This article was downloaded by: [116.203.33.

20] On: 03 October 2011, At: 11:10 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Biodiversity
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbid20

Biodiversity study of a smallholder-protected forest ecosystem in Leyte, Philippines

Arturo E. Pasa
a a

College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte, 6521-A Philippines Available online: 29 Jun 2011

To cite this article: Arturo E. Pasa (2011): Biodiversity study of a smallholder-protected forest ecosystem in Leyte, Philippines, Biodiversity, 12:1, 38-45 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2011.573702

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

BIODIVERSITY Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2011, 3845

Biodiversity study of a smallholder-protected forest ecosystem in Leyte, Philippines

Arturo E. Pasa*
College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte, 6521-A Philippines (Received 27 March 2008; final version received 10 February 2011) A study was conducted to assess the floral and faunal diversity within a smallholder-protected forest ecosystem in mid-western Leyte Province, Philippines. A total of 1903 plants belonging to 325 species and 93 animal species were recorded in the survey and ethno-faunal assessment. There were 648, 676 and 579 plants recorded for the protected zone, buffer zone, and multiple-use zone, respectively. Recorded fauna included 11 species of mammals belonging to nine families, 39 species of birds belonging to 20 families, 16 species of reptiles belonging to nine families, and 27 species of amphibians belonging to five families. Eight globally threatened faunal species are still found in the area but are expected to vanish if wildlife hunting continues. Information and education campaigns on biodiversity conservation as well as alternative livelihood opportunities for smallholders are recommended to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem services of the area. Keywords: threatened species; wildlife hunting; CBFM project; smallholders; Leyte

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

Introduction The success of every civilisation has been rooted in the wealth of nature. The domestication of wild species made the first ventures into farming possible and selective breeding increased productivity. Natural resources were also the basis for the agricultural and industrial revolutions. Genetic resources taken from the wild still sustain modern societies, providing medicines, food and raw materials for industry. Worldwide, medicines from wild products are estimated to be worth some $US40 billion a year. For example: foxgloves have saved the lives of millions of sufferers from heart disease by providing digitoxin and digitalis; the snakeroot plant from the forests of India relieves high blood pressure and hypertension; bee venom is used to treat arthritis; codeine and morphine, both powerful painkillers, are derived from poppies; an Amazonian tree provides quinine to fight malaria; and curare and liana are used to relax muscles for surgery and treat multiple sclerosis and Parkinsons disease. The rosy periwinkle, a rather unremarkable looking plant discovered in a Madagascar forest, has transformed the prospects of children with leukaemia. Before its discovery, less than a fifth of afflicted children survived; now two drugs taken from the plant, together with other treatments, have increased the remission rate to over 80%. A total of 1400 tropical forest plants yield chemicals with the potential to fight cancer but many may be driven to extinction before

their promise can be assessed or tapped (Lean, Hinrichsen, and Markham 1990). The many values of biodiversity and its importance to development suggest why biodiversity conservation differs from traditional nature conservation. Biodiversity conservation entails a shift from a defensive posture protecting nature from the impacts of development to an offensive effort seeking to meet peoples need for biological resources while ensuring the long-term sustainability of Earths biotic wealth. In other words, biodiversity conservation seeks to maintain the human life-support system provided by nature and the living resources essential for development (WRI-IUCN-UNEP 1992). The more than 7100 islands that form the Philippines are home to some of the worlds most unique species. The tropical climate, forests and archipelagic formation of this country comprise one of the most globally significant regions for biodiversity wealth. Unfortunately, the high rate of endemism and great species diversity are challenged by extreme socio-economic pressure. Deemed the hottest of the biodiversity hotspots, the Philippines need for viable conservation solutions is as great as its unique biological heritage (Conservation International Philippines 2002). The Philippine government has responded to the challenge of restoring degraded uplands to enhance biodiversity in the entire country by implementing the

*Email: artpasa@yahoo.com
ISSN 14888386 print/ISSN 21600651 online 2011 Tropical Conservancy DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2011.573702 http://www.informaworld.com

B I O D I V E R S I T Y community-based forest management (CBFM) project. CBFM directly involves the local people in protecting and managing the remaining forest lands. Determining the current state of biological diversity of CBFM projects, however, remains a challenging task. Any attempt to assess the forest biodiversity, either preliminary or exhaustive, is worthwhile if it reveals information on the status of biodiversity, threats and local conservation initiatives. Remarkably, many plants and animals of this region are still unidentified, signifying that enormous potential remains to be discovered. It is estimated that less than 5% of the biological diversity of the rainforests is known to science (McNeely et al. 1990, cited by Schucking and Anderson 1991). The total number of species that exist in the Philippine rainforest remains unknown (WWF 2005). Therefore, assessing biodiversity within the CBFM project has enormous ecological, social, economic as well as policy implications.

39

Los Banos, Laguna and identified by an expert of the College of Arts and Sciences. Plant taxonomy books and other related illustrated references, which included Salvosa (1963), de Guzman, Umali and Sotalbo (1986), de Guzman and Fernando (1986), Santos (1986), Zamora and Co (1986), Fernando et al. (2004), were also used to identify unknown specimens. The remaining unidentified specimens were labelled according to their local names or chronological numbers for biodiversity index calculation. The following formulae were adopted with modifications from Caldas et al. 2000:   number of individuals per species in sampling area Population density , 3600 m2 1 where 3600 m2 aggregate area of the nine sampling plots in each zone;   number of individuals per species ; Relative density  total number of individuals for all species 2 ShannonWeiner index of diversity (H0 ), H0
S X i1

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

Materials and methods Study site The site for this study was the 2236 ha CBFM project located in the contiguous area of Barangay Gabas and Barangay Kilim in Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. The site lies between 124 480 longitude and 10 430 latitude, having a climatic type IV with more or less evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. On average, June to January are wet months, whereas February to May are relatively dry. Average annual rainfall is 2500 mm while the average annual minimum temperature is 22.3 C and average maximum is 33.67 C (PAGASA 2007). This territory is rugged and mountainous with a slope ranging from 30 to 80%. The highest elevation is 986 m above sea level at the north-eastern part of the area called Mt. Emik (CRMF 2002).

Pi ln Pi ,

where S number of species and Pi proportion of total sample belonging to ith species (using relative density); ShannonWeiner index of evenness (J ): J H0 H0 H0 ; H0max loge S ln S 4

Simpson index of dominance (C): Floral assessment Sampling was obtained from selected mountain ranges within the smallholder-protected forest ecosystem. A total of 27 (20 m 20 m) purposive sampling plots were laid out within the study site: nine plots within the protected zone, nine within the buffer zone and nine within the multiple-use zone. All plants were identified (except for seedlings 15 cm and below in height, which are very difficult to identify) and their frequency of occurrence recorded. Sample specimens of unidentified species were collected and brought to the herbaria of the College of Arts and Sciences and the College Forestry and Natural Resources at the Visayas State University for identification. Other unidentified specimens were brought to University of the Philippines C
S X i1

P2 ; i

Simpson index of diversity (D): D 1 : C 6

Faunal assessment Primary data for the different mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians in the study site were gathered through actual survey (encounter method), whereas secondary data were gathered through key informant

40

A.E. PASA
Table 2. Categorical diversity indices of floral species found in the different zones of the CBFM project. Protected zone 174 1800 1.097 0.213 0.655 1.526 Buffer zone 182 1878 1.192 0.229 0.473 2.113 Multiple-use zone 193 1609 1.306 0.248 0.407 2.455

Table 1. Total count by category of floral species recorded within the different zones of the CBFM project. Location/plant count

Biodiversity indexes Plant category Trees Shrubs Herbs Palms Vines/liana Grasses/sedges Ferns Epiphytes/orchids Total (within nine plots) Total (per ha) Protected zone 477 38 42 18 23 5 42 3 648 %1800 Buffer zone 455 34 52 34 31 14 56 0 676 %1878 Multiple-use zone 355 62 52 16 51 12 31 0 579 %1609 Number of species Population density (plants per ha) ShannonWeiner index of diversity ShannonWeiner index of evenness Simpson index of dominance Simpson index of diversity

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

Reproduced by kind permission of the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), in Discovering New Roads to Development Series, Vol. 1 (ISSN 20124635). Notes: % rounded to the nearest whole number.

Reproduced by kind permission of the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), in Discovering New Roads to Development Series, Vol. 1 (ISSN 20124635).

interviews (i.e. triangulation approach). Photographic guides and illustrated references of different faunal species, which included Buckles (undated), Rabor (1986), Alcala (1986), Fisher and Hicks (2000), Bartlett, Griswold and Bartlett (2001) and Lastica (2005), were used as references during the interviews.

Results and discussion Flora assessment A total of 1903 plants belonging to 325 species were recorded during the actual field data collection. The protected zone contained the largest number of trees per ha, followed by the buffer zone and then the multiple-use zone. On the other hand, there were more shrubs found in the multiple-use zone than in the other zones (see Table 1), which could be attributed to the previous cutting operation. However, on a per hectare basis, the buffer zone had the greatest number of plants, followed by the protected zone and then the multiple-use zone. In terms of species richness, the multiple-use zone, though the most disturbed of the three zones, contained the greatest number of plant species, followed by the buffer zone and then the protected zone (see Table 2 and Table A1 in the Appendix). It appears that the multiple-use zone became more diverse due to the disturbance it received than if it had been allowed to regenerate naturally. The buffer zone, which ranked second in species richness, had also undergone some degree of perturbation though less in intensity compared with the

multiple-use zone. Some portions along the slopes had previously been slashed and burned. Due to the considerable distance of that zone from the lowland and the presence of wild pigs that consume root crops and cultivated bananas, local people have been discouraged from expanding their farming system in this area. Some farmers abandoned their cultivated areas in the buffer zone and have migrated to other places looking for better livelihood opportunities. The smallholders (peoples organisation protecting the project) have been able to successfully stop illegal logging within the project site, thus giving the vegetation an opportunity to regenerate naturally. The protected zone had the least number of species among the three zones. This could be due to the absence of disturbance compared to the other two zones or to the presence of more dominant species that hinder the opportunity of other species to occupy and flourish within the site. The multiple-use zone showed the highest diversity value, using both ShannonWeiner and Simpson indexes, followed by the buffer zone and then the protected zone. On the other hand, the Simpson index of dominance showed an opposite trend. The dominance value for the multiple-use zone was the lowest, whereas the protected zone was the highest (see Table 2).

Faunal assessment The CBFM site provides habitat for many species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. A total of 93 species were recorded throughout the course of this research, i.e. mammals 11 species belonging to nine

B I O D I V E R S I T Y families, birds 39 species belonging to 20 families, reptiles 16 species belonging to nine families, and amphibians 27 species belonging to five families. Species observed during the survey included: the Philippine monkey (Macaca fascicularis); Philippine flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus); water monitor (Varanus salvator); common field rats (Rattus rattus); endangered rufous (Bucerous hydrocorax); tarictic hornbills (Penelopides panini); swiftlets (Collocalia esculenta); flying lemur (Cyanocephalus volans); reticulated python (Python reticulata); and venomous viper (Trimeresurus flavomaculatus). An ethno-faunal assessment provided additional data on the various species of animals at the site (Table 3).

41

Policy implications

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

One of the threats to wildlife encountered during this study was wildlife hunting, largely an economically-rooted problem. Local people from villages adjacent to the project site are hunting wildlife (either for food or commercial purposes) despite the information and education campaign (IEC) on biodiversity

conservation conducted by the peoples organisation (PO) protecting the CBFM project. Smallholders under the said PO could not always be available to guard the area, mainly for economic reasons since the majority of them are marginal farmers and hired labourers. Hence, the complete protection of the CBFM project against wildlife hunting has not been achieved. Poverty is a multi-sided issue affecting biodiversity programmes in the tropics in general and the Philippines in particular. In the province of Leyte alone, nearly half of the rural population is living in poverty. Financially constrained inhabitants in the uplands are forced to engage in whatever livelihood opportunities are available, including wildlife hunting. It is therefore imperative to provide alternative livelihood opportunities, not only to the smallholders protecting the CBFM project, but to those within the adjacent villages as well. Smallholders in the uplands are increasing in number, putting further pressure on residential space and bioresources required for survival and livelihoods. Demand for timber is expected to increase, endangering the current dwindling Philippine forests.

Figure 1. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). (Photo Mike Baird, 27 September 2006(2006-09-27), 11:50, Morro Bay, Calif., USA, and is reproduced here under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.) Source: http://www.flickr. com/photos/72825507@N00/326753913.

Figure 2. Common flying lizard (Draco spilopterus). (Public domain image from Magasin de Zoologie: danatomie comparee et de paleontologie, 1832.)

42

A.E. PASA

Table 3. Faunal species observed and ethno-faunally assessed within the CBFM project site. Common name Mammals Philippine monkey Philippine deer Philippine flying lemur* Philippine field rat Philippine flying fox Fruit bat Tree squirrel* Philippine warty pig* Philippine tarsier Malay civet Common palm civet Birds Osprey Philippine hawk eagle* Philippine falconet Crested serpent eagle Philippine dwarf kingfisher* Swiftlet Rufous hornbill* Tarictic hornbill Philippine nightjar Emerald dove White-eared brown dove Zebra dove Reddish coco dove Pompadour green pigeon Spotted dove Common crow Philippine coucal Philippine fairy bluebird Olive-backed sunbird Gray-hooded sunbird Metallic-winged sunbird Black-naped oriole Wild chicken White-bellied woodpecker Frogmouth Guaiabero Collasisi parakeet Blue-crowned racquet tail Blue-crowned racquet Yellow vented bulbul Philippine bulbul Common moorhen White-breasted waterhen Asian glossy starling Coleto Streaked ground babbler Leyte tit babbler Philippine eagle owl * Grass owl Philippine scops owl Reptiles Leyte catsnake Elongated-headed tree snake Arboreal rat snake Sailfin water lizard Common flying lizard Scientific name Macaca fascicularis Cervus mariannus Cyanocephalus volans Rattus rattus Pteropus vampyrus Rousettus sp. Sundasciurus philippinensis Sus barbatus Tarsius syrichta Viverra tangalunga Paraduxuros philippinensis Pandion haliaetus Spizaetus philippinensis Microhierax erythrogenys Spilornis cheela Ceyx melanurus Collocalia esculenta Bucerous hydrocorax Penelopides panini Caprimulgus manillensis Chalcophalps indica Phapetriron leucotis Geopelia striata Macropygia phasianella Treron pompadora Stretopelia chinensis Corvus macrorhynchos Centropus viridis Irena cyanogaster Nectarinia jugularis Aethopyga primigenius Aethopyga pulcherrima Oriolus chinensis Gallus gallus Dryocopus javensis Batracostomus septimus Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Lariculus philippinenesis Prioniturus discurus Prioriturus discursus Pycnonotus goiaver Hypsipetes philippinus Gallinula chloropus Amaurornis phoenicurus Aplonis panayensis Sarcops calvus Ptilocichla mindanensis Macronous leytensis Bubo philippinensis Tyto capensis Otus megalotis Bioga angulata Ahaetulla prasina Gonyosoma oxycephalum Hydrosaurus pustulatus Draco spiloptera Family name Cercopithecidae Cervidae Cyanocephalidae Muridae Pteropidae Pteropidae Sciuridae Suidae Tarsiidae Viverridae Viverridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Alcedinidae Apodidae Bucerotidae Bucerotidae Caprimulgidae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Corvidae Cuculidae Irenadae Nectariniidae Nectariniidae Nectariniidae Oriolidae Phasianidae Picidae Podargidae Psittacidae Psittacidae Psittacidae Psittacidae Pycnonotidae Pycnonotidae Rallidae Rallidae Stumidae Stumidae Timaliidae Timaliidae Tytonidae Tytonidae Tytonidae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Agamidae Agamidae Basis O E O O O O E E E E E E E E E E O O O E O O O E E O O O O O O O O E E O E O O O E O E E O E E E E E E E E O O O (Continued )

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

B I O D I V E R S I T Y
Table 3. Continued. Common name Yellow-gray banded snake Common cobra King cobra Fresh-water turtle Common gecko Common house gecko Reticulated python Common mabouya Green tree skink Water monitor Pit viper Amphibians Common toad Narrow-mouthed frog Truncate-toad narrow-mouthed frog Slender digit narrow-mouthed frog Malayan horned frog Pelobatid frog Corrugated forest frog Common forest ground frog For further identification Isolated forest frog Negros cave frog For further identification Giant Philippine frog* Variable back frog For further identification Woodworths frog Green paddy frog Common green frog For further identification For further identification For further identification Small-headed frog Common tree frog Rough-armed tree frog Variegated tree frog Gliding tree frog Spiny tree frog Scientific name Calliophis calligaster Naja naja Ophiophagus hannah Cuora amboensis Gekko gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Python reticulatos Mabuya multifaciata Lamprolipes smaragdina Varanus salvator Trimeresurus flavomaculatus Bufo marinus K. walteri Kaloula conjuncta K. picta Megoprys montana Leptobrachium visayanus Platymantis corragatus P. dorsalis P. luzonensis P. insulatus P. spelaeus P. sp. Rana magna magna R. signata R. vittigerra R. woodworthi R. earythraea R. everitti R. mangyanurum R. similis R. sp. Occidozyga laevis Polypedates leucomystax Rhacophorus apendiculatus Philautus bimaculatus R. pardalis Edwardtayloria spinosa Family name Elapidae Elapidae Elapidae Emydidae Gekkonidae Gekkonidae Pythonidae Scincidae Scincidae Varanidae Viperidae Bufonidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Pelobatidae Pelobatidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae

43

Basis O O E E O O O O O O O O E O E O O E E E E E E E E E E O E E E E O E E E E O

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

Reproduced by kind permission of the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), in Discovering New Roads to Development Series, Vol. 1 (ISSN 20124635). Notes: O observed; E ethno-faunally assessed; * threatened species (Source: IUCN 20032007 Redlist).

If smallholders were to lose their enthusiasm for protecting the remaining forests (particularly CBFM areas) due to the absence of stable livelihood opportunities, the current upland forest destruction would be expected to grow. This situation would not only affect soil and water resources but biodiversity as well. Socio-economic situations and biodiversity conservation are very complex issues in the tropics with regional and global policy implications. The IEC alone is insufficient to address these complexities and therefore additional solutions, which include livelihood programmes, are becoming imperative.

Conclusions The floral and faunal diversity of the CBFM project area is still remarkably high, in no small part due to the efforts of smallholders. Although the area is a secondary forest, findings from this study revealed its outstanding biodiversity condition, constituting a rich gene bank of plant and animal species that help to regenerate the area and its surroundings. However, wildlife hunting due to poverty is a threat to the biodiversity of the area. It is suggested that livelihood programmes be implemented, hand in hand with the IEC, to alleviate this pressure. A future study is

44

A.E. PASA
IUCN, 20032007. Redlist of globally threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org (accessed November 26, 2007). Lastica, E. 2005. Personal files: photographic guide to mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds of the Philippines. Dumaguete City: Silliman University CenTrop Zoological and Botanical Garden. Lean, G., D. Hinrichsen, and A. Markham. 1990. WWF atlas of the environment. New York: Prentice Hall Press. PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration) Agrometeorology Station). 2007. Average annual rainfall and temperature in midwestern Leyte. Baybay, Leyte: Visayas State University. Rabor, D.S., 1986. Birds and mammals. In Guide to Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. XI. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. Salvosa, F.M. 1963. Lexicon of Philippine trees. Laguna, Philippines: Forest Products Research Institute. Santos, J.V. 1986. Bamboos and grasses. In Guide to Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. IV. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. Schucking, H., and P. Anderson. 1991. Voices unheard and unheeded. In Biodiversity: social and ecological perspectives. World Rainforest Movement, ZED Books Ltd. WRI-IUCN-UNEP. 1992. Global biodiversity strategy: guidelines for actions to save, study, and use Earths biotic wealth sustainably and equitably. Washington DC: World Resources Institute (WRI), International Union Conservation Network (IUCN) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). WWF. 2005. Nobody knows how many species are being lost and existing. www.panda.org (accessed December 4, 2007). Zamora, P.M. and L. Co. 1986. Economic ferns, endemic ferns, and gymnosperms. In Guide to Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. IV. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines.

recommended to determine the ecological functions of the species (e.g. seed dispersal, pollination and pest control) and their economic importance in an effort to support their conservation.

References
Alcala, A.C. 1986. Amphibians and reptiles. In Guide to Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. X. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. Bartlett, P., B. Griswold, and R.D. Bartlett. 2001. Reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates: an identification and care guide. Hauppage, NY: Barrons Educational Series, Inc. Buckles, M.P. (undated). Mammals of the world. A Ridge Press Book. Bantam Books, Inc. Caldas, M.P., V.C. Cuevas, Z.N. Sierra, C.R. Cervancia, and M.T. Zafaralla. 2000. Laboratory guide in ecology. Laguna: Environmental Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos. Conservation International Philippines. 2002. Philippine biodiversity conservation programme (PRISMA CD 5). Manila: Conservation International Philippines. CRMF, 2002. Community-based forest management project profile. Cienda, Gabas, Baybay, Leyte: Cienda-San Vicente Farmers Association. De Guzman, E.D., and E.S. Fernando. 1986. Palms. In Guide to Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. IV. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. De Guzman, E.D., R.U. Umali, and E.D. Sotalbo. 1986. Dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps. In Guide to Philippine flora and fauna, Vol. III. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. Fernando, E.S., B.Y. Sun, H.Y. Kong, and K.S. Koh. 2004. Flowering plants and ferns in Mount Makiling. ASEANKorea Environmental Cooperation Unit. Fisher, T., and N. Hicks. 2000. A photographic guide to birds of the Philippines. New Holland Publishers (UK), Ltd.

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011

B I O D I V E R S I T Y Appendix
Table A1. Total number of plant species recorded within the various plots of the different zones of the CBFM project. Plots Plant categories Protected zone Trees Shrubs Herbs Palms Vines/liana Grasses/sedges Ferns Epiphytes/orchids Buffer zone Trees Shrubs Herbs Palms Vines/liana Grasses/sedges Ferns Epiphytes/orchids Multiple-use zone Trees Shrubs Herbs Palms Vines/liana Grasses/sedges Ferns Epiphytes/orchids 1 53 7 6 1 2 1 7 0 38 10 11 5 3 4 14 0 38 7 5 2 4 0 1 0 2 64 4 4 1 2 0 5 0 80 9 5 4 8 1 6 0 36 4 2 2 5 0 2 0 3 63 6 7 0 2 1 3 0 60 3 7 4 4 1 4 0 41 3 0 2 3 1 1 0 4 57 2 6 4 5 1 2 1 61 0 3 5 3 3 3 0 21 8 10 1 5 1 5 0 5 61 2 4 2 5 1 6 1 53 3 5 4 4 0 4 0 36 9 9 3 9 1 6 0 6 45 6 4 2 0 0 7 0 40 3 2 1 2 0 7 0 42 9 3 1 4 2 4 0 7 29 2 3 2 3 0 4 0 28 2 5 5 0 1 5 0 56 8 11 2 10 3 4 0 8 49 4 3 3 0 0 6 1 36 4 10 3 4 2 7 0 46 7 6 3 4 0 3 0

45

9 56 5 5 3 4 1 2 0 59 0 4 3 3 2 6 0 39 7 6 0 7 4 5 0

Downloaded by [116.203.33.20] at 11:10 03 October 2011