Professional Documents
Culture Documents
pk
RayNotes2009
OLevelSc(Physics)v2.0
Generalnotesanddefinitionsforinstantrevision
Hong Ray Corporations
09
www.studyguide.pk
PhysicsDefinitions
1. 2. 3. 4.
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
Electromagneticinductionisthephenomenonofproducinganemfinacircuitdueto
changingmagneticfield.
5.
Amplitudereferstothemaximumdisplacementfromrestposition.
6. Wavelengthreferstothedistancebetweenonecresttothenextsuccessivecrest. 7. 8. 9.
Frequencyreferstothenumberofwavesproducedperunittime. Periodreferstothetimetakenforonecompletewave.
Speedreferstothedistancetravelledbythewaveperunittime.
Transversewavesarewaveswherethedirectionoftravelisperpendiculartothe
directionofvibrationofparticleinamedium.(Light/wateraretransversewaves)
14.
Longitudinalwavesarewaveswherethedirectionoftravelisparalleltothedirection
ofvibrationofparticlesinamedium.(Soundislongitudinalwave)
KineticenergyTheabilitytodoworkduetotheobjectsspeed. GravitationalPotentialenergyTheabilitytodoworkduetotheobjectsheight.
www.studyguide.pk
GeneralPhysicsnotes
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
Waystoincreaseemfinsolenoid
1. Useastrongermagnet. 2. Increasethespeedofmovingthemagnets. 3. Increasethenumberofturnsonthecoil.
Waystoincreaseemfina.c.generator
1. Decreasedistancebetweenthemagnetandcoil. 2. Useastrongermagnet. 3. Increasespeedofmovingthemagnets 4. Increasenumberofturnsinthecoil.
(emfreferstoelectromotiveforce,whichcanalsobeconsideredasvoltage)
Whenawaterwavemovesfromdeeptoshallow,
Wavelengthbecomeshorter Frequencyremainsthesame Speedbecomesslower Extrainfo: Temperaturecanbemeasuredusingthefollowingmethods: Expansionoffixedmassofliquid. Changesofresistanceofapieceofmetalwithtime. Expansionofgasatconstantpressure.
Factorsthataffectspeedofsound
1. TemperatureThehigher,thefaster 2. MediumSolidisfasterthanliquid,whichisfasterthangas 3. HumidityMorehumidfasterthanlesshumid
www.studyguide.pk
1) Samesize 2) Laterallyinverted 3) Imageisvirtual
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
CharacteristicsofImageformedonplanemirror
WhatisMomentofaforceaboutapoint?
Theturningeffectitcausesonthebodyaboutthepivot.
Principleofmoments
Thesumofclockwisemomentsaboutapointisequaltothesumofanticlockwisemomentsabout thesamepoint, Moment=ForcexPerpendiculardistancefrompivot.
CenterofGravity/Mass
Thepointwhichtheweightoftheobjectappearstoact.
Whyconstanttemperatureatmelting?
Duringmelting,heatenergyisusedtoweakentheattractionbetweenthesolidparticlessothat theycanrollandslideoveroneanotherandbecomeliquidparticles. TheheatenergyisnotusedtoincreasetheKineticenergyofparticles.
Whenathermometerisplacedintohotwater,whythereadingdropsfirstthenincreases.
Theglassbulbexpandsbeforethemercuryexpands.
Energychangesofaoscillatingpendulumasitcomestorest.
Duetofrictionandairresistance,kineticenergywillbechangedtoheatenergy.
Precautionswhenhandlingradioactivesubstances
1) Radioactivesubstancesshouldnotbetouched. 2) Donotpointtheirraysatanyperson. 3) Wearaphotosensitivebadgetocheckwhetherapersonisexposedtoanoverdoseofradiation.
www.studyguide.pk
OperationofTransformer
1. 2. 3. 4.
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
OperationofACGenerator
1. Turnthewire. 2. Thewirecutsthroughthemagneticfieldasitturns. 3. Thisproducesaninducedemf. 4. Becauseoftheload,aninducedcurrentisproduced.
ElectromagneticSpectrum
GammaRay|XRay|Ultraviolet|VisibleLight|Infrared|Microwave|Radiowave
HighestFrequency ShortestWavelength LowestFrequency LongestWavelength Xray Photographs Checking signatures
Killcancer cells
Enableus tosee
TVRemote control
Cooking Food
TV,Radio broadcast
www.studyguide.pk
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
HowtocheckifpointCisthecenterofgravityoftheobject?
IfthemetalsheetcanbebalancedonthetipofthefingerdirectlybelowpointC,thenitisthe centerofgravity.
Howtomeasureperiodofapendulum?
Measurethetimetfor20oscillationswithastopwatch Calculatetheaveragetimefor1completeoscillation,T= /20
t
Note:Heat/energyfromthesunreachesEarthbyRadiation!!
Heater
Water
Whynoconvectioncurrentifheatedfromtop?
Thehotlessdensewaterremainsatthetopwhilethecolddenserwaterremainsatthe bottom.Hencenoconvectioncurrentisproduced.
www.studyguide.pk
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
Howheatislostwhenahotbowlismovedfromoventotable?
Heatislostbyradiationbecausethehotbowlisatahighertemperaturethanits surroundings. Heatisalsolostbyconvection.Thehotairabovethehotbowlislessdensethanthe surroundingair. Generalnote:ConvectionisduetodifferenceinDensity.Radiationisduetodiffintemp.
ConstrictioninClinicalThermometer:
Usedtopreventmercuryfromfallingbackintothebulbwhenitisremovedfromthepatients mouthorarmpit.
ElectricCircuits
Note:Justrememberthatforwhatevercircuits,thevoltageisalwaysconstant!
Voltage=ResistancexCurrent
Calculatingresistance:
Forparallelcircuits 1 /R1+1/R2+1/R3=Totalresistance ForSeriescircuit R1+R2+R3=Totalresistance
Constant
www.studyguide.pk
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
Whenalightbulbisswitchedon,whythefilamentreachesaconstanttemperature?
Thepowerdissipatedinthefilamentbecomesequaltotherateofheatradiatedbyit.
Note:Colourislinkedtoradiation. Blackisgoodabsorber&emitterofheat.
WhybettertopushatBthanA?
TheturningeffectproducedwhenforceisappliedatBisgreater. (Turningeffect=ForcexDistance)
B A
Effectofapplyingforceonarustybolt/nut.
Itwillchangetheshapeofedgesofnut. Heatwillbeproducedbecauseoffriction,Itmightalsobreak.
WhyraynotchangedirectionatB?
Therayisperpendiculartotheboundary.
Imageproducedbyamagnifyingglass:
Virtual,Upright,Magnified.
Emfofacell Totalenergyusedtodriveunitchargeroundthecompletecircuit.
www.studyguide.pk
LIGHTRAY
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
Bendsaway fromnormal
AIR
AIR
SOLID SOLID Airtosolid Bendsto normal. Bendsto normal Solidtoair Bendsaway fromnormal
ComparingspeedsofLight
Inavacuum,speedofredlightandspeedofbluelightisthesame. (Allelectromagneticwavestravelatsamespeedinavacuum.) Inaglass,speedofbluelightisslowerthanspeedofredlight becauseBluelighthasshorterwavelengthbutsamefrequency.
Howsoundwavestravelthroughair?
Byproducingalternatecompressionsandrarefactionsalongthepathofairparticles.
Goodradiatorofheat
Blacksurface Roughsurface
www.studyguide.pk
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
IcepointThemeltingpointofpureiceundernormalpressureactingonit.
ProcessofcreatingConvectioncurrent
1. 2. 3. 4. Thebottomlayerisheated,themoleculesmovefaster. Thedensitydecreasesandhotwaterrises. Cooleranddenserwaterabovesinksdownandtakesitsplace. Convectioncurrentisduetoachangeindensity.
Differencebetweenevaporation&boiling:
EVAPORATION
1) 2) 3)
BOILING
CharacteristicsofImageformedonplanemirror.
1. Itissamesizeastheobject 2. Itisvirtual 3. Laterallyinverted
Inasoundwave,
Thefrequencyaffectsthepitch Amplitudeaffectstheloudness Qualityaffectsthetoneofthesound.
Bothwaveshavedifferentquality (Differentsoundtones)
www.studyguide.pk
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
HumanHearingrange
20Hz 20KHz(20000Hz)
Lowerfrequency(Below20Hz)Infrasound HigherFrequency(Above20000Hz)Ultrasound
CompressionandRarefactionsofsoundwave
Compressionoccurwhentheairparticlesareclosertogetherandtheairpressureishigher thanthesurroundingpressure. Rarefactionoccurswhentheairparticlesarefurtherapartandtheairpressureislower thanthesurroundingpressure.
Compression&Rarefaction onlyoccurinLongitudinal Waves (Nottransversewaves)
www.studyguide.pk
Science(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0RAYNotes2009(Hardcopy)
====================EndofScience(Physics)OLevel(GeneralEdition)v2.0====================
Clear your Doubts with teachers now! Never wait, or youll regret
FormorePhysicsnotes,downloadthemfromhttp://www.rayrevision.webs.com Recommended:DownloadtheFullPhysicsFormulasheetandmemorisethembeforegoingforthepaper. Needmorenotes?Suggestwhatyouneed.RayNoteswilldoourbesttoprovidethebestpossibleresources foryou,atnocost.
2009HongRayCorporationsAllRightsreserved