Steel Design Project Civ 428 (O.B1)

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CIV 428 Steel Project May 11, 2011
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report summarizes the findings for the design of a multi-storey steel building using the BS
5950 part 1- 2000, BS 6399 part 1- 1996, BS 684- 1964, BS 6399 part 1- 1984 and the CP 3
chapter V part 2- 1972 done by students of Civ 428 (Structural Steel Design), carried out on
behalf of Mr. Marlon Daniels (lecturer at the University of Guyana). The site have not be located
but can be assumed to be somewhere on the coast of Guyana.
The objective of this design is to enable the student to identify and provide a first order
assessment on the variability of the loading conditions as required by the client i.e. Mr. Marlon
Daniels. The results obtained will help to establish the design of the various members of the
proposed structure being designed using the BS 5950 part 1-2000 codes etc. This can provide
qualitative information for planning purposes.
Further interpolation and interpretation of engineering properties in this report is beyond the
scope of this project. Professional knowledge and interpretation should be sought from a
qualified structural engineer. The load analysis and design of the structure was for a two-way
spanning floor system. Designing of beams, columns, base plates and connections form the core
of elementary steel design. According to the requirements, this report furnishes the design and
calculation of laterally supported and laterally unsupported beams, a column, the column base
plate and bolt connection. The following are the results of design:
Table 1: Summary of the designed members
Location Member Length(/m) Section Size(/mm) Grade Strength
(N/mm
2
)
2
nd
Floor Beam B2 8.0 610 x229 x101 UB S 275
Beam A1 8.0 457 x191 x67 UB S 275
Column B2 4.6 203 x 203 UC 86 S 275
Column B1 4.6 203 x 203 UC 86 S 275
Bracket Connector 170 x 250 x 8 S 275
10 # M16Total Grade 8.8
Beam to Column Connector 90 x 90 x 10 S 275
6 # M16 Total Grade 8.8
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(N/mm
2
)
1
st
Floor Beam B2 8.0 610 x229 x101 UB S 275
Beam A1 8.0 457 x191 x67 UB S 275
Column B2 3.6 254 x 254 UC 107 S 275
Column B1 3.6 254 x 254 UC 107 S 275
Bracket Connector 170 x 250 x 8 S 275
10 # M16Total Grade 8.8
Beam to Column Connector 90 x 90 x 10 S 275
6 # M16 Total Grade 8.8
(N/mm
2
)
G - Floor Beam B2 8.0 610 x229 x101 UB S 275
Beam A1 8.0 457 x191 x67 UB S 275
Column B2 3.6 254 x 254 UC 167 S 265
Column B1 3.6 254 x 254 UC 167 S 265
Bracket Connector -- 170 x 250 x 8 S 275
-- 10 # M16Total Grade 8.8
Beam to Column Connector -- 90 x 90 x 10 S 275
-- 6 # M16 Total Grade 8.8
Base Plate for Column B2 -- 600 x 600 x 70 S 275
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................. 1
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................................ 5
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 6
METHOD STATEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTI-STOREY STEEL BUILDING ON TIMBER PILE
FOUNDATION................................................................................................................................................ 7
Purpose..................................................................................................................................................... 7
References ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Methodology of Works ............................................................................................................................. 7
Mobilisation of Machinery, Equipment, Tools and Labour................................................................... 7
Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Construction of Multi-Storey Building .................................................................................................. 8
Contingencies............................................................................................................................................ 9
List of Equipment to be used.................................................................................................................. 10
Quality Control........................................................................................................................................ 10
Occupational Health and Safety ............................................................................................................. 10
DAY WORKS SCHEDULE............................................................................................................................... 11
General.................................................................................................................................................... 11
Labour ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Equipment............................................................................................................................................... 12
Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 12
PROJECT INFORMATION............................................................................................................................. 13
SECOND FLOOR ELEMENTS DESIGN............................................................................................................ 14
DESIGN OF ROOF BEAMS (ALL ROOF BEAMS) ........................................................................................ 14
BEAM B2.............................................................................................................................................. 14
BEAM A1 ............................................................................................................................................. 18
DESIGN OF COLUMNS............................................................................................................................. 22
Design of Column B2: Roof to Second Floor ....................................................................................... 22
Design of Column B1: Roof to Second Floor ....................................................................................... 24
DESIGN OF BRACKET CONNECTION FOR BEAM 2A................................................................................. 26
BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTION USING WEB CLEATS......................................................................... 28
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FIRST FLOOR ELEMENTS DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 30
DESIGN OF SECOND FLOOR BEAMS (ALL FLOOR BEAMS) ...................................................................... 30
BEAM B2.............................................................................................................................................. 30
BEAM A1 ............................................................................................................................................. 34
DESIGN OF COLUMNS................................................................................................................................. 38
Design of Column B2: Second Floor to First Floor .............................................................................. 38
GROUND FLOOR ELEMENTS DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 46
DESIGN OF FIRST FLOOR BEAMS (ALL FLOOR BEAMS) ........................................................................... 46
BEAM B2.............................................................................................................................................. 46
BEAM A1 ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Design of Column B1: First Floor to Second Floor .............................................................................. 56
DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR COLUMN B2 .............................................................................................. 62
DISCUSSIONS............................................................................................................................................... 64
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................. 65
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................ 66
APPENDICES................................................................................................................................................ 67
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1- Plan showing beams and columns layout for roof level
Figure 2- Longitudinal section for beam B2 with loading condition roof level.
Figure 3 Cross section of beam B2 roof level
Figure 4- Longitudinal section for beam A1 with loading condition roof level.
Figure 5 Cross section of beam A1 roof level
Figure 6 3D view of column B2 with loading condition roof level
Figure 7 Cross section of column B2 roof level
Figure 8 3D view of column B1 with loading condition roof level
Figure 9 Cross section of column B1 roof level
Figure 10 Cross section of bracket connector for beam B2 roof level
Figure 11- Plan showing beams and columns layout for second floor level
Figure 12- Longitudinal section for beam B2 with loading condition second floor level.
Figure 13 Cross section of beam B2 second floor level
Figure 14- Longitudinal section for beam A1 with loading condition second floor level.
Figure 15 Cross section of beam A1 second floor level
Figure 16 3D view of column B2 with loading condition second floor level
Figure 17 Cross section of column B2 second floor level
Figure 18 3D view of column B1 with loading condition second floor level
Figure 19 Cross section of column B1 second floor level
Figure 20 Cross section of bracket connector for beam B2 second floor level
Figure 21- Plan showing beams and columns layout for first floor level
Figure 22- Longitudinal section for beam B2 with loading condition first floor level.
Figure 23 Cross section of beam B2 first floor level
Figure 24- Longitudinal section for beam A1 with loading condition first floor level.
Figure 25 Cross section of beam A1 first floor level
Figure 26 3D view of column B2 with loading condition first floor level
Figure 27 Cross section of column B2 first floor level
Figure 28 3D view of column B1 with loading condition first floor level
Figure 29 Cross section of column B1 first floor level
Figure 30 Cross section of bracket connector for beam B2 first floor level
Figure 31 Cross section ground floor base plate connector
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INTRODUCTION
Structural steelwork can be either a single member or an assembly of a number of steel sections
connected together in such a way that they perform a specified function. The function required
by a client or owner will vary enormously but may include: building frames, bridges, temporary
supports, etc.
The objective of this project is to enhance the students knowledge of the use of the Design
Code, BS 5950 part 1, 2000. As requested by Mr. Marlon Daniels, lecturer of CIV 428
(Structural Steel Design), this project entails the design of a proposed multi-storey Steel
building, designing of members where necessary. The specification for this building was given
by Mr. Marlon Daniels. The specification had been a multi-storey building to cater for a Movie
Theater, a Game Arcade, and a Supermarket. The initial stage of the project involved coming up
with an adequate size to cater for the standard size of a modern day movie theater and then the
member sizes and analyzing of the design. The loading conditions were calculated using dead
and live loading conditions. From the analysis, members were designed. Detailed structural
drawings have been provided in the appendix.
The design codes used to accomplish the project are:-
BS 5950: Structural Use of Steelwork in Building
BS 6399: 1984: Part 1: Dead and Imposed Loads
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METHOD STATEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTI-STOREY STEEL
BUILDING ON TIMBER PILE FOUNDATION
Purpose
This method statement defines the procedure to be used by the contractor to execute the works in
accordance with engineering requirements.
References
References were made to General Instructions to Bidders and Technical Specifications Clauses,
provided by FIDIC Standard Bidding Document for International Competitive Bidding 2005.
In addition, references were made to the detailed drawings developed and the prevailing site
conditions.
Methodology of Works
Mobilisation of Machinery, Equipment, Tools and Labour
Mobilization of machinery, equipment, tools and labour, etc. will be mobilized to the site
within two (2) weeks or sooner after the signing of the contract and the receipt of the engineers
order to commence works.
Heavy machinery such as hydraulic excavators, pile drivers, dragline, cane and motor
grader, etc. will be transported to the site using low bed trailer; small and light equipment will be
transported on small trucks.
Site offices, toilet and washing facilities for the engineer, clerk of works and the
contractor will be constructed.
Storage bonds for materials and mess areas for the workers will also be constructed
simultaneously with site offices, etc.
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Materials
Materials for the works will be procured by means of cash purchases and credit facilities
available to the contractor from various suppliers.
Stockpiling of GH piles, fine aggregate, coarse aggregates, reinforcements, excavated
clay, and steel members etc. will be done at suitable location within the limits of the site. The
areas for stockpiling will be inspected prior to stockpiling to determine proximity to the site and
freeness of ruinous materials.
Construction of Multi-Storey Building
General: The structure will be constructed and finished in accordance with the procedures
described below.
(i) Site clearance/ marking-out & material testing: The limits of the site will be cleared
of all vegetation and maintained during the period of construction. The area to be
occupied by the building will then be marked-out and an in situ test executed in order
to analyse the soil profile.
(ii) Excavation: Prior to pile driving, the selected area will be excavated and levelled to a
surface smooth enough to execute works.
(iii) Pile driving and capping: Piles will be driven, in accordance with the results obtained
from the in situ test, to an approximate depth of 19m avoiding as much vibration as
possible. The type of mechanism to be utilised for driving is the jack hammer. Further
these piles will be driven in groups, with the total number of piles being 300 (nr). The
piles will be designed to resist uplift and to support the full weight of the structure
above. After driving, the piles will be capped with slabs of thickness 450mm.
(iv) Sand filling: Using suitable machinery such as skid steer loaders and excavators, the
building area will be sand filled to the desired elevation as stipulated in the contract
document.
(v) Casting of foundation slab: The foundation strip will be reinforced with size 5/8
steel and casted to a thickness of 12 with 19mm sizes of aggregates.
(vi) Construction of skeletal structure by jib cranes: The entire skeletal structure of the
three storey building will rest directly above the foundation strip. It will be
established by the use of jib crane and will generally be structural steel. Construction
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will commence from the base of the structure right up to the roof and will have
specifications as shown in summary above.
The base will have 16 columns of lengths 3.6m.
(vii) Exterior walling: Exterior walls will be established, as shown in the drawing, around
the entire skeletal structure by the use of construction lay blocks and curtain walls.
These blocks will be poured monolithically with mortar and will be reinforced with
additional high speed steel. Lastly, the walls will then be brought to a smooth
surface by plastering with concrete mortar.
(viii) Interior walling: Interior walls will be established, as shown in the drawing, by
partitioning and will follow the same procedure as for exterior walls.
(ix) Casting of roof slab: The roof slab will be reinforced with size 12mm dia. steel and
casted to a thickness of 250 mm with 19mm sizes of aggregates.
(x) Finishing: All finishes such as doors, windows, etc. will be applied to the structure to
give its final appearance.
Contingencies
Excavation during construction and stockpiling will be done from a suitable location. The entire
area will be declared a danger zone and will be protected by means of warning tapes, signs and
barriers. These mechanisms will be installed at suitable locations to give adequate warning to the
public and to avoid them from coming into contact with the works, thus, minimizing the
occurrence of accidents.
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List of Equipment to be used
(i) 2 Nr. Cat 312 long boom hydraulic excavators
(ii) 2 Nr. Cat 312 skid steer loaders
(iii) 2 Nr. 24 cubic yards dump trucks
(iv) 1 Nr. complete scaffolding mechanism
(v) 1 Nr. Cat 324 low bed trolley
(vi) 1 Nr. Cat 365 pile driver with jib crane
(vii) 4 Nr. hydraulic mixers
(viii) 1 Nr. generator
(ix) 3 Nr. chainsaw
(x) 1 Nr. electrical power saw
(xi) 2 Nr. electrical power drill
(xii) 2 Nr. water pump
Quality Control
The intention is to meet and exceed the clients expectations through rigid observance to the
specifications and client involvement during all stages of construction. The AASHTO and
ASTM methods for compaction and soil testing will be utilised before and after construction to
ensure that the soil was unaffected by any possible contamination. Piles will be fully seasoned
before driving and reinforcements will be electroplated to avoid corrosion.
In addition, during construction, a site engineer will be placed at the location to ensure that all
technical specifications are adhered to and to ensure that the structure is constructed in
accordance with the details outlined in the drawing.
Occupational Health and Safety
The intension is to implement occupational health and safety (OH&S) plans to meet the
acceptable standards in the construction industry. Surplus to requirements, attention will be given
to the safe care and use of oils, fuel, lubricants and bituminous products in keeping with strict
environmental guidelines set out by the EPA of Guyana.
Additionally, workers will be properly briefed and supervised of the use and care of construction
equipment.
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In order to maintain good contractor/client relationship, consistent monitoring of the behavioral
approach of staff and tradesmen, with respect to workmanship and continual improvement, will
be ensured at all times.
In keeping with GCC Clauses (section vii: FIDIC Standard bidding document 2005), it will be
ensured that potential traffic hazards are avoided as much as possible. At the end of the works it
will be made certain that the sites surroundings are brought back to its original position as much
as possible.
DAY WORKS SCHEDULE
General
Work will not be executed on a daily basis without following written instruction by the Engineer.
Bidders will enter basic rates for day work items in the Schedules. These rates will apply to any
quantity of day work ordered by the Engineer. Nominal quantities have been indicated against
each item of day work, and the extended total for day work will be carried forward as a
Provisional Sum to the Summary Total Bid Amount. The rates of labour, materials and
equipment will be in Guyana dollars only.
Labour
In calculating payments due to the Contractor for the execution of day works, the hours for
labour will be reckoned from the time of arrival of the labour at the job site to execute the
particular item of day work to the time of departure from the job site, but excluding meal breaks
and rest periods. Only the time of classes of labour directly doing work ordered by the Engineer
and are competent to perform such work shall be measured. The time of gangers (charge hands)
actually doing work with the gangs will also be measured but not the time of foremen or other
supervisory personnel.
The Contractor shall be entitled to payment in respect of the total time that labour is employed
on day work, calculated on the basis of the rates for that class of labour entered in the "
SCHEDULE OF DAYWORK RATES: 1. LABOUR". The rates for labour shall be deemed to
cover all costs to the Contractor including (but not limited to) the amount of wages paid to such
labour, transportation time, overtime, subsistence allowances, and any sums paid to or on behalf
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of such labour for social benefits in accordance with the law, as well as Contractor's profit,
overheads, superintendence, liabilities and insurance and allowance to labour, timekeeping and
clerical and office work, the use of consumable stores water lighting and power; scaffolding
workshops and stores; portable power tools, manual plant and tools; supervision by the
Contractor's staff, foremen and other supervisory personnel; and charges incidental to the
foregoing.
Equipment
The Contractor will be entitled to payments in respect to the supplied constructional plant
employed on day work on the basis of rental rates entered by him in the SCHEDULE OF
DAYWOR RATESEQUIPMENT. The said rates shall be deemed to include due and complete
allowance for depreciation, interest, and insurance, repairs, maintenance, supplies, fuel,
lubricant, and other consumables and all overhead, profit and administrative costs related to the
use of such equipment. The aggregate cost of drivers /operators and assistants also shall be
included in the rate of the equipment and no separate payment whatsoever shall be made to the
contractor in this connection.
In calculating the payment due to the Contractor for Constructional Plant employed on day work,
only the actual number of working hours shall be eligible for payment.
Materials
The Contractor will be entitled to payment with respect to materials used for day work (except
for materials for which the cost is included in the percentage addition to labour costs). The rates
entered by the contractor in the "SCHEDULE OF DAYWORK RATES: MATERIALS" and
will be deemed to include overhead charges and profit as follows:
(a) The entered rates for materials shall include invoiced price, costs of freight, insurance,
handling expenses including stockpiling at site, damage, losses, wastage, and all incidentals
costs as applicable.
(b) The cost of hauling materials for use on work ordered to be carried out as day work, from the
store or stockpile on the Site to the place where it is to be used also will be included in the same
rate.
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PROJECT INFORMATION
The specification for the design of a steel building was given by Mr. Marlon Daniels (Lecturer
for CIV 428).
Considerations and Assumptions:
The design was done using BS5950 -1: 2000 and Code of Practices for the Structural use of
Steel. The structural analysis of the building was done manually using formulas and conditions
proved in the BS 5950-1:2000.
The load G
k
were obtained from the weights of the actual construction materials used, while the
loading for the roof and all other floors were taken from British Standard 6399, Part 1-1996. Live
loads for floors were taken from British Standard 6399, Part 1-1996, and other consideration
taken by the design team. The effect of wind load was taken into considered because:
I. The building can be considered as a high rise structure.
II. The building might not be located amongst other buildings.
III. The initial loading analysis was calculated and then inputted into BS 5950 formulas to
generate the Moments and Shear Forces.
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SECOND FLOOR ELEMENTS DESIGN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
DESIGN OF ROOF BEAMS (ALL ROOF BEAMS)
Figure1
BEAM B2
Dead Loads:
The roof beams supports 250 mm R.C slab weight, ceiling weight and asphalt
finishes.(0.41 kN/m
2
)
Dead load
R.C slab weight = 24 kN/m
3
x0.25m x8.0m = 48 kN/m
Dead load from asphalt finishes 19mm thk.2 layers = 3.28 kN/m
Dead load from ceiling = 0.25 kN/m2 x 8 = 2 kN/m
Total dead load = 53.28 kN/m
Imposed load
Load from wind = 0.032 kN/m2 x8m x8m = 2.048 kN
Load from services = 1.4 kN
Total imposed load = 3.448 kN
53.28kN/m
3.448kN/m
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
(Table 11).
IMPOSED LOAD
DEAD LOAD
8000
3.448 kN
2.76 kN
298.37 kN
Combined dead
weight 53.28 kN/m
8000
298.37 kN
2.76 kN
Figure2
BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
Total loading = (3.448 1.6) + (53.28 1.4)8 = 5.52 + 74.6 8 = 602.26 kN
Because the structure is symmetrical R
A
= R
B
= 602.26/2 = 301.13 kN.
The central bending moment, M, is
H =
w L
4
+
w I
2
8
=
5.5 2 x 8
4
+
7 4.6 x 8
2
8
= 11.04 + 596.8 = 607.84 kN.m
Assuming P
y
= 275 N/mm
2
S x=
M
P
j
=
6 0 7 .8 4 x 1 0
6
2 7 5
= 2210 cm
3
From steel tables (Appendix B), suitable section chosen:
610 x229 x101 UB, S
x
= 2880 cm
3
CLASSIFICATION
Strength Classification
Because the flange thickness T = 14.8 mm (< 16 mm), then p
y
= 275 N/mm
2
(as assumed) from Table 11 and =
1
2
2
2
275N/
1
275N/
mm
mm
| |
=
|
\ .

Fv =301.13 kN
M = 607.84 kN/m
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
(Table 11).
4.2.3
4.2.5.2
Table 8
Section classification
b/T = 7.69 which is less than 9 = 9. Hence from Table 4.4, flange is plastic.
Also d /t = 51.6 which is less than 80 = 80. Hence from Table 11, web is
plastic.
Therefore 610 229 101 UB section is class 1 plastic.
SHEAR STRENGTH
As d /t = 51.6 < 70, shear buckling need not be considered.
Shear capacity of section, P
v
, is
P
v
= 0.6*py*Av = 0.6*py*t*D = 0.6 275 10.6 602.2= 1053 10
3
N =
1053 kN
Now, as Fv (301.13 kN) < 0.6Pv = 631.8 kN (ok) (low shear load).
BENDING MOMENT From above
M
c
= p
y
*S = 275*2880*10
3
= 792 10
6
N.mm= 792 kN.m
1.2*py*Z = 1.2 275 2510 10
3
= 828.3 10
6
N.mm = 828.3 kN.m
(OK)
M
sw
= 1.4 (101 9.81/10
3
)*
8
2
8
= 11.1 kN.m
M
t
= M + M
sw
= 607.84 + 11.1 = 618.94 kN.m < Mc (792 kN.m) (OK)
Deflection checks on steel beams (BS 5950)
o
c
=
w I
3
4 8 L I
=
3.4 4 8 8
3
4 82 0 5 1 0
6
7 5 7 0 0 1 0
- 8
= 0.00024 m = 0.24 mm
From Table 8, the recommended maximum deflection for beams carrying
plaster is span/360 which equals 8000/360 = 22.0 mm.
Deflection is OK.
Mt= 618.94 kN/m
c = 0.24 mm
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
4.5.2.1
4.5.3.1
WEB BEARING AT SUPPORTS
Assuming the beam sits on 150 mm bearings at each end.
P
bw
= (b1 + nk) t*p
yw
= (150 + 2 27.5) 10.6 275 = 597.8 10
3
N = 597.8
kN > 312.33 kN (OK)
where
k = T + r = 14.8 + 12.7 = 27.5 mm
n = 2 + 0.6b
e
/k = 2 (since b
e
= 0)
CONTACT STRESS AT SUPPORTS
P
cs
= (b
1
2(r +T)) p
y
= (150 55) 275 = 2268 10
3
N = 2268 kN > 312.33
kN (OK)
WEB BUCKLING AT SUPPORT
Since
e
(= 75 mm) < 0.7d = 0.7 547.6 = 383.11 mm, buckling resistance of
the web is
P
x
=
c + 0 .7 d
1.4 d
*
2 5t
(b 1 + n k )d
P
bw
=
7 5 + 3 8 3 .1 1
1.45 4 7 .6
*
2 511 0.6
(1 5 0 + 2 2 7.5)5 4 7 .6
* 597.8kN
P
x
= 544.6 kN > 312.33 kN (OK) no web stiffeners are required at supports.
Use 610 229 101 UB
Figure 3
Pbw = 597.8 kN
P
cs
= 2268 kN
P
x
= 544.6 kN
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BS5950
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Calculations Output
BEAM A1
Dead Loads:
The roof beams supports 250 mm R.C slab weight, ceiling weight and asphalt
finishes.(0.41 kN/m
2
)
Dead load
3
x0.25m x4.0m = 24 kN/m
Dead load from asphalt finishes 19mm thk.2 layers = 1.64 kN/m
Dead load from ceiling = 0.25 kN/m
2
x 4= 1 kN/m
Imposed load
Total imposed load = 2.424kN
IMPOSED LOAD
DEAD LOAD
8000
2.424 kN
1.94 kN
149.184 kN
Combined dead
weight 26.64 kN/m
8000
149.184 kN
1.94 kN
Figure 4
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BS5950
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Calculations Output
Table 11
4.2.3
DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
Total loading = (2.424 1.6) + (26.64 1.4)8 = 3.88 + 37.30 8 = 302.25 kN
A
= R
B
= 602.26/2 = 151.12 kN.
H =
w L
4
+
w I
2
8
=
3.8 8 x 8
4
+
3 7.3 x 8
2
8
= 7.76 + 298.4 = 306.16 kN.m
Assuming P
y
= 275 N/mm
2
S x=
M
P
j
=
6 0 7 .8 4 x 1 0
6
2 7 5
= 1165 cm
3
457 x191 x67 UB, S
x
= 1470 cm
3
CLASSIFICATION
y
= 275 N/mm
2
(as assumed) from Table 4.3 and =
1
2
2
2
275N/
1
275N/
mm
mm
| |
=
|
\ .
(Table 4.4).
b/T = 7.48 which is less than 9 = 9. Hence from Table 11, flange is plastic.
Also d /t = 48 which is less than 80 = 80. Hence from Table 4.4, web is
plastic.
SHEAR STRENGTH
As d /t = 48 < 70, shear buckling need not be considered.
v
, is
P
v
= 0.6*py*Av = 0.6*py*t*D = 0.6 275 8.5 453.6= 636 10
3
N = 636
kN
Fv =151.12 kN
M = 306.16 kN/m
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
4.2.5.2
Table 8
4.5.2.1
M
c
= p
y
*S = 275*1470*10
3
= 404 10
6
N.mm= 404 kN.m
1.2*py*Z = 1.2 275 1296 10
3
= 427.7 10
6
N.mm = 427.7 kN.m
(OK)
M
sw
= 1.4 (67 9.81/10
3
)*
8
2
8
= 7.36 kN.m
M
t
= M + M
sw
= 306.16 + 7.36 = 313.52 kN.m < M
c
(404 kN.m) (OK)
o
c
=
w I
3
4 8 L I
=
2.4 2 4 8
3
4 82 0 5 1 0
6
2 9 4 0 0 1 0
- 8
= 0.006 m = 0.6 mm
Deflection is OK.
P
bw
= (b1 + nk) t*p
yw
= (150 + 2 22.9) 8.5 275 = 457 10
3
N = 457 kN >
151.52 kN (OK)
where
k = T + r = 12.7 + 10.2 = 22.9 mm
n = 2 + 0.6b
e
/k = 2 (since b
e
= 0)
P
cs
= (b
1
2(r +T)) p
y
= (150 45.8) 275 = 1889 10
3
N = 1889 kN >
151.52 kN (OK)
Mt= 313.52 kN/m
c = 0.6 mm
Pbw = 457 kN
P
cs
= 1889 kN
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
5.5.3.1
Since
e
the web is
P
x
=
c + 0 .7 d
1.4 d
*
2 5t
(b 1 + n k )d
P
bw
=
7 5 + 2 8 5 .3 2
1.44 0 7 .6
*
2 518.5
(1 5 0 + 2 2 2.9)4 0 7 .6
* 457kN
P
x
Use 457 x191 x67 UB
Figure 5
P
x
= 216.48 kN
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BS5950
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Calculations Output
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Design of Column B2: Roof to Second Floor
Design Load = 1204.54 kN
Column B2 is a purely axially loaded column. It takes the reactions off of
beams 2A and 2B; and B1 and B2. The self-weight of the column, is taken as
0.45kN/m.
Dead Load
Axial (kN)
Imposed
Load (kN)
Total Design
Load
2 No. B1/B2 = 596.74
2 No. 2A/2B = 596.74
Total = 1193.5 kN
5.52
5.52
11.04 kN
= 1.4 0 k+ 1.6 k= (1193.5) + (11.04) = 1 2 4 . 5 4k N
Design Load =
Fc = 1204.54 kN
Figure 6
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
4.7.4
Try 203 x 203 UC 86
Try 203 x 203 UC 86, , 16mm t s
2
/ 275 mm N p
y
=
A g= 110 c m
2
, r y= 53.2 m m
From Table 24, I c= 1.2I = 5.52 m
*Member effectively held in position and restrained in direction at both ends.
Slenderness z =
L c
j
=
5 5 2 0
5 3.2
= 104
From Table 27(c),
P c= 119
N
m m
2
UC section is not slender,
Compressive Resistance
P c= A g P c =
1 1,0 0 0 x 1 1 9
1 0 0 0
= 1309 kN
P c> F c1309 > 1204.54
The section is satisfactory. Use 203 x 203 UC 86
Figure 7
Pc = 119 N/mm
2
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Design of Column B1: Roof to Second Floor
beams 1A and 2B; B2. The self-weight of the column, is taken as 0.45kN/m.
Dead Load
Axial (kN)
Imposed
Load (kN)
Total Design
Load
2 No. 1A/2B = 596.74
1 No. B1 = 298.37
Total = 895.11 kN
5.52
2.76
8.28 kN
= 1.4 0 k+ 1.6 k= (895.11) + 8.28 = 9 3 . 3 9k N
Design Load =
Fc = 903.39 kN
Figure 8
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BS5950
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Calculations Output
4.7.4
Try 203 x 203 UC 86
Try 203 x 203 UC 86, , 16mm t s
2
/ 275 mm N p
y
=
A g= 110 , r y= 53.2 m m
From Table 24, I c= 0.7I = 3.22 m
Slenderness z =
L c
j
=
3 2 2 0
5 3.2
= 60.5
From Table 27(c),
P c= 201
N
m m
2
P c= A g P c =
1 1 0 0 0 x 2 0 1
1 0 0 0
= 2211 kN
P c> F c2211 > 903.39
Figure 9
Pc = 201 N/mm
2
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Calculations Output
DESIGN OF BRACKET CONNECTION FOR BEAM 2A
The bolted connection shown carries the vertical ultimate load from beam 2A
of 301.13 kN placed at an eccentricity of 100mm. Using 10 No 16-mm
diameter grade 8.8 bolts and the approximate method, the design is set out
below.
Figure 10
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BS5950
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Calculations Output
6.3.4.2
APPROXIMATE METHOD
Since the bolts are subject to combined shear and tension, the bolts should be
checked for shear, tension and combined shear and tension separately.
SHEAR
Design shear force, P = 301.13 kN
Number of bolts, N = 10
Shear force/bolt, Fs = P/N = 301.13/10 = 30.113 kN
Shear capacity of bolt, Ps, is
Psd = 2Ps = ps As = 2 x 375 x 157 = 117.8 10
3
N = 117.8 kN > Fs OK
TENSILE CAPACITY
Maximum bolt tension, F
t
, is
F t=
P c y 1
2 y
2
_
Ft=
276.81 x 250 x 400
2 (40
2
+ 100
2
+ 200
2
+ 300
2
+ 400
2
)
,
Ft = 45.89 kN
Tension capacity, P
nom
, is
P
nom
= 0.8 p t A t = 0.8 560 157 = 70.3 10
3
N = 70.3 kN Ft Okay
COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION
Combined check:
F s
P s
+
F t
P
n o m
1.4
30.113
117.8
+
45.89
70.3
= 0.9 1.4
Hence the M16, grade 8.8 bolts are satisfactory.
Fs = 30.113 kN
Psd = 117.8 kN
Ft = 45.89 kN
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BS5950
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Calculations Output
6.3.2.1
BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTION USING WEB CLEATS
Design of double angle web cleat beam-to-column connection detail shown
below is suitable to resist the design shear force, V, of 301.13 kN. Assume the
steel is grade S275 and the bolts are M16 grade 8.8 in 2 mm clearance holes.
CHECK FASTENER SPACING AND EDGE/END DISTANCES
Diameter of bolt, db = 16 mm
Diameter of bolt hole, Dh = 18mm
Pitch of bolt, p = 140 mm and 60 mm
Edge distance, e1 = 40 mm
End distance, e2 = 60 mm and 50 mm
Thickness of angle cleat, tp = 10 mm
The following conditions need to be met:
Pitch 2.5db = 2.5 16 = 32 < 140 and 60 OK
Pitch 14tp = 14 10 = 140 140 and 60 OK
Edge distance e
1
1.4Dh = 1.4 18= 25.2 < 40 OK
End distance e
2
1.4Dh = 1.4 18 = 25.2 < 60 and 50 OK
e
1
and e
2
11tp = 11 10 1 = 110 < 40, 50 and 60 OK
(For grade S275 steel with t
p
= 10 mm, py = 275 N/mm
2
, = 1.) Hence all
fastener spacing and edge/end distances to fasteners are satisfactory.
CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLTS CONNECTING CLEATS TO
SUPPORTING COLUMN
Shear
6 No., M16 grade 8.8 bolts. Hence A
s
= 157 mm
2
(Table 4.22) and p
s
= 375
N/mm
2
(Table 4.19).
Shear capacity of single bolt, Ps, is
Ps = psAs = 375 157 = 59 10
3
= 59 kN
Shear capacity of bolt group is
6Ps = 6 59 = 354 kN > V = 303.13 kN
Ps = 59 kN
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Calculations Output
Hence bolts are adequate in shear.
Bearing
Bearing capacity of bolt, P
bb
, is given by
P
bb
= d
b
tp
bb
= 16 10 1000 = 160 10
3
= 160 kN
Since thickness of angle cleat (= 10 mm) < thickness of column flange (= 23.8
mm), bearing capacity of cleat is critical. Bearing capacity of cleat,
P
bs
, is given by
P
bs
= k
bs
d
b
tp
bs
= 1 16 l0 460 = 73 10
3
N = 73kN
0.5k
bs
etp
bs
= 0.5 1 60 10 460 = 138 10
3
N = 138 kN
Bearing capacity of connection is 6 73 = 438 kN > V = 303.13 kN
Therefore bolts are adequate in bearing.
CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLT GROUP CONNECTING CLEATS TO
WEB OF SUPPORTED BEAM
Shear
6 No., M16 grade 8.8 bolts; from above, A
s
= 157 mm
2
and ps = 375 N/mm
2
Since bolts are in double shear, shear capacity of each bolt is
2P
s
= 2 59 = 118 kN
Loads applied to the bolt group are vertical shear, V = 303.13 kN and
moment, M = 303.13 50 10
3
= 15.16 kN m.
Outermost bolt (A
l
) subject to greatest shear force which is equal to the
resultant of the load due to the moment,
M = 15.16 kN m and vertical shear force, V = 303.13 kN. Load on the
outermost bolt due to moment, F
mb
, is given by
F m b=
M
z
A =
1 5.1 6 x 1 0
3
4 2 0
= 36.1 kN
where A is the area of bolt and Z the modulus of the bolt group given by
I
=
in which I is the inertia of the bolt group equal to 2A(30
2
+ 90
2
+ 150
2
) =
63000A mm
4
Load on outermost bolt due to shear, F
vb
, is given by F
vb
= V/ No. of bolts =
303.13/6 = 50.52 kN
Resultant shear force of bolt, Fs, is Fs = (F
2
vb
+ F
2
mb
)
1/2
= (50.52
2
+ 36.1
2
)
1/2
= 62.1 kN
Since F
s
(= 62.1 kN) < 2P
s
(= 118 kN) the bolts are adequate in shear.
Fmb = 36.1 kN
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FIRST FLOOR ELEMENTS DESIGN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
DESIGN OF SECOND FLOOR BEAMS (ALL FLOOR BEAMS)
Figure 11
BEAM B2
Dead Loads:
The floor beams supports 250 mm R.C slab weight, ceiling weight and
finishes .(0.899 kN/m
2
)
Dead load
3
x0.25m x8.0m = 48 kN/m
Dead load from ceiling and finishes = 7.192 kN/m
Imposed load
Load for Movie theater = 1.5 kN
BS5950 Calculations Output
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Reference
Table 11
IMPOSED LOAD
DEAD LOAD
8000
3.548 kN
2.84 kN
309.1 kN
Combined dead
weight 55.192 kN/m
8000
309.1 kN
2.84 kN
Figure 12
Total loading = (3.548 1.6) + (55.192 1.4)8 = 5.52 + 74.6 8 = 623.83 kN
A
= R
B
= 623.83/2 = 311.9 kN.
H =
w L
4
+
w I
2
8
=
5.6 8 x 8
4
+
7 7.2 7 x 8
2
8
= 11.36 + 618.16 = 629.52 kN.m
Assuming P
y
= 275 N/mm
2
S x=
M
P
j
=
6 2 9 .5 2 x 1 0
6
2 7 5
= 2289 cm
3
610 x229 x101 UB, S
x
= 2880 cm
3
CLASSIFICATION
y
= 275 N/mm
2
1
2
2
2
275N/
1
275N/
mm
mm
| |
=
|
\ .
(Table 4.4).
Fv = 311.9 kN
M = 629.52 kN.m
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Reference
Table 11
4.2.3
4.2.5.2
Table 8
Also d /t = 51.6 which is less than 80 = 80. Hence from Table 11, web is
plastic.
SHEAR STRENGTH
v
, is
P
v
= 0.6*py*Av = 0.6*py*t*D = 0.6 275 10.6 602.2= 1053 10
3
N =
1053 kN
M
c
= p
y
*S = 275*2880*10
3
= 792 10
6
N.mm= 792 kN.m
1.2*py*Z = 1.2 275 2510 10
3
= 828.3 10
6
N.mm = 828.3 kN.m
(OK)
M
sw
= 1.4 (101 9.81/10
3
)*
8
2
8
= 11.1 kN.m
M
t
= M + M
sw
= 629.52 + 11.1 = 640.62 kN.m < M
c
(792 kN.m) (OK)
o
c
=
w I
3
4 8 L I
=
3.5 4 8 8
3
4 82 0 5 1 0
6
7 5 7 0 0 1 0
- 8
= 0.00024 m = 0.24 mm
Deflection is OK.
Pv = 1053 kN
Mt = 640.62 kN.m
c = 0.24
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Reference
4.5.2.1
5.5.3.1
P
bw
= (b1 + nk) t*p
yw
= (150 + 2 27.5) 10.6 275 = 597.8 10
3
N = 597.8
kN > 312.33 kN (OK)
where
k = T + r = 14.8 + 12.7 = 27.5 mm
n = 2 + 0.6b
e
/k = 2 (since b
e
= 0)
P
cs
= (b
1
2(r +T)) p
y
= (150 55) 275 = 2268 10
3
N = 2268 kN > 312.33
kN (OK)
Since
e
the web is
P
x
=
c + 0 .7 d
1.4 d
*
2 5t
(b 1 + n k )d
P
bw
=
7 5 + 3 8 3 .1 1
1.45 4 7 .6
*
2 511 0.6
(1 5 0 + 2 2 7.5)5 4 7 .6
* 597.8kN
P
x
Use 610 229 101 UB
Figure 13
Pbw = 597.8 kN
Pcs = 2268 kN
Px = 544.6 kN
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Reference
BEAM A1
Dead Loads:
The roof beams supports 250 mm R.C slab weight, ceiling weight and
finishes.(0.899 kN/m
2
)
Dead load
3
x0.25m x4.0m = 24 kN/m
Imposed load
IMPOSED LOAD
DEAD LOAD
8000
2.524 kN
2.02 kN
154.56 kN
Combined dead
weight 27.6 kN/m
8000
`154.56 kN
2.02 kN
Figure 14
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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Table 11
4.2.3
Total loading = (2.524 1.6) + (27.6 1.4)8 = 4.04 + 38.64 8 = 313.16 kN
A
= R
B
= 313.16/2 = 156.58 kN.
H =
w L
4
+
w I
2
8
=
4.0 4 x 8
4
+
3 8.6 4 x 8
2
8
= 8.08+ 309.12 = 317.2 kN.m
Assuming P
y
= 275 N/mm
2
S x=
M
P
j
=
3 1 7 .2 x 1 0
6
2 7 5
= 1153 cm
3
457 x191 x67 UB, S
x
= 1470 cm
3
CLASSIFICATION
y
= 275 N/mm
2
(as assumed) from Table 4.3 and =
1
2
2
2
275N/
1
275N/
mm
mm
| |
=
|
\ .
(Table 4.4).
b/T = 7.48 which is less than 9 = 9. Hence from Table 11, flange is plastic.
plastic.
SHEAR STRENGTH
v
, is
P
v
= 0.6*py*Av = 0.6*py*t*D = 0.6 275 8.5 453.6= 636 10
3
N = 636
kN
Fv = 156.58 kN
M = 317.2 kN.m
Pv = 636 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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4.2.5.2
Table 8
4.5.2.1
M
c
= p
y
*S = 275*1470*10
3
= 404 10
6
N.mm= 404 kN.m
1.2*py*Z = 1.2 275 1296 10
3
= 427.7 10
6
N.mm = 427.7 kN.m
(OK)
M
sw
= 1.4 (67 9.81/10
3
)*
8
2
8
= 7.36 kN.m
M
t
= M + M
sw
= 317.2 + 7.36 = 324.56 kN.m < M
c
(404 kN.m) (OK)
o
c
=
w I
3
4 8 L I
=
2.5 2 4 8
3
4 82 0 5 1 0
6
2 9 4 0 0 1 0
- 8
= 0.0004 m = 0.4 mm
Deflection is OK.
P
bw
= (b1 + nk) t*p
yw
= (150 + 2 22.9) 8.5 275 = 457 10
3
N = 457 kN >
151.52 kN (OK)
where
k = T + r = 12.7 + 10.2 = 22.9 mm
n = 2 + 0.6b
e
/k = 2 (since b
e
= 0)
P
cs
= (b
1
2(r +T)) p
y
= (150 45.8) 275 = 1889 10
3
N = 1889 kN >
151.52 kN (OK)
Since
e
the web is
Mt = 324.56 kN.m
c = 0.4 mm
Pbw = 457 kN
Pcs = 1889 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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37 | P a g e
5.5.3.1
P
x
=
c+0.7d
1.4d
*
2 5t
(b1+n k)d
P
bw
=
7 5+2 8 5 .3 2
1.44 0 7 .6
*
2 518.5
(1 5 0 +22 2.9)4 0 7 .6
* 457kN
P
x
= 216.48 kN > 151.52 kN (OK) no web stiffeners are required at supports
Use 457 x191 x67 UB
Figure 15
Px = 216.48 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Design of Column B2: Second Floor to First Floor
Design Load = 1247.8 kN +12045.54 kN = 2452.34 kN.
0.45kN/m.
Dead Load
Axial (kN)
Imposed
Load (kN)
Total Design Load
2 No. B1/B2 = 618.2
2 No. 2A/2B = 618.2
Total = 1236.4 kN
5.69
5.69
13.38 kN
= 1.4 0 k+ 1.6 k= (1236.4) + (13.38) = 1 2 4 7 . 8 k N
Design Load =
Fc = 1247.8 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
Figure 16
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4.7.4
Try 254 x 254 UC 107
Try 254 x 254 UC 107, , 16mm t s
2
/ 275 mm N p
y
=
A g= 137 c m
2
, r y= 65.7 m m
From Table 24, I c= 1.2I = 4.32m
Slenderness z =
L c
j
=
4 3 2 0
6 5.7
= 65.75
From Table 27(c),
P c= 191
N
m m
2
P c= A g P c =
1 3 7 0 0 x 1 9 1
1 0 0 0
= 2616.7 kN
P c> F c2616.7 > 2452.34
Figure 17
Pc = 2616.7 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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40 | P a g e
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Design Load = 935.82 kN + 903.39 kN = 1839.21 kN.
Dead Load
Axial (kN)
Imposed
Load (kN)
Total Design Load
2 No. 1A/2B = 618.2
1 No. B1 = 309.1
Total = 927.3 kN
5.68
2.84
8.52 kN
= 1.4 0 k+ 1.6 k= (927.3) + 8.52 = 9 3 5 . 8 2k N
Design Load =
Fc = 935.82 kN
Figure 18
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Reference
4.7.4
Try 254 x 254 UC 107
Try 254 x 254 UC 107, , 16mm t s
2
/ 275 mm N p
y
=
A g= 137 , r y= 65.7 m m
From Table 24, I c= 0.7I = 2.52 m
Slenderness z =
L c
j
=
2 5 2 0
6 5.7
= 38.36
From Table 27(c),
P c= 243
N
m m
2
P c= A g P c =
1 3 7 0 0 x 2 4 3
1 0 0 0
= 3329.1 kN
P c> F c3329.1 > 1839.21
254 x 254 UC 107
Figure 19
Pc = 3329.1 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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0f 311.9 kN placed at an eccentricity of 100mm. Using 10 No 16-mm
below.
Figure 20
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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6.3.4.2
APPROXIMATE METHOD
SHEAR
Psd = 2Ps = ps As = 2 x 375 x 157 = 117.8 10
3
N = 117.8 kN > Fs OK
TENSILE CAPACITY
t
, is
F t=
P c y 1
2 y
2
_
Ft=
276.81 x 250 x 400
2 (40
2
+ 100
2
+ 200
2
+ 300
2
+ 400
2
)
,
Ft = 45.89 kN
Tension capacity, P
nom
, is
P
nom
= 0.8 p t A t = 0.8 560 157 = 70.3 10
3
N = 70.3 kN Ft Okay
Combined check:
F s
P s
+
F t
P
n o m
1.4
31.19
117.8
+
45.89
70.3
= 0.92 1.4
Ft = 45.89 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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Pitch 2.5db = 2.5 16 = 32 < 140 and 60 OK
Pitch 14tp = 14 10 = 140 140 and 60 OK
Edge distance e
1
1.4Dh = 1.4 18= 25.2 < 40 OK
End distance e
2
1.4Dh = 1.4 18 = 25.2 < 60 and 50 OK
e
1
and e
2
11tp = 11 10 1 = 110 < 40, 50 and 60 OK
p
= 10 mm, py = 275 N/mm
2
, = 1.) Hence all
SUPPORTING COLUMN
Shear
s
= 157 mm
2
(Table 4.22) and p
s
= 375
N/mm
2
(Table 4.19).
Ps = psAs = 375 157 = 59 10
3
= 59 kN
6Ps = 6 59 = 354 kN > V = 303.13 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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45 | P a g e
Bearing
bb
, is given by
P
bb
= d
b
tp
bb
= 16 10 1000 = 160 10
3
= 160 kN
P
bs
, is given by
P
bs
= k
bs
d
b
tp
bs
= 1 16 l0 460 = 73 10
3
N = 73kN
0.5k
bs
etp
bs
= 0.5 1 60 10 460 = 138 10
3
N = 138 kN
Shear
s
= 157 mm
2
and ps = 375 N/mm
2
2P
s
= 2 59 = 118 kN
moment, M = 303.13 50 10
3
= 15.16 kN m.
Outermost bolt (A
l
mb
, is given by
F m b=
M
z
A =
1 5.1 6 x 1 0
3
4 2 0
= 36.1 kN
I
=
2
+ 90
2
+ 150
2
) =
63000A mm
4
vb
, is given by F
vb
= V/ No. of bolts =
303.13/6 = 50.52 kN
2
vb
+ F
2
mb
)
1/2
= (50.52
2
+ 36.1
2
)
1/2
= 62.1 kN
Since F
s
(= 62.1 kN) < 2P
s
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46 | P a g e
GROUND FLOOR ELEMENTS DESIGN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
DESIGN OF FIRST FLOOR BEAMS (ALL FLOOR BEAMS)
Figure 21
BEAM B2
Dead Loads:
The floor beams supports 250 mm R.C slab weight, ceiling weight and
finishes .(0.899 kN/m
2
)
Dead load
3
x0.25m x8.0m = 48 kN/m
Imposed load
Load for Game Arcade = 3.6 kN
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Reference
Table 11
IMPOSED LOAD
DEAD LOAD
8000
3.548 kN
2.84 kN
309.1 kN
Combined dead
weight 55.192 kN/m
8000
309.1 kN
2.84 kN
Figure 21
Total loading = (5.648 1.6) + (55.192 1.4)8 = 9.04 + 77.278 = 627.19kN
A
= R
B
= 627.19/2 = 313.59 kN.
H =
w L
4
+
w I
2
8
=
9.0 4 x 8
4
+
7 7.2 7 x 8
2
8
= 18.08 + 618.16 = 636.24 kN.m
Assuming P
y
= 275 N/mm
2
S x=
M
P
j
=
6 3 6 .2 4 x 1 0
6
2 7 5
= 2314 cm
3
610 x229 x101 UB, S
x
= 2880 cm
3
CLASSIFICATION
y
= 275 N/mm
2
1
2
2
2
275N/
1
275N/
mm
mm
| |
=
|
\ .
(Table 4.4).
Fv = 313.59 kN
M = 636.24 kN.m
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Reference
4.2.3
4.2.5.2
Table 8
Also d /t = 51.6 which is less than 80 = 80. Hence from Table 4.4, web is
plastic.
SHEAR STRENGTH
v
, is
P
v
= 0.6*py*Av = 0.6*py*t*D = 0.6 275 10.6 602.2= 1053 10
3
N =
1053 kN
M
c
= p
y
*S = 275*2880*10
3
= 792 10
6
N.mm= 792 kN.m
1.2*py*Z = 1.2 275 2510 10
3
= 828.3 10
6
N.mm = 828.3 kN.m
(OK)
M
sw
= 1.4 (101 9.81/10
3
)*
8
2
8
= 11.1 kN.m
M
t
= M + M
sw
= 636.24 + 11.1 = 647.34 kN.m < M
c
(792 kN.m) (OK)
o
c
=
w I
3
4 8 L I
=
5.6 4 8 8
3
4 82 0 5 1 0
6
7 5 7 0 0 1 0
- 8
= 0.0004 m = 0.4 mm
Deflection is OK.
Pv = 1053 kN
Mt = 647.34 kN.m
c = 0.4 mm
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Reference
4.5.2.1
5.5.3.1
P
bw
= (b1 + nk) t*p
yw
= (150 + 2 27.5) 10.6 275 = 597.8 10
3
N = 597.8
kN > 312.33 kN (OK)
where
k = T + r = 14.8 + 12.7 = 27.5 mm
n = 2 + 0.6b
e
/k = 2 (since b
e
= 0)
P
cs
= (b
1
2(r +T)) p
y
= (150 55) 275 = 2268 10
3
N = 2268 kN > 312.33
kN (OK)
Since
e
the web is
P
x
=
c + 0 .7 d
1.4 d
*
2 5t
(b 1 + n k )d
P
bw
=
7 5 + 3 8 3 .1 1
1.45 4 7 .6
*
2 511 0.6
(1 5 0 + 2 2 7.5)5 4 7 .6
* 597.8kN
P
x
Use 610 229 101 UB
Figure 22
Pbw = 597.8 kN
Pcs = 2268 kN
Px = 544.6 kN
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50 | P a g e
Reference
BEAM A1
Dead Loads:
The roof beams supports 250 mm R.C slab weight, ceiling weight and
finishes.(0.899 kN/m
2
)
Dead load
3
x0.25m x4.0m = 24 kN/m
Imposed load
Load from Game Arcade = 3.6 kN
IMPOSED LOAD
DEAD LOAD
8000
2.524 kN
2.02 kN
154.56 kN
Combined dead
weight 27.6 kN/m
8000
`154.56 kN
2.02 kN
Figure 23
Total loading = (4.624 1.6) + (27.6 1.4)8 = 7.4 + 38.64 8 = 316.52 kN
A
= R
B
= 316.52/2 = 158.26 kN.
Fv = 158.26 kN
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BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
Table 11
4.2.3
4.2.5.2
H =
w L
4
+
w I
2
8
=
7.4 x 8
4
+
3 8.6 4 x 8
2
8
= 14.8 + 309.12 = 323.92 kN.m
Assuming P
y
= 275 N/mm
2
S x=
M
P
j
=
3 2 3 .9 2 x 1 0
6
2 7 5
= 1178 cm
3
457 x191 x67 UB, S
x
= 1470 cm
3
CLASSIFICATION
y
= 275 N/mm
2
1
2
2
2
275N/
1
275N/
mm
mm
| |
=
|
\ .
(Table 4.4).
plastic.
SHEAR STRENGTH
v
, is
P
v
= 0.6*py*Av = 0.6*py*t*D = 0.6 275 8.5 453.6= 636 10
3
N = 636
kN
M
c
= p
y
*S = 275*1470*10
3
= 404 10
6
N.mm= 404 kN.m
1.2*py*Z = 1.2 275 1296 10
3
= 427.7 10
6
N.mm = 427.7 kN.m(OK)
M = 323,92 kN.m
Pv = 636 kN
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Reference
4.5.2.1
5.5.3.1
M
sw
= 1.4 (67 9.81/10
3
)*
8
2
8
= 7.36 kN.m
M
t
= M + M
sw
= 317.2 + 7.36 = 324.56 kN.m < M
c
(404 kN.m) (OK)
o
c
=
w I
3
4 8 L I
=
2.5 2 4 8
3
4 82 0 5 1 0
6
2 9 4 0 0 1 0
- 8
= 0.0004 m = 0.4 mm
From Table 4.5, the recommended maximum deflection for beams carrying
Deflection is OK.
P
bw
= (b1 + nk) t*p
yw
= (150 + 2 22.9) 8.5 275 = 457 10
3
N = 457 kN >
151.52 kN (OK)
where
k = T + r = 12.7 + 10.2 = 22.9 mm
n = 2 + 0.6b
e
/k = 2 (since b
e
= 0)
P
cs
= (b
1
2(r +T)) p
y
= (150 45.8) 275 = 1889 10
3
N = 1889 kN >
151.52 kN (OK)
Since
e
the web is
P
x
=
c + 0 .7 d
1.4 d
*
2 5t
(b 1 + n k )d
P
bw
=
7 5 + 2 8 5 .3 2
1.44 0 7 .6
*
2 518.5
(1 5 0 + 2 2 2.9)4 0 7 .6
* 457kN
P
x
Mt = 324.56 kN.m
c = 0.4 mm
Pbw = 457 kN
Pcs = 1889 kN
Px = 216.48 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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Use 457 x191 x67 UB
Figure 24
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
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Design Load = 1254.48 + 1247.8 kN +12045.54 kN = 3706.82 kN.
0.45kN/m.
Dead Load
Axial (kN)
Imposed
Load (kN)
Total Design Load
2 No. B1/B2 = 618.2
2 No. 2A/2B = 618.2
Total = 1236.4 kN
9.04
9.04
18.08 kN
= 1.4 0 k+ 1.6 k= (1236.4) + (18.08) = 1 2 5 4 . 4 8k N
Design Load =
Fc = 1254.48 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
Try 254 x 254 UC 167
Try 254 x 254 UC 167, t 40m m
Figure 25
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4.7.4
P y= 2 5
N
m m
2
A g= 212 c m
2
, r y= 67.9 m m
Slenderness z =
L c
j
=
4 3 2 0
6 7.9
= 63.62
From Table 27(c),
P c= 190
N
m m
2
P c= A g P c =
2 1 2 0 0 x 1 9 0
1 0 0 0
= 4028 kN
P c> F c4028 > 3706.82
Figure 26
Pc = 4028 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
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Design of Column B1: First Floor to Second Floor
Design Load = 940.86 + 935.82 kN + 903.39 kN = 2780.1 kN.
Dead Load
Axial (kN)
Imposed
Load (kN)
Total Design Load
2 No. 1A/2B = 618.2
1 No. B1 = 309.1
Total = 927.3 kN
9.04
4.52
13.56 kN
= 1.4 0 k+ 1.6 k= (927.3) + 13.56 = 9 4 . 8 k N
Design Load =
Fc = 940.86 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
Figure 27
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4.7.4
Try 254 x 254 UC 167
Try 254 x 254 UC 167, t 40m m
P y= 2 5
N
m m
2
A g= 212 c m
2
, r y= 67.9 m m
Slenderness z =
L c
j
=
2 5 2 0
6 7.9
= 37.11
From Table 27(c),
P c= 234
N
m m
2
P c= A g P c =
2 1 2 0 0 x 2 3 4
1 0 0 0
= 4960.8 kN
P c> F c4960.8 > 2780.1
Figure 28

Pc = 4960.8 kN
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Reference
0f 313.59 kN placed at an eccentricity of 100mm. Using 10 No 16-mm
below.

BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
Figure 29
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6.3.4.2
APPROXIMATE METHOD
SHEAR
Psd = 2Ps = ps As = 2 x 375 x 157 = 117.8 10
3
N = 117.8 kN > Fs OK
TENSILE CAPACITY
t
, is
F t=
P c y 1
2 y
2
_
Ft=
276.81 x 250 x 400
2 (40
2
+ 100
2
+ 200
2
+ 300
2
+ 400
2
)
,
Ft = 45.89 kN
Tension capacity, P
nom
, is
P
nom
= 0.8 p t A t = 0.8 560 157 = 70.3 10
3
N = 70.3 kN Ft Okay
Combined check:
F s
P s
+
F t
P
n o m
1.4
31.36
117.8
+
45.89
70.3
= 0.92 1.4
Fs = 31.36 kN
Psd = 117.8 kN
Ft = 45.89 kN
Pnorm = 70.3 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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60 | P a g e
Pitch 2.5db = 2.5 16 = 32 < 140 and 60 OK
Pitch 14tp = 14 10 = 140 140 and 60 OK
Edge distance e
1
1.4Dh = 1.4 18= 25.2 < 40 OK
End distance e
2
1.4Dh = 1.4 18 = 25.2 < 60 and 50 OK
e
1
and e
2
11tp = 11 10 1 = 110 < 40, 50 and 60 OK
p
= 10 mm, py = 275 N/mm
2
, = 1.) Hence all
SUPPORTING COLUMN
Shear
s
= 157 mm
2
(Table 4.22) and p
s
= 375
N/mm
2
(Table 4.19).
Ps = psAs = 375 157 = 59 10
3
= 59 kN
6Ps = 6 59 = 354 kN > V = 303.13 kN
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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Bearing
bb
, is given by
P
bb
= d
b
tp
bb
= 16 10 1000 = 160 10
3
= 160 kN
P
bs
, is given by
P
bs
= k
bs
d
b
tp
bs
= 1 16 l0 460 = 73 10
3
N = 73kN
0.5k
bs
etp
bs
= 0.5 1 60 10 460 = 138 10
3
N = 138 kN
Shear
s
= 157 mm
2
and ps = 375 N/mm
2
2P
s
= 2 59 = 118 kN
moment, M = 303.13 50 10
3
= 15.16 kN m.
Outermost bolt (A
l
mb
, is given by
F m b=
M
z
A =
1 5.1 6 x 1 0
3
4 2 0
= 36.1 kN
I
=
2
+ 90
2
+ 150
2
) =
63000A mm
4
vb
, is given by F
vb
= V/ No. of bolts =
303.13/6 = 50.52 kN
2
vb
+ F
2
mb
)
1/2
= (50.52
2
+ 36.1
2
)
1/2
= 62.1 kN
Since F
s
(= 62.1 kN) < 2P
s
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR COLUMN B2
Compression strength of concrete 25 N/mm
2
Design of Column Base for Column B2
Column B2: 254 x 254 UC 167
Axial load at base- 3706.82 kN (Dead + Imposed)
Bearing Strength of concrete = 0.6
c u
AREA OF BASEPLATE
Effective area: A
b c
u x u I I o u d
b c u n g s t c n g t h
=
3 7 0 6 .8 2 x 1 0
3
0.6 x 2 5
= 2.5 x 10
5
mm
2
ACTUAL AREA
: A
b c
= (B +2c)( + 2c) 2{( 2|I +C])(|B + 2c] |t + 2C]}
2.5 x 10
5
= (264.5 +2c)(289.1 + 2c) 2{(289.1 2|31.7 +c])(|264.5 +
2c
]
|19.2 +2c]}
c = 152 mm
Minimum length of baseplate = D + 2c = 289.1 + 2 x 152 = 593.1 mm
Minimum width of base plate = B + 2c = 264.5 + 2 x 152 = 568.5 mm
Provide 600 x 600 mm base plate in grade S275 steel.
BASEPLATE THICKNESS
Assuming a base plate thickness of less than 80 mm the design strength
p
yp
= 245 N/mm
2
. The actual base plate thickness, t
p
, is
t
p
= c[
3 o
P
j p
]1
0.5
= 152 [3 x(0.6 x 25) /245]
0.5
= 65.3 mm
Hence, a 600 mm x 600 mm x 70 mm thick base plate in grade S275 steel
should be suitable.
The arrangement of the column base is as shown below:
Abe = 2.5 x 10
5
mm
2
C = 152 mm
BS5950
Reference
Calculations Output
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Figure 30
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DISCUSSIONS
The design of a structure may be judged by whether it fulfills the required function safely, can be
built with economy and can maintain an acceptable appearance for its specified lifetime. As a
result, it means that the design of structural steelwork is assessed based on the criteria of safety,
economy and appearance.
Safety is assessed by considering the strength of the structure relative to the loads which it is
expected to carry. In practice this assessment is applied to each structural element in turn, but
these individual element checks are not sufficient without considering the overall safety of the
framework. The strength of the structural element must always exceed the effects of the loads by
a margin which is known as the factor of safety. In general sense assessment of the structure
includes all the criteria by which its performance should be judged, e.g. strength, deflection,
vibration, bending, etc. In this project, the design was done in accordance with B.S. 5950. As a
result of the dead and imposed loads of the members, analyses using the size of the various
members were possible and were found to be adequate; since all the necessary checks were
satisfied: bending, compressions, deflection, shear and lateral torsional buckling.
Whilst in practice economy of the design is of great importance to the owner of the finished
structure, students were not required to make an economic assessment. However, two basic
matters should be taken into account. Firstly, the finished design should match, without
excessively exceeding, as many of the design criteria as possible. Clearly the provision of excess
strength in a structural element without reason will not be seen as economic. Secondly, in
structural steelwork only part of the cost is contained in the rolled steel sections, and a large part
of the cost results from fabrication and erection processes. Consequently, economic design does
not result from finding the smallest structural size and weight without considering the difficulties
of fabrication. In many cases repetition of a member size and standardization of components can
lead to substantial overall savings.
The appearance of the finished structure is generally of great importance due to the very size and
impact of frames in structural steel. The achievement of an element design is desirable not only
in complete structures but in small design details. It is here that students should try to achieve
elegant, neat and balanced solutions to problems. In many cases, these may be found to be the
most economically sound solutions.
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CONCLUSIONS
Based on the objective of this project it can be stated that first order assessment on the variability
of the loading conditions for various steel components are possible. The results obtained enabled
the establishment of the design of the various members of the proposed structure being designed
using the BS 5950 part 1-2000, BS 6399 Part 2, etc. Further, it was found that the building
members that were designed using the relevant codes were adequate in passing the required tests
as outlined in BS 5950 and the elements of design for steel members.
Additionally, it can be stated that a simple basis for design of steel structures is to consider a
structural framework composed of a number of elements connected together. Loads are sustained
by the element, and its reactions transferred to other elements via the connections. In this simple
concept for design, it is essential that overall action of the framework is considered.
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REFERENCES
[1] Morris L. J., Plum D. R., (1988) Structural Steelwork Design To BS 5950. United
Kingdom: Longman Scientific & Technical Inc.
[2] BS 5268, (2002). Structural use of timber. Retrieved April, 2, 2011] from [Structural
use of Timber][http:// www.nzwood.co.nz/how-wood/seismic-design/]
[3] Draycott. T (1999) Structural Elements Design Manual .Linacre House, Wildwood
Avenue.
[4] No Author, (2005). Guide to Timber Design. Retrieved [April, 2, 2011] from
[Library - University Services - The University of Newcastle 2006][http://www.The
University of Newcastle, Australia.html]
[5] No Author, (2004). Example of Steel Member Design (2004). Retrieved April , 2011,
from page 2-4] at [http//:www.instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/pdf]
[6] BS 59501: 2000: Structural use of steelwork in buildings; Part 1: Code of practice
for design rolled and welded sections
[7] BS 6399: Design loading for buildings; Part 1: Code of practice for dead and imposed
loads, 1996; Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads, 1997; Part 3: Code of practice for
imposed roof loads, 1988.
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APPENDICES

Steel Design Project Civ 428 (O.B1)

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