areas of Color quality and consistency Luminous efficacy Lifetime Value Application efficacy Total cost of ownership Environmental impact Emotion
Product comparisons are laborious: It is a huge task to compare LED options 1:1
Source: http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/PDFs/SSLTesting-OpenPre-QualFinal.pdf
What is LED (Light Emitting Diode)?

A solid object that emits visible light when energized Semiconductor chips convert energy directly into light Produces light without filament or arc Compact Size (Fixture Design Flexibility) No Infrared or UV emissions Directional Light Source Robust (No Moving Parts or Glass) Low Voltage Instant On and Dimmable Wide range of color options
Light Emitted Forward
Tj depends on drive condition and application environment Higher Tj = Shorter life (generally life for every 10C)
White LEDs Color Issues
Courtesy: Lumileds
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
DOE Published LED Component Efficacy Roadmap

Instant-on, 350mA (March 2008, from Figure 4-7)
200
$20/ klm
(Cost of LED component to generate 1000 lm)
Commercial Product Projection CCT > 4500K Commercial Product ProjectionCCT 2700K-4500K
Efficacy (lm/W)
150
100
$10/ klm $5/ klm $2/ klm

HID: ~100 FL: ~80-100 CFL: ~40-80 HAL: ~15 INC: ~6-12
50
0 2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 Year
2014
2016
2018
2020
Facts in LED: Components vs. Systems

Fact 1 LED Component Efficacy Characteristics
Factors Color Temperature Color Rendering 100% Efficacy >4500K low CRI < 80 75-80% Efficacy 2700K-4500K high CRI> 80
Fact 2 LED System Efficacy Characteristics
Optics 70%-90%
Heat sink 80-90%
Driver Electronics 70%-90%
System Efficiency 40%-75%
LED Lamp 400 lm (40W A19) Cool White, CRI < 80 Warm White, CRI >80
LED Component 533lm 1000lm LED Component Cost $11 - $20 LED Component Cost $13 - $25
Facts in LED: Components vs. Systems

System Efficacy = Lamp Lumens X BF / System Input Wattage LM-79 (IESNA Guide for Electrical and Photometric Measurement of Solid-State Lighting Products) Tests the luminaire as a wholeas opposed to traditional testing methods that separate lamp ratings and fixture efficiency. There are two main reasons for this: 1) there is no industry standard test procedure for rating the luminous flux of LED devices or arrays 2) because LED performance is temperature sensitive, luminaire design has a material impact on the performance of LEDs used in the luminaire. Luminaire Efficacy = Lamp Lumens Emitted / System Input Wattage
Application Efficiency
more useful light for applications ideally suited to work with optics
DOE CALiPER: Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting System Efficacy Improving Over Time
Guide DOE planning for SSL R&D and support commercialization activities, including ENERGY STAR program planning Support DOE technology procurement activities and associated technology demonstrations Provide objective product performance information to the public in the early years, helping buyers and specifiers have confidence that new SSL products will perform as claimed Guide the development, refinement, and adoption of credible, standardized test procedures and measurements for SSL products The department will allow its test results to be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial, educational purposes only. Detailed test reports will only be provided to users who provide their name, affiliation, and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOE's No Commercial Use Policy.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/comm_testing.htm Overall, fewer than 25% of the products tested have met manufacturers claims.
Source: http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/PDFs/SSLTesting-OpenPre-QualFinal.pdf
DOE CALiPER: Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting System Efficacy Improving Over Time
D.O.E. Technology Snapshot July 2009
More LED Activism: Lighting Facts

Luminaire efficiency is not a well-understood concept by consumers
More D.O.E. LED Activism: The L Prize Competition
NOTE: the requirements prescribe specific end-user purchase price targets for these products over a 3-year period
Standards and Test Procedures Support

DOE workshops: Began in March 2006, many workshops since Completed: Photometric Measurement (IES LM-79) Lumen Depreciation (IES LM-80) Chromaticity (ANSI C78.377) Definitions/Nomenclature (IES RP-16a)
Numerous other standards in various stages of development High priority for DOE
www.ssl.energy.gov/standards.html
17
White LED Color Issues
General illumination: CCT: 2800 K to 5500 K CIE (x,y) values close to the blackbody locus Good color rendering properties
LED Lighting Institute, Feb 8-9, 2006
LED Manufacturing Influences on Color
Influences on Color Wavelength of die (460-470nm) Amount/type of phosphor

Blue wafer mapped for Wavelength distribution
White LED Color Issues Color Variation

Similar light sources could have perceivable color differences between them.
Large color variation between similar light sources is an undesirable feature.
White Binning for Color and Intensity

Decorative / Architectural applications require high color homogeneity if...
... several light points can be seen directly The human eye also detects color differences easier at low brightness ... A white surface is illuminated the whiter the more sensitive e.g. wall washing, cove lighting or a cluster of spots ... small beam angles are used ... there are small distances between object and light source whenever beams dont get mixed
White LED Color Issues What is the MacAdam Ellipse?
In the early 1940s Dr. David MacAdam tested the threshold sensitivity of the eye to chromaticity differences in the matching of colored lights. MacAdam found that the threshold could be described with ellipses on the chromaticity diagram. For the average human eye, color changes within a 4-step MacAdam ellipse are undetectable.
Dimensions of MacAdam ellipses in SDCM

(Standard Deviation of Color Matching) Size of MacAdam Ellipse 1 SDCM / MacAdam Step 2-3 SDCM / MacAdam Step >4 SDCM / MacAdam Step
Quality of color homogeneity within the ellipse
No color difference visible
Hardly any color difference visible
Color difference visible
White LED Color issues How much color variation can there be?
1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram
MacAdam Ellipses Represent the loci of just-noticeable color difference
ANSI Specification Calls for 4-step MacAdam ellipse for certain types of lamps
Wyszecki and Stiles, Color Science, 1982

Color Variation Between Similar 4100K Fluorescent
COMPETITIVE COLOR SPECIFICATIONS - ANSI 4100K
0.392 0.390 0.388 0.386
"ANSI 4100K (.380,.380) - 4035K
0.384 0.382 0.380 0.378 0.376 0.374 0.372 0.370 0.368 0.370 0.372 0.374 0.376 0.378 0.380 0.382 0.384 0.386 0.388 0.390
2-step 4-step OSI T8 (.382,.384) - 4010K OSI T12 (.380,.378) - 4021K GE SP41/SPX41 (.376,.387) - 4191K PHILIPS SPEC/ULTRA (.376,.374) - 4103K OSI DULUX (.380,.377) - 4013K
White LED Color Issues Color Variation Between Similar LEDs
White LEDs of similar type have noticeable color differences between them. Color binning is one option to minimize variation. What are the binning criteria?
15-step MacAdam Ellipse
White LED Color Issues New white LED binning
Take ANSI bins as they are

0,43 0,42 0,41 0,40 0,39 0,38 0,37 0,36 0,35 0,34 0,33 0,32 0,31 0,30 0,29 0,28 0,29
6500 K
5700 K
4500 5000 K K
4000 K
3500 K
3000 K
2700 K
ANSI bins
0,30
0,31
0,32
0,33
0,34
0,35
0,36
0,37
0,38
0,39
0,40
0,41
0,42
0,43
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,47
0,48
0,49
Energy Star SSL Chromaticity Requirements ANSI C78 377A Standard

C IE 1 9 3 1 x,y C hro m a ti c i ty D ia g ra m 0 .4 6
In c a n d e s c e n t W h ite ( 2 7 0 0 K )
0 .4 4 0 .4 2 0 .4 0 0 .3 8 0 .3 6 0 .3 4
5000 K
W a r m W h ite ( 3 0 0 0 K ) W h ite ( 3 5 0 0 K ) C o o l W h ite ( 4 0 0 0 K )

C o o l W h it e -2 (4 5 0 0 K )
S u n W h ite ( 5 0 0 0 K )
S u n W h it e -2 (5 7 0 0 K )
30
4000 K
25 00
00
D a y lig h t ( 6 5 0 0 K )
7 -s t e p M a c A d a m e llip s e s (C F L )
Illu m in a n t A D65 P la n c k ia n lo c u s
0 .3 2
K 7 00 0
0 .3 0 0 .2 8 0 .2 6 0 .2 8
0 .3 0
0 .3 2
6 00 0 K
0 .3 4
0 .3 6
0 .3 8
0 .4 0
0 .4 2
0 .4 4
0 .4 6
0 .4 8
0 .5 0
0 .5 2
Example of a Binning Scheme

0.45
3000K 3500K 8 4000K 4500K 6 5 4 W X U V T 7 Planck 9
3step McAdams ellipses
0.40
5000K
5700K 6500K P Q R
O L M N
ANSI C78.377 quadrangles

2500K
0.35
8 7 6 5 4 D E I G F C H J K
3000K
4000K
0.30 0.28
0.33
0.38
0.43
0.48
White LED - Color Issues

To add, remove or edit the plots press 'Strg' and click on the chart
0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 3500 K 0.42 9P 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 4500 K 8J 8I 7J 7I 6J 0.36 6I 5J 0.35 4J 0.34 0.33 0.35 4K 8K 7L 7K 6L 6K 5L 5K 4L 4M 5M 4N 6M 5N 4O 5O 4P 8M 8L 7M 6N 6O 5P 4Q 7N 7O 6P 5Q 4R 8N 8O 7P 6Q 5R 4S 9O 8Q 8P 7Q 6R 5S 4T 7R 6S 5T 4U 9Q 8R 7S 6T 6U 4V 9R 8S 7T 6U 5V 4W 4000 K 9T 8T 7U 6V 5W 4X 8U 7V 6W 5X 9U 8V 7W 6X 9V 8W 7X 3000 K
9W 8X
9X
9S
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.4
White LEDs Color Issues Color Rendering Index (CRI)

CRI is not accurate for LEDs **especially RGBs New color quality metric under development Long term effort In the meantime use CRI as one data point Make decisions about color using the lamps that will be used in the final installation
White LEDs Color Issues Some cracks in CRI discussion

There have been tests showing that people can prefer the light from low CRI LEDs than much higher CRI fluorescents and incandescents, especially with saturated (a.k.a. bright) colors
0.0250 Control Daylight
0.0200
100 80 60 40 20 0 - 20 - 40 - 60 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
T o t a l S p e c t r a l F lu x (W n m -1 )
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000 350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Wavelength (nm)
R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 Test Colours

Special Test Colors
CRI Test Colors
White LEDs Color Issues CRI Estimates RGB LEDs

CRI variation as a function of peak wavelength shift at 2800K LED wavelengths (R-615nm, G -525nm, B-465nm)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 Peak Wavelength (nm)
Amplitude ratios = 615, 525, 465 nm
CCT (K)
CRI
Red
Green
Blue
CRI
3200 4000
72 73
.58 .50
.25 .26
.17 .24
CRI - Red Shift
CRI - Green Shift
CRI - Blue Shift
Small wavelength shift results in large CRI change

Amplitude ratios
= 640, 525, 465 nm
CCT (K)
CRI
Red
Green
Blue
3200 4000
21 27
.68 .62
.21 .21
.11 .17
White LEDs Color Issues Color Mixing Approach

Blackbody locus White can be obtained by mixing two monochromatic sources
P
P
Wavelength
White light source
Undesirable color properties
Luminous efficacy and color properties are interrelated

Measuring Light Source Life
Conventional Sources: Time Unit of Failure The lifetimes of conventional light sources are rated through established test procedures. Compact fluorescent, for example, is published by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) as LM-65. Tests a statistically valid sample of lamps ambient temperature of 25 degrees Celsius operating cycle of 3 hours ON and 20 minutes OFF The point at which half the lamps in the sample have failed is the rated average life Business Question: For 10,000 hour CFL lamps, what is total elapsed time (cumulative, in months)
that this process takes?

LED: Beyond conventional Time Unit of Failure The lifetimes of LED SYSTEMS depends on Application Heat (thermal design) drive conditions (electrical design) useful light. **Switching frequency is not an issue with SSL Driving the LED at higher than rated current will increase relative light output but decrease useful life. Operating the LED at higher than design temperature will also decrease useful life significantly Business Question: For 50,000 hour LED lamps, what is total elapsed time (cumulative, in years) that this process takes?

The useful lifetime of LED SYSTEMS Useful illumination (L50 & L70): IESNA L70 Thermal Design Electrical design Driving the LED at higher than rated current will increase relative light output but decrease useful life Application (ambient temperature) Operating the LED higher than design temperature will decrease useful life significantly Bonus: Dimming and switching frequency are not issues with SSL life
Defining LED Useful Life

At what point is the light level no longer meeting the needs of the application? May differ depending on the application: Research has shown for general lighting in an office environment, that the majority of occupants will accept: light level reductions of up to 30% with little notice (L70) particularly if the reduction is gradual
Based on this research, the Alliance for Solid State Illumination Systems and Technologies (ASSIST), a group led by the Lighting Research Center (LRC), recommends defining useful life as the point at which light output has declined to 1. 70% of initial lumens (abbreviated as L70) for general lighting 2. 50% (L50) for LEDs used for decorative purposes. 3. They also note that for some applications, a level higher than 70% may be required.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/usingLeds/general_illumination_life_defining.htm
Measuring Light Source Life: ONE MORE THING

Useful life procedure-6000 hours of data SYSTEM should FIRST be operated for 1,000 hours, then monitered while operating at rated current and voltage for at least an additional 5,000 hours in a ventilated environment at 25C. For systems intended for operation where heat build-up would occur, the LED system should be tested in environments corresponding to their application ratings. When color shift is critical, it is proposed that chromaticity coordinates NOT fall outside of a MacAdam four step ellipse (L4M) of initial.
L70% (hours): Time to 70% lumen maintenance L50% (hours): Time to 50% lumen maintenance Within these times the LED component or system should not exhibit chromaticity shifts greater than those bounded by a four-step MacAdam ellipse
SEEK THE SYSTEMS LIFE VALUE
What is an LED driver? An LED driver performs a function similar to a ballast for discharge lamps. It controls the current flowing through the LED. Most LED drivers are designed to provide current to a specific device or array. Since LED packages and arrays are not presently standardized, it is very important that a driver is selected that is matched to the specific device or array to be illuminated.
THE LED driver is a key component to System performance and life.

Why is it important to control the current through an LED? A typical voltage-current relationship for an illumination-grade LED is shown in Figure 8. As seen in this figure, a slight change in voltage can result in very large changes in current. Since the light output of an LED is proportional to its current, this can result in unacceptable variation in light output. If the resulting current exceeds limits recommended by the manufacturer, the long-term performance of the LED can be affected, resulting in shorter useful life.
Figure 8
CALiPER tests: luminaire temperature and expected life

There is currently no industry standard which defines a case or board temperature measurement point or other clear mechanism for determining junction temperature for an LED when installed in a luminaire. Thermal management is a key issue for solid state lighting. The draft IESNA LM-80 (for lumen depreciation measurement) currently describes a thermocouple attachment point on LEDs, but it is unlikely that this measurement point would be accessible once an LED is installed in a luminaire. CALiPER tests luminaires non-invasively primarily following the draft IESNA LM-79 and also includes temperature measurements on hot spots on the luminaires. These external temperature measurements cannot be quantitatively correlated to junction temperatures, but they provide some indication regarding the operating temperatures in the luminaire. CALiPER is also conducting lumen depreciation testing of selected luminaires--particularly those whose thermal management may be insufficient or that may be subject to high 'in situ' operating temperatures (such as enclosed fixtures and recessed downlights).
LED Luminaire Performance: Changing traditions to set the right expectations
Source: ledsmagazine.com January/February 2008 LED luminaire performance: changing traditions can set the right expectations. (Narendran, Fryssinier, Taylor)
ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Solid State Lighting Luminaires Eligibility Criteria Version 1.0 (Final 9/12/07)
Recessed downlights - Application Requirements Minimum Light Output 4.5 Aperture: 345 lumens (initial)> 4.5 Aperture: 575 lumens (initial) Zonal Lumen Density Requirement Luminaire shall deliver a minimum of 75% of total lumens (initial) within the 0-60 zone (bilaterally symmetrical).
Minimum Luminaire Efficacy 35
lm/W
Allowable CCTs 2700 K, 3000 K and 3500 K for Residential products No restrictions for Commercial Reduced Air Leakage Recessed downlights intended for installation in insulated ceilings shall be IC rated
and be leak tested per ASTM E-283 to demonstrate no more than 2.0 cubic feet per minute (cfm) at 75 Pascals
(1.57 lbs/ft2) pressure difference. The luminaire must include a label certifying airtight or similar designation t show air leakage less than 2.0 CFM at 75 Pascals when tested in accordance with ASTM E283
ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Solid State Lighting Luminaires Eligibility Criteria Version 1.0 (Final 9/12/07) continued
Category B is established as a future target for performance of SSL-based luminaires. Products cannot qualify under Category B until three years after the effective date of these criteria. If technology improvesfaster than expected, and opening category B prior to completion of a three-year waiting period would be in the public interest, DOE will advance the date for allowing products to qualify under Category B.
Future (B) Luminaire Efficacy Target: Luminaire Efficacy 70 lm/W

All Other Requirements: Glare requirements to be developed All other requirements will be the same as those in effect for Category A at the time Category B becomes effective, except for minimum light output and zonal lumen density requirements, which will not be used in Category B.
LED illumination in architecture

Luminaire manufacturers have to deal with LEDs sensitivity to thermal and electrical conditions Performance and efficiency claims made by product vendors often greatly exceed known start-of-the-art performance levels Differences between LED sources and conventional sources have created a GAP Industry groups, standards organizations, and DOE are moving quickly to develop needed SSL standards and test procedures In the meantime, there is a need for reliable, unbiased product performance information to foster the developing market for high-performance SSL products
Watch for color variations Know the chip and driver entailed (IP clearance?) Does the system feature LEDs that have been IESNA-LM80 tested (6000 hours; L70 extrapolated) Make luminaire comparisons using ABSOLUTE photometery Is it clear to you that the luminaire or lamp manufacturer participates in the DOE Quality Advocate Pledge program? What EXACTLY is covered by the warranty and by whom? For the lighting specifyer: The system manufacturer should provide a range of permissible operating temperatures within which acceptable operation will be expected
Remember All the Pieces of the Puzzle
Optics LED type Brightness
Lighting requirements
Prototype
PCB layout LED driver Thermal
Mech. design
management

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LED Illumination in Architecture

NTAEE November 19, 2009 Luncheon Meeting

Why is LED Lighting Important?

LED illumination in architecture

LED Illumination in Architecture

What is LED (Light Emitting Diode)?

White LEDs Color Issues

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

DOE Published LED Component Efficacy Roadmap

(Cost of LED component to generate 1000 lm)

$10/ klm $5/ klm $2/ klm

Facts in LED: Components vs. Systems

Fact 2 LED System Efficacy Characteristics

Heat sink 80-90%

Driver Electronics 70%-90%

System Efficiency 40%-75%

Facts in LED: Components vs. Systems

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

D.O.E. Technology Snapshot July 2009

More LED Activism: Lighting Facts

More D.O.E. LED Activism: The L Prize Competition

Standards and Test Procedures Support

White LED Color Issues

LED Lighting Institute, Feb 8-9, 2006

LED Manufacturing Influences on Color

Influences on Color Wavelength of die (460-470nm) Amount/type of phosphor

White LED Color Issues Color Variation

Large color variation between similar light sources is an undesirable feature.

LED Lighting Institute, Feb 8-9, 2006

White Binning for Color and Intensity

White LED Color Issues What is the MacAdam Ellipse?

Dimensions of MacAdam ellipses in SDCM

Quality of color homogeneity within the ellipse

No color difference visible

Hardly any color difference visible

Color difference visible

MacAdam Ellipses Represent the loci of just-noticeable color difference

Wyszecki and Stiles, Color Science, 1982

LED Lighting Institute, Feb 8-9, 2006

White LED Color Issues

White LED Color Issues Color Variation Between Similar LEDs

15-step MacAdam Ellipse

LED Lighting Institute, Feb 8-9, 2006

White LED Color Issues New white LED binning

Take ANSI bins as they are

Energy Star SSL Chromaticity Requirements ANSI C78 377A Standard

W a r m W h ite ( 3 0 0 0 K ) W h ite ( 3 5 0 0 K ) C o o l W h ite ( 4 0 0 0 K )

Example of a Binning Scheme

3step McAdams ellipses

ANSI C78.377 quadrangles

White LED - Color Issues

White LED Color Issues

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

White LEDs Color Issues Color Rendering Index (CRI)

White LEDs Color Issues Some cracks in CRI discussion

0.0250 Control Daylight

R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 Test Colours

CRI Test Colors

White LEDs Color Issues CRI Estimates RGB LEDs

CRI - Red Shift

CRI - Green Shift

CRI - Blue Shift

Small wavelength shift results in large CRI change