(January 1981) pp 71-78 The purpose of this paper is to show that the equations of three-dimensional anistropic elasticity can

be split into two independent systems and that this procudure, which is possible for isotropic materials, may be carried over to the anisotropic plate.
A method for determining the mode 1 delamination fracture toughness of elastic and viscoelastic composite materials Devitt, D.F., Schapery, R.A. and Bradley W.L. Journal o f Composite Materials Vol 14 (October 1980)pp 270-285 A simple approach to the determination of delamination fracture toughness in the opening mode has been developed using a split beam and a nonlinear analysis. The analysis has been confirmed with experimental measurements on glass/epoxy systems using specimens of three thicknesses, tested over a wide range of crack growth rates. The measured range of energy release rates of 525-1000 Nm -~ for the range of crack growth rates studied is shown to be consistent with predictions from an idealized viscoelastic crack g r o w t h t h e o r y and v i s c o e l a s t i c behaviour of the resin as determined from creep/recovery tests. Non linear viscoelastic behaviour of polypropylene and glass reinforced polypropylene in creep Gupta, Vidya Bhushan, and Lahiri, Jhumur Journal o f Composite Materials Vol 14 (October 1980) pp 286-296 Isothermal creep tests have been carded out on unreinforced and glass fibre reinforced polypropylene samples under uniaxial tension. Experiments were performed at different stress levels and at various temperatures up to 60C. The initial time-independent deformation of the polypropylene appears to show characteristics typical of an elastic solid. The subsequent time-dependent deformation increases with time and stress typifying viscoelastic behaviour. Incorporation of glass fibres into the polypropylene renders the structure less deformable; the compliance is reduced and the viscoelastic effects are suppressed. On the probability of failure In the chain-of-bundles model Bergman, Bo Journal of Composite Materials Vol 15 (January 1981) p92 A chain-of bundles model is used to give refined bounds on the asymptotic. strength distribution of a unidirectional fibre composite, applicable to a general failure model.

Property changes of a graphite/epoxy composite exposed to nonionizing space parameters Phelps, Henry R. and Long, Edward R. Journal o f Composite Materials Vol 14 (October 1980)pp 334-341 A study has been made of the changes in mass, thickness and flexural properties of initially wet and dry specimens of graphite/epoxy composite specimens due to the equivalent of eight weeks of e x p o s u r e to n o n i o n i z i n g space e n v i r o n m e n t a l parameters. These parameters were near and middle solar u v irradience, high vacuum and temperature. Changes were observed in the mass, dimensions and surface morphology of the specimens, though the flexural properties were not affected. Combined u v and elevated temperature environments had synergistic effects on the properties of the specimens. Stress field evaluation in photoelastic anisotropic materials: experimental numerical technique Voloshin, Arkady Journal of Composite Materials Vol 14 (October 1980) pp 342-350 An experimental numerical technique has been developed for stress field evaluation in photoelastic anisotropic materials. The method is based on using experimental data and basic elasticity theory to obtain an overdetermined solution, and is compared favourably with results obtained by two other techniques (finite element and modified shear difference). Application of the analysis for experimental evaluation of stress-intensity factors, as well as stress field determination near a crack tip is proposed. Studies of impacted glass fibrereinforced composite laminates Takeda, N., Sierakowski, R.L. and Malvern, L.E. SA M P E Quarterly Vo112 No 2 (January 1981)pp 9-17 An experimental investigation of the sequential delamination of centrally impacted composite laminates is reported. The materials used were glass fibre/epoxy manufactured with prepreg tapes. Parameters such as impactor nose shape, impactor mass and kinetic energy, and ply orientation were varied to assess their effects on the fracture behaviour of the laminates. Studies of structure in carbonized composites from a phenolic resin and oxidized PAN fibres using chromic acid as an etchant Markovic, Vesna, and March, Harry

Carbon Vol 19 pp 209-211 Phenolic resin/PAN fibre composites were prepared with heat treatments at a number of temperatures between 423 and 1173 K. Optical and scanning electron microscopy of polished surfaces indicated a fusing of the two materials into a homogeneous matrix. However, SEM of samples etched with chromic acid showed that the identity of the materials was preserved. Transverse sections of PAN fibres heat treated at greater then 973 K exhibited a selective etching suggestive of a strain/core fibre composition.
Thermomechanical properties of particle composites in their transition region Paipetis, S.A. Fibre Science and Technology Vol 13 No 6 (November 1980) pp 449-463 An investigation was carried out on the t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l b e h a v i o u r of polymeric materials containing filler particles in the region of the glass transition temperature of the materials. It was shown analytically that introducing such reinforcing particles would increase Tg to an extent proportional to the reinforcing effect. Previously reported experimental work confirms this analytical proposition, except for composites in which mat fix/particle bonding is poor. This later was confirmed by e x p e r i m e n t s . Particle geometry and topology were found to affect Tg considerably. Thickness and laminating effects on fracture behaviour of glass fibre composites Garg, A.C. Fibre Science and Technology Vol 14 No 1 (January 1981) pp 27-39 The effect of laminate thickness and method of lamination on the fracture of random glass fibre-reinforced resin was studied using R-curves. It was found that thickness did not significantly affect the fracture characteristics, but that delayed lamination (that is, prepared over a period of 4 days) does to some extent. Using the R-curves, analytical relationships have been developed and these were used to predict the residual strength characteristics and the fracture toughness. Toughness testing of composite materials Miller, A.G., Hertzberg, P.E. and Rantala, V.W. SAMPE Quarterly Vol 12 No 2 (January 1981)pp 36-42 The development of fracture toughness and instrumented impact testing proce-

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dures for advanced composite materials is described. These tests are sensitive to changes in fibre lay-up and to the properties of the resin matrix used. Data obtained indicate that ratesensitive matrix materials are not ratesensitive in the composite. It is shown that limited correlation between the test types can be made, although it is stated that such correlations are qualitative rather than quantitative. Transverse hehaviour of unidirectional ribbon reinforced Metglas/epoxy laminates Yeow, Y.T. Journal of Composite Materials Supplement Vol 14 (1980) pp 132-143 A finite element analysis is used to model the elastic behaviour of an epoxy based, rectangular shaped, metallic glass reinforced composite. The effects of reinforcement aspect ratio, volume fraction, overlap and the distance between reinforcement on the transverse moduli and strength are determined. Comparisons of experimental data with results obtained from the finite element analysis and the Halpin-Tsai equations are made. The influence of the various composite parameters studied on the transverse composite strength are identified. Two-dimensional finite element analysis of hi-modulus material Tabaddor, F. Fibre Science and Technology Vol 14 No 3 (April 1981) pp 229-240 The properties of polyester cord/rubber and boron/epoxy composites have been calculated in terms of the constituent properties and the 'effective' cord compression modulus. The finite element formulation of the problem is discussed and an iterative scheme of solution is proposed.

Electrical anisotropic property of some unidirectionaily solidified eutectic alloys Moon, I.H., Kim, Y.L. and Ahu, I.S. Jounral o f Materials Science Vol 16 (1981) pp 1367-1373 Unidirectionally solidified Cd-Pb, Bi-Cd, and Bi-Zn eutectics showed anisotropic electrical resistivities consistent with calculated values based on their microstructure. On the microstructure morphology of eutectic Co-Cr-C based superaHoys Hildebrandt, Uwe W. Zeitschrifl Fur Metalkunde Vol 72 No 4 pp 261-265 The influence of varying parameters of heat treatment and solidification on microstructure morphology of the directionally solidified in-situ composite 'C73' was studied using methods of quatitative metallography. Ripening phenomena were observed which were stronger for cyclic heat treatment than for isothermal heating. Furthermore, stable carbide configurations existed for the base alloy, which could be suppressed by alloying further elements. Preparation and properties of cast aluminium-ceramic particle composites Surappa, M.K., Rohatgi, P.K. Journal o f Materials Science Vol 16 (1981) pp 983-993 Alumina, illite, and silicon carbide particles were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o aluminium alloy melts at up to 3 weight % after a heat treatment to promote wetting. Their processing, microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and particle distribution are fully discussed. On the specimen dependence of unidirectional boron/alumlnium fracture toughness Reedy, E.D. Jr. Journal o f Composite Materials Supplement Vol 14 (1980) pp 118-131 Fracture toughness of unidirectional boron/aluminium was measured and was found to be specimen dependent, indicating that fracture toughness is not a material property for the size and type of specimen tested. The failure mode was also found to be specimen dependent. The failure of linear elastic fracture mechanics to define a material property for these specimens was attributed to extensive matrix yielding in regions remote from the notch tip. The U'PALprocess: a direct method of preparing cast aluminlum alloygraphite particle composites Krishnan, B.P., Surappa, M.K. and Rohatgi, P.K. Journal o f Materials Sci-

ence Vol 16 (1981) pp 1209-1216 Aluminium-graphite composites can be used as bearingmaterials, but untreated graphite is not wetted by aluminium. A heat treatment prior to dispersion allows up to 3% by weight of graphite to be uniformly distributed. Small additions of Mg and Si aid the process, and mechanical properties of the resulting composites are given.

NATURAL COMPOSITESIFIBRES
Axial compression of a helically wound laminated paper tube Beatty, M.F. and Cheng, W.C. Journal o f Composite Materials Supplement Vol 14 (1980) pp 42-56 An experimental investigation of the compressive deformation behaviour of helically wound, laminated paper tubes is described. It is found that the total angle of twist reaches a critical value at roughly the same time that the axial compressive force achieves a maximum value at which the cylinder walls buckle by folding inward along the helical fibre lines of the tube. Empirical equations relating the critical angle of twist and the subsequent uniform, post buckling twisting rate to the tube length are presented. Copper coating on coil fibres Parithran, C., Gopakumar, K., Prasad, S.V. and Rohatgi, P.K. Journal o f Materials Science Vol 16 (1981) pp 15481556 Continuous 1.5 to 5/~m copper coatings decrease the electrical resistivity and flame propagation of coconut palm fibre, while also increasing by 25% the tensile and flexural strengths of polyester matrix composites fabricated from the fibre. The deposition of copper from Fehlings-formaldehyde solution is described. Electrical resistivity and dielectric strength of plant fibres Kulkarni, A.G., Satyanarayana, K.G. and Rohatgi, P.K. Journal o f Materials Science Vol 16 (1981) pp 1719-1726 Resistivity and dielectric strength of a variety of natural fibres are shown to be strongly dependent on moisture content, and also total cellulose content. Their suitability for insulating applications are discussed with reference to their chemical a n d physical structure and properties. An investigation of some matrix protein components critical to the extensible properties of insect cuticle

METAL MA TRICES
Cast aluminium alloy composites conmining copper-coated ground mica particles Nath, Deo and Rohatgi, P.K. Journal o f Materials Science Vol 16 (1981) pp 1599-1606 By copper coating mica particles it is possible to increase their wettability by aluminium alloys, and to achieve highly loaded composites suitable for selflubricated bearings. Their fabrication and microstructure are discussed with reference to their mechanical properties.

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