Khoa Nng Nghip & TNTN

nh Gi Cht Lng Thc Phm

Tc gi: Trn Xun Hin

Phn I: nh Ga Cht Lng Thc Phm Bng Phng Php Cm Quan

Chng 1: Gii Thiu
Cht lng thc phm l g? Thc phm l sn phm rn hay lng dnh cho vic n ung vi mc ch dinh dng v (hoc) th hiu tiu dng. Thc phm c nh gi l tt khi n tha mn nhu cu ngi s dng. Khi a thc phm ra th trng, ngi sn xut phi quan tm n ngi tiu th. Chnh h l nhng ngi c vai tr quan trng nht khi nh gi cht lng thc phm. Cht lng tng qut ca mt sn phm khng phi l mt khi nim c nh m lun bin i. V vy trong x nghip, tiu chun cht lng khng phi l mt tiu chun lu di. nh gi cht lng thc phm, mt cch tng qut c th ni l kt qu ca mt s cn bng t nh gia ngi sn xut v ngi tiu th. Trong ngi sn xut lun c s c gng lm hi lng ngi mua v ngi mua lun i hi, tm kim ti a s hi lng ca sn phm v mi ch tiu. nh gi cm quan l phng php nh gi cht lng thc phm da trn vic s dng cc thng tin thu c nh s phn tch cc cm gic ca nhng c quan th cm nh: th gic, xc gic, thnh gic, khu gic v v gic. Vic kim tra nh gi cc c tnh cm quan ca thc phm rt quan trng trong vic pht trin sn phm. Nhiu c tnh vt l v ha hc ca thc phm c th c xc nh bng cc phng tin o c nh mu sc, cu trc, cc cu t mi, nng mui, acid, ng . Tuy nhin nhng phng tin o c ch cung cp cc gi tr nh tnh hoc nh lng ca thc phm m khng th tr li c cu hi cc c tnh tt hay xu? Sn phm c c th trng chp nhn hay khng? C tha mn nhu cu khi h tiu th khng? Trc ht do cht lng cm quan quyt nh.

Cht lng cm quan l yu t rt ng. N thay i theo thi gian, khng gian v theo tng c nhn. Mt sn phm c nh gi l rt tt ca nm nay th nm sau cha chc cn c chp nhn. Sn phm c nh gi rt cao a phng ny, nc ny nhng cha chc c a thch a phng khc, nc khc, Ngoi ra, c tnh cm quan tt cn l mt trong ba yu t quan trng m mi sn phm cn phi m bo, bn cnh hai ch tiu khc l dinh dng v an ton v sinh. Mt s sn phm c gi tr dinh dng cao v y cc thnh phn nguyn t, nhng c mt ch tiu v mi v hoc hnh thi khng bnh thng s khng c ngi tiu th chp nhn. Ngc li, nhiu sn phm thc phm sn xut ra c gi tr dinh dng thp nhng c hnh thi mi v thch hp vn c ngi tiu dng chp nhn. Nh vy, r rng cc ch tiu cm quan i vi thc phm rt quan trng m mi nh sn xut v kim tra thc phm khng th b qua. Trong nhiu nm qua, nhng nh thn kinh hc v nhng nh khoa hc thc phm tin hnh nghin cu v bn cht ca mi v v s tip nhn mi v l s tng hp nhng du hiu ca tr c t nhng b phn cm gic v nm, ngi, nhn, tip xc v nghe. Cc c quan th cm ng vai tr thu nhn cm gic, tng hp v tch ly i n kt lun v cht lng ca thc phm. Cm quan l mt b phn ca khoa hc thc phm, c nn tng trn nhng ngnh chnh nh ha hc, vt l, sinh hc v nhng ngnh ph nh sinh ha, sinh l, ha l . Do , cm quan thc phm mang nhiu yu t khch quan. Ty trnh k thut ca mi nc m tnh n h s quan trng ca cm quan trong khi nh gi cht lng sn phm. cc pht trin, cc ch tiu v ha l, v sinh ng nhin t yu cu tiu chun quy nh, phn cn li l phn u t yu cu v cm quan (c n 90% trong quyt nh v mc cht lng sn phm). nc ta, phng php kim tra cm quan bt u t cui nm 1950. Nm 1978 cc Hi ng nh gi cm quan cht lng sn phm thc phm cp nh nc u tin c thnh lp. Nm 1979, mt s tiu chun Vit Nam v phn tch cm quan bng phng php cho im cc sn phm thc phm c ban hnh. T , phng php kim tra bng cm quan c pht trin hu ht cc ngnh nng sn, thc phm v hi sn.

Chng 2: C S Khoa Hc Ca Cm Quan Mi v khu gic

1.nh ngha v mi Mi l c tnh ca mt cht hay mt hp cht bay hi m con ngi hay ng vt c th cm nhn c t s ht vo trong khoang mi hay khoang ming v gy ra cm gic nh vo khu gic ca c th, qu trnh ny khng lm nh hng n cc hot ng ca c quan khu gic.

2. S cm nhn mi ca khu gic Con ngi c hng triu t bo c chc nng cm nhn mi, chng c gi l cc t bo tip nhn mi ca khu gic. Nhng t bo ny ch yu nm dc theo hai bn vch ngn v lch v pha trn ca phn khoang mi. Chng nm trong mt khu vc c mu vng c dng hnh ng. Nhng t bo c dng hnh ng ny c u cui l s kt hp ca mt nhnh nhng si mn nh c ni kt vi lp b mt ca mng nhy, lp mng nhy ny c duy tr trong iu kin m. Nhng cht bay hi (ethanol, te, ) kch thch cm gic vi mi ca khu gic, ngc li nhng cht khng bay hi (kim loi, mui, carbon, ) do khng c kh nng bay hi nn cng khng c kh nng gy mi. Khi ngi cn c ng tc ht vo, ng tc ny s mang cc cht mi v mt phn khng kh vo mi. Nhng phn t khng kh s trt trn sn vch ngn pha trong cnh mi. Nhng phn t cht mi s i vo lp cht lng bao ph mng nhy, khi chng tc ng ln nhng si dy tc nhy cm mn nh ca t bo khu gic, nhng si dy tc nhy cm ny s truyn tn hiu thng tin thng qua h thn kinh khu gic i n no.

Hnh 2.1 : V tr ca vng khu gic trong mi v cu trc ca t bo khu gic 1. Nim mc khu gic 2. L mi 3.Thuyt ha hc v l hc v mi 3.1.Thuyt ha hc Thuyt ny cho rng cht c mi ri vo mi s lan rng ra trong cht lng bao ph xung quanh khu gic, sau cht c mi lin kt vi mt cht ha hc c bit gi l cht tip nhn mi. Kt qu pht sinh ra mt cht mi v tc ng n u cui dy thn kinh lm cm nhn c mi. 3.2.Thuyt l hc Thuyt ny cho rng cm nhn c mi, khng nht thit phn t cht c mi tip xc vi cc cm bin ca t bo. Tt c cc cht thm u pht ra tia hng ngoi, mi cht c mt ph ring ca mnh. Nh vy phn t cht c mi A. T bo khu gic B. T bo m

c xem nh mt my pht tia hng ngoi, cc tia ny c thu hi bng my thu l t bo thn kinh khu gic. 4.nh gi cm quan bng khu gic K thut cm th mi i hi phi thc hin cc giai on chun b sn phm khc nhau. ng tc thc hin l ht u, lin tc, tng t ng thi suy ngh n cm gic. Cm gic v mi tng ln nu ta ht nhanh v mnh, nhng thng ch nhn c bi ln ghi nhn u tin ca khu gic, nu c gng nhiu ln, c th khng nhn c hoc nhn c rt t mi do hin tng mt mi hoc thch nghi ca khu gic. 5.Nhng yu t nh hng n kh nng cm th mi

Tui Gii tnh Ph thuc cc gic quan khc Thi gian v tnh trng no i Mi trng ngoi cnh (kh hu, thi tit, ting n). Ty theo tng c th mi ngi v kh nng tp luyn. tinh khit ca cht kch thch. Khong cch v tc ca dng kh truyn. nh hng ca cc cht ha hc khc

6.Mt s khi nim v thut ng mi

Mi ngi : l cm gic nhn c do cc cht bay hi trc tip qua ng mi. Mi cm : l cm gic nhn c do cc cht bay hi va qua ng mi va qua ng ming. Mi chnh : l mi ch yu c trng ca cht bay hi. Mi thong : l mi nh hay mi ph ca mt tp hp cht bay hi. Mi khuyt : l mi c trong tp hp cht bay hi b cc mi khc che lp i nn khng th cm nhn ngay, phi c bin php x l mi c th nhn bit c d dng.

V v v gic
1.nh ngha v v V l c tnh ca mt cht hay mt hp cht m con ngi hay ng vt c th cm nhn c khi ha tan cht trong ming v gy ra c cm gic. 2.S cm nhn v ca v gic S cm nhn v bng v gic l mt qu trnh tip nhn theo c ch ha hc. kch thch s tip nhn v cht c v phi c ha tan trong nc bt thng qua cc c quan nm trn mt li, trong vng ming v yt hu.

Nhng t bo kt hp vi cht c v nm trong nhng n v gic v c phn b theo cc rnh trn b mt ca li. Nhng t bo cm nhn v ny c sp xp thnh chm t nhng si nh nh si tc c ni kt vo bn trong xuyn qua nhng khe h ca n v gic. Chnh nhng si dy tc ny lm cho cht kch thch tip xc c vi t bo tip nhn v. Nhng thng tin nhn c t s tip xc trn c truyn theo u dy thn kinh v gic v n no.

Hnh 2.2 : Cu to ca v gic 1. Khe h 2. T bo cm nhn v 3. Si thn kinh 1. 2. 3. 4. T bo v gic Khe v gic M lin kt Si thn kinh

C hng ngn n v gic c phn b trn b mt li v ch yu kt hp nhn bit ra bn v c bn l ngt, mn, chua v ng. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng tt c cc v m ta nm c l s hn hp theo t l khc nhau ca cc v c bn ny. Kh nng cm nhn i vi bn v ny khng ng nht trn khp b mt li. Khu vc nhy cm nht vi v ngt v v mn tp trung u li. Khu vc nhy cm vi v chua thng tp trung hai ra li. Khu vc pha cui li nhy cm hn vi v ng.

Hnh 2.3: S phn b ca n v gic trn b mt li

3.Gii thiu chung v bn v c bn V ng vai tr rt quan trng trong nh gi cm quan thc phm. Cc sn phm rn hay lng (hoc cht kh ha tan trong sn phm lng) khi nhai hay ung u cho cm gic v.

Chua

Chua l mt v c bn v c c trng ch yu l cc acid hu c (tr cc acid amin) nhng ngng cm i vi cc acid khc nhau cng khc nhau.

Mn

Cht tiu biu cho v mn l mui NaCl, mt s mui khc cng to v mn nhng thng cho v hn hp. V mn khng ch ph thuc loi mui s dng m cn ph thuc vo nng ca chng.

Ngt

V ngt ch yu l do cc hp cht alcohol, glycol v cc dn xut ca ng. ng cc loi c kh nng gy v ngt l do s c mt cc nhm hydroxyl (OH) trong cng thc cu to. Nhiu hp cht glycol c th ngt gp hai ln ng sucrose, khi gia tng s lng nhm halogen trong phn t th v ngt gia tng. Tnh ngt ca ng phn ln c lin h vi ha tan ca chng.

ng

V ng thng c gy ra do mt s cht hu c v v c. Tiu biu l cc alkaloid nh l quinine, cafein v strychnine chng thng kt hp vi cc v khc. Tannin l mt cht ph bin trong mt s loi thc phm to v ng, v tnh ng ny c tc dng tt trong vic to mi v cho tr, bia. 4.C ch hot ng ca c quan v gic 4.1.iu kin c cm gic v v

Cht c v phi ha tan trong nc bt hoc dch tit ra bi tuyn nhy ca gai hnh di. Li phi tip xc vi thnh bnh cha dch. Li phi p cht hm ch ca vm ming. Nm mt lng to v (i vi dung dch nm 10 ml).

4.2.Tc dng ca nc bt

Nc bt l dung dch c tnh acid yu ( pH = 5,6 6,7), khng mu, khng mi, khng v, c tc dng lm mm thc phm, sau to iu kin cho thc phm ha tan v kch thch ln dy thn kinh ngoi bin, tham gia phn ng gia cht c v v u dy thn kinh, lm sch li v c kh nng st trng. 4.3.Tc phn ng ca v gic Tc phn ng ca v gic chm hn so vi tc cc cm gic khc, v trong tng loi v gic tc ny cng khc nhau. Tc cm nhn trung bnh ca :

V mn l 0,307 s V ngt l 0,446 s V chua l 0,536 s V ng l 1,082 s

5.Tin hnh nh gi cm quan bng v gic Khi tin hnh nh gi v bng v gic cn kt hp gia ng tc nh chp li nhiu ln, u n lin tip, cch u v suy ngh n cm gic, kch thch tuyn nc bt, a mu thc phm vo gia gai hnh di lm cho li tip xc vi hm ch, thc phm vo rnh. ng thi to iu kin cho thc phm ha tan vo nc bt, lm sch li, a mu c ra v a mu mi vo. Sau mi ln nh gi ghi ch li cm gic. 6.Mt s hin tng i vi c quan v gic

Hin tng thch nghi : l hin tng gim kh nng nhy cm nht thi ca c quan v gic. Hin tng mt mi : l hin tng m khi cht kch thch c nng ln s to nn s hy hoi thn kinh. S hy hoi ny khng hi phc ngay c. Hin tng b tr : l hin tng khi phi hp hai v c bn vi nhau nng ln hn nng ngng cm. Nu tng nng mt trong hai v s xy ra hin tng v ny ln t v kia hay kch thch v kia. Hin tng tng phn (cnh tranh): l hot ng phi hp ca hai hay nhiu cht kch thch gy ra mt mc cm gic thp hn nhng tc ng ca mi cht kch thch ring bit. Hin tng tiu tan cm gic : l do hai v tc ng ng thi trn li, trong c mt v b mt i. Hin tng ha hp : khi phi hp nhng v khc nhau s xy ra hin ha hp hay khng ha hp. Hin tng ngy trang v v : l s gim cng hay thay i cng ca mt v bi mt v khc. Hin tng cm gic v v : l khi pha ln hai hay ba v c bn s to ra mt v khc nhng v trn.

7.Mt s khi nim v v

Tin v : l cm gic nhn c u tin khi nm sn phm . Chnh v : l v c trng ca sn phm khi nm. Hu v : l cm gic nhn c sau khi nm. Lu v : l cm gic nhn c ging nh cm gic ang nm sn phm, cm gic ny ko di trong khong thi gian c th o c.

8.Nhng yu t nh hng n kh nng cm th ca v gic

Tui Trng thi c th . Ty theo c th ca mi ngi v kh nng luyn tp. Nhit . iu kin n ung ngh ngi v tnh trng no i. Nng cht kch thch. nh hng ca mi trng nm.

Mu v th gic
Mt c th phn bit c tn s nh sng, nh vy ta mi c cm gic v mu sc. c th cm nhn c mu sc, ngoi th gic ca con ngi cn c ngun sng v vt sng. Mu c th xem l kt qu ca s cm nhn nh sng t vt sng vi tc nhn kch thch l ngun sng. Nng lng nh sng t ngun sng chiu vo vt sng, phn nng lng nh sng sau khi ra khi vt sng p vo mt lm cho mt cm nhn c nh sng.. Trong thc phm hay trong t nhin ni chung c 2 hnh thc nng lng ngun sng truyn qua vt sng, l nng lng ngun sng i xuyn qua vt sng i vi vt trong sut hay trng thi lng hoc phn x i vi vt rn. Nh vy, c th nh ngha mu sc theo cm nhn vt l l s cm nhn nng lng ca nh sng hay do c phn x hay do c truyn qua mt thc phm no ca c quan th gic. Khi chiu mt chm nh sng trng xuyn qua mt mu ru vang , cht mu anthocyanin trong ru hp thu nng lng t ngun sng, phn nng lng khng b hp thu s xuyn qua mu v p vo mt ngi quan st, khi ngi quan st s nhn c mu do lc ny s phn b nng lng trong chm sng truyn thay i v bao gm bc sng 700770 nm.

Hnh 2.4: S cu to ca mt 1. Gic mc 2. Phng trc 3. Lng en 4. Phng sau 5. Dy chng 6. C 7. Thy tinh th 8. Cng mc 9. Vng mc 10. im vng 11. Thn kinh th gic 12. Thy tinh dch

Hnh 2.5: Cu to ca vng mc 1. Cc nn 2. Que 3. Cc nrn lin hp

4. Gai th gic 5. Thn kinh th gic Khi chuyn tip t vng c bc sng ny sang vng bc sng tip theo c mt khong trung gian v nh sng nhn c t cc vng trung gian ny rt ging nhau m mt khng th phn bit c ngay m phi n mt lc no mt mi nhn ra s i mu. Do ngi ta a ra khi nim v nhy ca mt l kh nng phn bit hai ngun nng lng nh sng c bc sng rt gn nhau. S tip nhn mu sc b nh hng bi cc yu t sinh hc:

Hin tng bt bin ca mu sc S nh hng ca mu sc xung quanh hay mu nn.

Tm li, mu sc nhn c t mt vt b chiu sng ph thuc vo cc yu t nh : thnh phn quang ph ca ngun sng, c tnh vt l v ha hc ca i tng, tnh t nhin ca s chiu sng v nhy sng ca mt khi quan st.

Trng thi v xc gic

Trong kim nghim cm quan, cc u ngn tay v lng bn tay dng kim nghim v trng thi v cu trc ca sn phm. y c s phi hp rt cht ch gia cm gic ngn tay, lng bn tay v mt, i khi c tai v li na. Cu trc l mt c tnh ca hp cht, n c lin quan vi nht, n hi v nhng c tnh ha hc khc ca thc phm nhng mi lin h ca chng rt phc tp. Kim nghim cu trc bao gm cc kinh nghim tng hp nhn c t cc cm gic ca da sau khi n mt sn phm. Kim nghim ny bao gm : nht, n hi, sc cng b mt v cc c tnh vt l khc ca nguyn liu lm mu.

Hnh 2.6 : Mt ct ngang ca da

1. Biu b 2. Trung b 3. H b

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lng mao Th Craoze Tn cng thn kinh t do Bi thn kinh chn lng Th Mayxne

1.Cm nhn cu trc bng ming a s s cm nhn cm quan cu trc ca thc phm c thc hin da trn nhng cm gic nhn c khi mu thc phm c nh gi trong ming, ngha l khi thc phm c cn, nhai, nut. Qu trnh nh gi bao gm s hot ng tng hp ca nhiu c quan :

H thng u dy thn kinh. Li. Rng M c v gn Li, g m, mi

Ngi ta chng minh rng lc tc dng s gia tng trong qu trnh cn v nhai. Lc cn cc i n 50kg v khi lc cn tng s lm cho s cm nhn p lc trn khp, trn m c, trn gn v rng tng v gy nn au ( iu kin bnh thng lc cn nh hn mc c th gy au). T c th nhn bit cu trc cng hay mm ca thc phm. 2.nh gi cm quan cu trc thc phm bng cc gic quan khc Mt s thng tin v c tnh cu trc ca thc phm c th nhn c trc khi nhai. S nhn bit ny c th thc hin c thng qua cc gic quan khc hoc mt s phng tin khc. 2.1.Th gic S biu hin b ngoi ca mu c th cung cp mt s gi , ngha l khi nhn mu ca qu c th nhn bit trng thi chn ca n t c th s b nhn bit c tnh cng chc ca qu. Khi nhn cc loi rau c th nhn bit tnh trng ti hay ho ca chng, t c th nhn bit c cu trc cng, dn hay mm ca chng. 2.2.Tay hoc cc dng c khc C th nh gi cu trc thc phm bng cch b, un hay p, thc phm cng c th c ct bng dao, m bng na Bng nhng bin php ny c th cho mt s gi v tnh cng chc, dn hay cu trc si ca thc phm. i vi thc phm dng lng v bn lng c th xc nh nht, phng hay dnh bng cch khuy, lc, rt cho chy hoc pht tri ra 2.3.Vai tr ca m thanh trong tip nhn cu trc Cc mu thc phm khi c cn, nhai hay b cc lc tc ng khc s pht ra m thanh. Thc phm c cu trc khc nhau s pht ra m thanh khc nhau.

Do , m thanh nhn c khi nh gi thc phm phn nh cu trc ca thc phm. Tm li nh gi chnh xc cu trc ca thc phm cn kt hp nhiu gic quan, bn cnh cn phi o cc thng s vt l nu c th thc hin c.

Ngng cm gic
Ngng cm gic l gi tr nng ti thiu ca mt cht cn thit gy cho con ngi cm gic c trng. Ngi ta phn bit cc loi ngng cm nh sau :

Ngng cm pht hin : l gi tr nng ti thiu ca mt cht gy c mt cm gic. Ngng cm phn bit (sai bit) : l gi tr khc nhau ti thiu v cng ca mt kch thch nhn bit c s khc nhau . Ngng cm cui cng : l gi tr nng ti a ca mt cht m nu vt qua nng , c quan cm gic s khng nhn bit c. Ngng cm xc nh : l gi tr nng nh nht ca mt cht m c quan cm gic c th phn bit c.

Ngng cm gic c vai tr ln trong nh gi cm quan.Thng qua n ghi nhn cc kt qu tr li ca h thng gic quan v nh gi tin cy ca nhng tr li . Gi tr ngng cm khc nhau ty theo mi ngi, ty theo cht kch thch.

Chng 3: Cc phng php nh gi cm quan

Cc phng php sai bit trong nh gi cm quan
1.Phng php tam gic Mc ch : so snh s khc bit v mt ch tiu no gia hai mu. Hi ng : 10 20 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu : 3 (trong c hai mu ging nhau v mt mu khc). Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c ba mu ghi m s, c bit trc trong c hai mu ging nhau. Yu cu cc thnh vin phi ch ra mu no khc hn so vi hai mu kia. Cc thnh vin cng c th c yu cu nhn xt mc khc bit cng nh so snh cht lng gia mu khc v hai mu kia. Nhng yu cu nu c i vi sn phm cng c th c ngh. Ni dung ca bng nh gi cm quan theo phng php tam gic c th tm tt nh v d trong bng 3.1. p dng : chng minh hoc khng chng minh s khc bit gia hai ln giao nguyn liu hoc sn phm sn xut ra nhng ngy khc nhau, nhng ca khc nhau. Phng php ny cn c p dng hun luyn thnh vin hi ng. Bng 3.1 : Bng nh gi cm quan theo phng php tam gic

BNG NH GI CM QUAN H v tn .Ngy Tn sn phm Ch tiu nh gi Cc mu c b tr v nh gi theo phng php tam gic. Ni dung : 1. Ch ra mu khc bit trong ba mu ghi m s 514 628 ... 771 ... 1. Nhn xt mc khc bit Rt t . Hi nhiu ... Nhiu Rt nhiu .. 1. So snh cht lng Mu khc tt hn .. Hai mu ging nhau tt hn......... 1. Nhng yu cu khc 2.Phng php hai ba Mc ch : so snh s khc bit v mt ch tiu no gia hai mu. Hi ng : 15 30 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu : 3 (trong c hai mu ging nhau v mt mu khc. Mt trong hai mu ging nhau c k hiu R, hai mu cn li c ghi m s). Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c hai mu ghi m s v mt mu c k hiu R. Yu cu thnh vin ch ra mu no trong hai mu ghi m s ging vi mu R. Ni dung ca bng nh gi cm quan theo phng php ny tng t nh phng php tam gic (bng 3.1).

p dng : chng minh hoc khng chng minh s khc bit v ch tiu no gia hai ln giao nguyn liu hoc mu sn xut nhng ngy, nhng ca khc nhau (so vi phng php tam gic, phng php ny d thc hin hn nn kt qu cng km chnh xc hn). Phng php ny cng c dng hun luyn thnh vin. 3.Phng php so snh i Mc ch : xc nh sn phm c cng cao hn v ch tiu no so vi sn phm kia. Hi ng : 15 20 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu : 2 mu c ghi m s . Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c hai mu ghi m s. Yu cu cc thnh vin ch ra xem mu no c cng cao hn v ch tiu no so vi mu cn li. p dng : so snh qui trnh sn xut c vi qui trnh sn xut mi v trong kim tra cht lng sn phm. Chng minh hoc khng chng minh s tng nng ca mt cu t no c trong sn phm. Bng 3.2 : Bng nh gi cm quan theo phng php so snh i BNG NH GI CM QUAN H v tn .Ngy Tn sn phm Ch tiu nh gi Cc mu c b tr v nh gi theo phng php so snh i. Ni dung : 1. So snh cht lng Mu 325 cao hn mu 529 Mu 529 cao hn mu 325..... 1. Nhng yu cu khc .. 4.Phng php xp th t Mc ch : xp th t mt s sn phm theo cng tng dn hoc gim dn v mt ch tiu no . Phng php ny ging nh phng php so snh i nhng s mu nhiu hn.

Hi ng : 10 20 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu : t 3 10 mu. Thng thng l t 7 n 8 mu. Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c mt s mu ghi m s. Yu cu cc thnh vin xp th t cc mu theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn cng v mt ch tiu no . p dng : so snh nhng phng php th nghim trong qu trnh pht trin sn phm v dng hun luyn thnh vin. 5.Phng php so snh a Mc ch : phn hng mt s sn phm theo cng v mt ch tiu no v dng mu chun so snh. Hi ng : 10 20 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu: t 2 15 mu ( c ghi m s) v mt mu chun R. Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c mt s mu ghi m s v mt mu chun R. Yu cu cc thnh vin so snh tng mu ghi m s vi mu chun R, v ch xem mu no c nng cao hn, thp hn hoc bng mu R v mt ch tiu no ri ghi ch s sai bit. Ni dung ca bng nh gi cm quan theo phng php ny c cho trong bng 3.3. Bng 3.3 : Bng nh gi cm quan bng phng php so snh a

BNG NH GI CM QUAN H v tn Ngy .. Tn sn phm Ch tiu nh gi Mu c chun b v nh gi theo phng php so snh a vi mu chun l mu c k hiu R. Ni dung : 1. So snh cc mu vi mu chun R

679

314

572

Ch tiu nh gi c cng cao hn R Ch tiu nh gi c cng bng R Ch tiu nh gi c cng km hn R

1. Ghi ch mc khc bit

Rt t Hi nhiu Nhiu

Kh nhiu Rt nhiu

4.Nhng yu cu khc .................. 6.Phng php so snh i Scheff Phng php ny c m rng t phng php so snh i bi nh khoa hc Scheff (1952) so snh vi s lng mu nhiu hn hai v c hon v theo tng cp mt nh gi, ng thi mc hn km ca cc mu cng c yu cu xc nh. Hi ng t su thnh vin tr ln c chia thnh hai nhm. Nu nhm mt c yu cu nh gi theo ni dung trong bng 3.4 th nhm hai s nh gi theo ni dung trong bng 3.5. Bng 3.4 : Bng nh gi cm quan theo PP so snh i Scheff (nhm 1) BNG NH GI CM QUAN H v tn Ngy Tn sn phm .. Ch tiu nh gi . Cc mu c b tr v nh gi theo phng php so snh i Scheff. Ni dung : So snh cp i hai mu: Ch tiu nh gi ca 632 c cng cao hn rt nhiu so vi 251 Ch tiu nh gi ca 632 c cng cao hn nhiu so vi 251 . Ch tiu nh gi ca 632 c cng cao hn rt t so vi 251 .. Khng c s khc bit gia 632 v 251 Ch tiu nh gi ca 251 c cng cao hn rt t so vi 632 .. Ch tiu nh gi ca 251 c cng cao hn nhiu so vi 632 . Ch tiu nh gi ca 251 c cng cao hn rt nhiu so vi 632. Nhng yu cu khc ............................... .. Bng 3.5 : Bng nh gi cm quan theo pp so snh i Scheff (nhm 2)

BNG NH GI CM QUAN H v tn Ngy Tn sn phm .. Ch tiu nh gi .. Cc mu c b tr v nh gi theo phng php so snh i Scheff. Ni dung : So snh cp i hai mu: Ch tiu nh gi ca 251 c cng cao hn rt nhiu so vi 632 Ch tiu nh gi ca 251 c cng cao hn nhiu so vi 632 . Ch tiu nh gi ca 251 c cng cao hn rt t so vi 632 .. Khng c s khc bit gia 251 v 632 Ch tiu nh gi ca 632 c cng cao hn rt t so vi 251 .. Ch tiu nh gi ca 632 c cng cao hn nhiu so vi 251 . Ch tiu nh gi ca 632 c cng cao hn rt nhiu so vi 251 Nhng yu cu khc ......... 7.Phng php nh v v phn tch m t Mc ch : M t v hoc ch tiu cm quan no ca sn phm di hnh thc nh tnh hoc nh lng. Hi ng : T 6 8 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu : 1 mu Qui trnh : Trc tin, hi ng phi qua nhiu tun hoc nhiu thng lm quen vi sn phm v thut ng v cc ch tiu chnh nh mi, v, mu sc v cu to ca cc ch tiu . Trong phng php nh v mi ch tiu c cho mt bin ty theo phc tp ca ch tiu , mi tnh cht c cho theo thang im 5 im. Qui trnh c thc hin nhiu ln cho n khi no cc thnh vin ng vi phng php. p dng : c c quyn trong vic pht trin sn phm v qui trnh sn xut. 8.Phng php pha long Mc ch : Xc nh ngng cm pht hin v ngng cm phn bit ca mt sn phm trong sn phm khc. Hi ng : 10 20 thnh vin c hun luyn.

S mu : 6 10 (c ghi m s, trong s ny c th c nhng mu ging nhau) v mt mu chun R. Qui trnh : Cc thnh vin nhn c mt mu chun R v 6 10 mu ghi m s cha nng tng dn ca cht f trong sn phm R. Nu ghi m s u tin c th l sn phm R hoc khng phi R, mt hai sn phm cn li c th c nng trng nhau. Sn phm c pha ch sao cho nng f nh nht nh hn rt nhiu so vi nng ngng cm pht hin, v mu c nng f cao nht cao hn nng ngng cm phn bit . Thnh vin c yu cu th mu c nng tng dn bt u t sn phm R v khng c th li cc mu th qua, n khi thnh vin pht hin c sn phm f trong sn phm R th ghi ch li nng v tip tc th cc mu cn li, ghi ch cng tng dn ca sn phm f trong sn phm R, nu c th ghi nhn lun nng ca f. p dng : Xc nh nng thp nht trong sn phm thm vo trong mt sn phm khc. Phng php ny cng c dng hun luyn thnh vin. 9.Phng php cho im Mc ch : Cho im cc sn phm t mt ch tiu cm quan no . Hi ng : 10 20 thnh vin c hun luyn. S mu : 1 15 ( c ghi m s ) Qui trnh : Mi thnh vin nhn c mt s mu ghi m s. Yu cu cho im nhng mu trn v mt ch tiu cm quan no theo thang im m t. Bng 3.6 :Bng nh cm quan theo phng php cho im ch tiu ngt BNG NH GI CM QUAN H v tn Ngy Tn sn phm .. Ch tiu nh gi : ngt Mu c b tr v nh gi theo phng php cho im theo thang im m t Ni dung : Ghi nhn mc ngt theo thang im m t 520

273

861

Khng ngt Ngt rt t Ngt Ngt nhiu

Ngt rt nhiu

Nhng ngh khc ........

Cc phng php u tin trong nh gi cm quan

1.Phng php so snh i Mc ch : iu tra mu no trong hai mu c ngi tiu dng a thch. Hi ng : 75 n hng ngn thnh vin. S mu : 2 mu Qui trnh : Mi thnh vin nhn c hai mu ghi m s. Yu cu cho bit mu no c h yu thch hn. 2.Phng php cho im Mc ch : cho im mt s sn phm v ch tiu no theo s thch ca ngi tiu dng. Hi ng : 75 n hng ngn thnh vin. Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c t 1 n 10 mu ghi m s. Yu cu ghi ch mc a thch theo thang im m t. 2.1.Thang im Hedonic Thang im Hedonic c xy dng theo mc a thch sn phm tng ng vi im t 1 n 9. Ni dung m t theo thang im c tm tt trong bng 3.7. Bng 3.7 : Ni dung m t theo thang im Hedinic

Mc m t Thch cc Thch rt nhiu Thch va phi Thch hi hi Khng thch khng chn Chn hi hi Chn va phi Chn rt nhiu Chn cc

im tng ng 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2.2.Thang im da vo s biu hin qua nt mt Thang im ny s dng cho i tng nh gi l tr em. Ngi nh gi da vo mc vui bun biu hin trong s hnh 3.1 m chn cho ph hp vi mc a thch sn phm ca mnh.

Hnh 3.1: Thang im da vo s biu hin qua nt mt 2.3.Thang im chia bc Thang im ny khng c m t chi tit theo mc a thch nh thang im Hedonic m ch c s biu th ca hai bin. Thng thng thang im chia bc c biu din di dng mt on thng vi hai u l hai cn bin a thch, on thng ny c chia thnh nhiu on nh tng ng vi s thay i mc a thch theo bc.

Hnh 3.2 : Biu din thang im chia bc 3.Phng php xp th t Mc ch : xp th t mt s mu theo ch tiu no m ngi tiu dng a thch. Hi ng : 75 n hng ngn thnh vin. S mu : 3 n 4 mu. Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c mt s mu ghi m s. Yu cu xp th t theo s thch v mt ch tiu no . 4.Phng php iu tra th hiu ngi tiu dng Mc ch : xc nh th trng i vi mt loi sn phm. Hi ng : hng ngn thnh vin khng qua hun luyn, sng trn nhng vng lnh th khc nhau v nhng la tui khc nhau i din cho ngi tiu dng. S mu : thng l 2, i khi s dng mt mu duy nht. Qui trnh : mi thnh vin nhn c 1 hoc 2 mu. Yu cu cho im nhng mu trn theo thang im m t (ging nh phng php cho im).

Gii thiu mt vi phng php mi

3.3.1.Phng php sai s trung bnh Trong phng php ny, ngi ta p dng vo k thut nm. Phng php c xem nh xc nh ngng cm sai bit hoc s khc nhau ng k v mt ch tiu no . Qui trnh c th tm tt nh sau : Thnh vin c cung cp mt mu dung dch chun v mt mu dung dch so snh c lm gim hoc tng nng hn so vi dung dch chun bng mt cch kho lo no . Tip theo thnh vin c gng pha trn thnh mt dung dch ging vi dung dch chun t dung dch so snh. Thnh vin khng th pha c dung dch ging vi dung dch chun mt cch chnh xc, nn ta qui c lch so vi dung dch chun t dung dch pha c c th xem nh ngng cm sai bit ca thnh vin ( tng chnh xc, thnh vin c th thc hin nhiu ln). 3.3.2.Phng php bc thang Phng php bc thang cn c gi l phng php ln xung dng xc nh gii hn s phn bit ca cc thnh vin. Qui trnh c th tm tt nh sau : C mt lot dung dch c nng c sp xp nh bc thang, mt trong nhng dung dch ny c a cho cc thnh vin nh gi. Thnh vin phi nh dung dch , nu khng nhn c dung dch th thnh vin s c nhn mt dung dch k tip c nng cao hn. Nu thnh vin xc nh c dung dch th ln sau s nhn c mt dung dch c nng thp hn. Nh vy, nng ca dung dch m thnh vin s nhn c sau mi ln nh gi tng hay gim l hon ton ph thuc vo cu tr li ln trc. Nh qui trnh ny ta s nhn c th ng biu din nng ca cc mu th sau cc ln th nh hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3 : ng biu din cc nng ca cc dung dch qua cc ln th Trong thc t c nhiu thnh vin dng th thut gip cho s nh gi ca h. trnh hin tng ny ngi ta a ra bc thang i. Bc thang i ging

nh bc thang chic bao gm hai bc thang v sau vi bc thc hin bc thang th nht ngi ta chuyn sang bc thang th hai v c sau vi bc bc thang th hai ngi ta li chuyn sang bc thang th nht.

Hnh 3.4: ng biu din nng cc dung dch nhn c theo bc thang i X l kt qu 1.i vi cc phng php tam gic, hai ba, so snh i ca nhm phng php sai bit Cn c trn s cu tr li ng so vi tng s cu tr li, tra bng thng k xc nh mc sai bit v tin cy. 2.i vi cc phng php cp i, xp th t trong nhm phng php u tin i vi nhm phng php u tin, cc gi tr ngng gii hn c xc nh bng cch s dng cng thc : S gii hn :

Vi

n : s cu tr li K : h s, c cho trong bng 3.8

Bng 3.8 : H s K ng vi phng php cp i trong nhm phng php u tin

Mc tin cy Phng php cp i (h s K ) 0,85

95%

99% 1,16

99.9% 1,55

3.Phng php phn tch thng k (phng php Duncan)

Phng php ny s dng x l kt qu khi nh gi cm quan bng phng php xp th t, so snh a, cho im. Phn tch s liu : Tnh h s hiu chnh CF (Corection Factor) CF = (tng s im)2/tng s ln nh gi Bc t do (Degree of freedom) df

i vi nhn t mu (S) : df (S) = mu - 1 i vi nhn t thnh vin (P) : df(P) = thnh vin - 1 i vi tng s ln nh gi (T) : df(T) = s ln nh gi - 1= [ mu * thnh vin] - 1 Sai bit (E) : df(E) = df(T) [df(S) + df(P)]

Tng bnh phng (Sum of square) SS

i vi nhn t mu (S)

SS(S) = [ (tng s im ca mi mu)2 / thnh vin] - CF

i vi nhn t thnh vin (P) :

SS(P) = [ (tng s im ca mi thnh vin)2 / mu] - CF

i vi tng s ln nh gi (T) :

SS(T) = (im tng ln nh gi ca tng thnh vin)2 - CF

Sai bit (E) :

SS(E) = SS(T) [SS(S) + SS(P)] Bnh phng trung bnh (mean square) MS

i vi nhn t mu (S) MS(S) = SS(S) / df(S) i vi nhn t thnh vin (P) MS(P) = SS(P) / df(P) Sai bit (E) MS(E) = SS(E) / df(E)

Lp t s F (F ratio) F = MS(S) / MS(E) Sai s chun (Standard Eror) SE

4.Phn tch thng k cho phng php so snh i Scheff

* Tnh ton thng k

Mc a chung trung bnh = 1/2 (im trung bnh nh gi ca c hai nhm) nh hng chnh ( nhn t mu):

(mc a chung TB khi so snh AB,AC,AD do nhm 1 thc hin) A =--------------------------------------------------------------------mu Tnh tng t cho B,C v D : (Lu : tng A + B + C + D = 0)

nh hng do thay i th t () c tnh ton theo cng thc sau : (im trung bnh) =-------------------------------(ln nh gi theo tng cp)

Tng bnh phng i vi cc nh hng chnh : SS() = thnh vin * mu * (bnh phng ca cc nh hng chnh)

Tng bnh phng i vi nh hng do th t :

SS() = thnh vin * cpmu so snh * Bnh phng ca nh hng do th t

Tng bnh phng cho tng s ln nh gi SS(T) = (Bnh phng ca mi gi tr im s)

Gi tr sai s chun SE c tnh theo cng thc sau :

Phng php xy dng m hnh nh gi cu trc thc phm

1.Phng php cho im Trong phng php ny mi ch tiu cu trc ( gii thiu trong bng 2.1) c nh gi da theo mt thang im, c th s dng thang im Hedonic hoc cc thang im : 5 im, 7 im.

Ni dung nh gi cu trc theo phng php ny c tm tt trong bng 3.9. Bng 3.9 : Bng nh gi cu trc thc phm theo phng php cho im

2.Phng php so snh hn km vi mu chun Trong phng php ny, cc ch tiu v cu trc ca mu nh gi c yu cu so snh vi cc ch tiu tng ng ca mt mu chun no . Ch c hai mc khc bit c gii thiu l tt hn v km hn. Ni dung nh gi cu trc theo phng php ny c tm tt trong bng 3.9. Bng 3.10 : Bng nh gi cu trc theo phng php so snh hn km vi mu chun

Phng php cho im theo Tiu chun Vit Nam

Trong phng php cho im cc kim nghim vin da vo mt thang im qui nh nh gi sn phm. nc ta phng php ny c qui nh trong Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) 3215 79 : sn phm thc phm phn tch cm quan phng php cho im. Tiu chun Vit nam s dng h 20 im xy dng trn mt thang thng nht c 6 bc (t 0 n 5) v im 5 l cao nht cho mt ch tiu. Su bc nh gi phi tng ng vi ni dung m t trong bng 3.11. Bng 3.11 : C s xy dng thang im nh gi theo Tiu chun Vit Nam Bc nh im cha c

gi

trng lng

C s nh gi Trong ch tiu ang xt, sn phm c tnh cht tt c trng v r rt cho ch tiu , sn phm khng c sai li v khuyt tt no Sn phm c khuyt tt nh hoc sai li nh hoc c hai nhng khng lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li hoc c hai. S lng v mc ca khuyt tt sai li lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, nhng sn phm vn t theo tiu chun. Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li hoc c hai. S lng v mc ca khuyt tt sai li lm cho sn phm khng t mc cht lng qui nh trong tiu chun, nhng cn kh nng bn c. Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li mc trm trng, khng t mc ch s dng chnh ca sn phm . Song sn phm vn cha b coi l hng. Sn phm khng th bn c, nhng sau khi ti ch thch hp vn c th s dng c. Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li mc rt trm trng, sn phm b coi l hng, khng s dng c na.

Gii thiu mt s khi nim o im trung bnh cha c trng lng i vi mt ch tiu l trung

bnh cng cc kt qu nh gi i vi ch tiu ca c hi ng.

o H s quan trng l h s biu th mc quan trng ca tng ch

tiu cm quan ring bit v c qui nh trong tiu chun nh gi cm quan ca tng loi sn phm.
o im trung bnh c trng lng ca mt ch tiu cm quan l tch

ca im trung bnh cha c trng lng v h s quan trng ca ch tiu .

o im chung l tng s im c trng lng ca tt c cc ch tiu

cm quan. phn cp cht lng ca sn phm, ngi ta cn c trn im chung c trng lng. Tiu chun Vit Nam 3215 79 qui nh cc cp cht lng i vi cc sn phm thc phm cn c trn im chung c trng lng nh bng 3.12. Bng 3.12 : C s phn cp cht lng sn phm thc phm da trn im chung c trng lng Cp cht lng im chung 18,6 20,0 15,2 18,5 11,2 15,1 Yu cu v im trung bnh cha c trng lng i vi cc ch tiu Cc ch tiu quan trng nht ln hn hoc bng 4,7 Cc ch tiu quan trng nht ln hn hoc bng 3,8 Mi ch tiu ln hn hoc bng 2,8

Loi tt Loi kh Loi trung bnh Loi km (khng t mc cht lng qui nh trong tiu chun nhng cn kh nng bn c) Loi rt km (khng c kh nng bn c nhng sau khi ti ch thch hp cn s dng c) Loi hng (khng cn s dng c)

7,2 11,1

Mi ch tiu ln hn hoc bng 1,8

4,0 7,1

Mi ch tiu ln hn hoc bng 1,0

0 3,9

t yu cu v cht lng (tng ng t mc trung bnh tr ln), im trung bnh cha c trng lng ca mi ch tiu cm quan phi t t nht l 2,8 v s im chung t nht phi l 11,2 i vi mt sn phm. Ngoi ra, khi tng hp kt qu cui cng cn ch thm mt s im sau y : Nu mt ch tiu no c im 0 th nn tin hnh nh gi li ch tiu . Khi hi ng quyt nh cho mt ch tiu no im 0 th sn phm b nh gi vi s im chung l 0.

Khi nhn xt ca mt thnh vin trong hi ng chnh lch qu 1,5 so vi im trung bnh ca cc thnh vin khc nhn xt ca thnh vin c th b bc b.

nh gi cm quan cc sn phm thc phm theo TCVN

1.Cc bc c bn Khi tin hnh nh gi cm quan mt sn phm thc phm theo Tiu Chun Vit Nam, cn phi xy dng qui trnh chung lm c s cho vic nh gi. Qui trnh gm mt s ni dung chnh nh sau :

S lc v sn phm. Danh mc cc ch tiu v h s quan trng. Xy dng bng im .

2.nh gi cm quan bia theo Tiu Chun Vit Nam 2.1.S lc sn phm Bia c sn xut vi qui m cng nghip bng phng php ln men. Cht lng cm quan ca bia ph thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu, ph liu, cht lng men v iu kin ln men. Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut bia l malt, hoa hp lng,Ty theo thnh phn nguyn liu, ch ln men, loi nm men cc loi bia c th c cht lng khc nhau. 2.2.Chun b mu Bia chai, lon cha m np hoc bia ti ng trong thng kn. Mu c bo qun ni khng c nh sng mt tri chiu trc tip.Trnh di chuyn, lc ng mnh. Nhit gi mu khng c vt qu 250C. Dng c cn thit cho mi thnh vin :

Ci khui nt chai. Ly th bt. Ly th mi.

Chun b mu khi th :

Lau sch bao b cc mu chn, ch ch m np ghp. Ghi m s. Gi mu nhit t 12 n 150C, yn lng t nht 2 gi trc khi tin hnh nh gi cm quan.

2.3.Danh mc cc ch tiu v h s quan trng

Bng 3.13 : Danh mc cc ch tiu cm quan v h s quan trng tng ng ca bia Tn ch tiu 1. to bt 2. trong v mu sc 3.Mi 4.V 2.4.Thanh v Dng bnh m lt v nc trng khng mi v thanh v. 2.5.Tin hnh th

H s quan trng % 20 10 20 50 Trn tng bng 4 0,8 0,4 0,8 2,0

Xc nh trong, mu sc, to bt. o Xoay nh chai quan st cn hoc cc vt th l nh. o Rt bia vo ly th bt. Khi rt ming chai cch ming ly 3cm, nghing mt gc 450. rt n lc mt bt n gn st ming ly th ngng. o Quan st kch thc bt, chiu dy v trng thi lp bt, bn bt cng nh thi gian bt tan ht. o Quan st trong mu sc. o Ghi nhn v cho im. Xc nh mi v : o Rt bia vo ly th mi. o Rt n phn ly c ng knh to nht. Lc nh ly theo ng vng trn vi ln. a nh ly t xa n gn mi. Ngi, ghi nhn v cho im v mi. o Nhp tng t mt s b nhn xt v v. Hp mt ngm bia a v cui li gi khong 1015 giy nh b. Ghi nhn v cho im. o Cho php nut mt t nhn xt hu v.

2.6.Bng im Bng 3.14 : Bng im qui nh sn phm bia theo Tiu Chun Vit Nam

Tn ch tiu Mu sc

im cha c trng lng 5

Yu cu

Trong sut, mu vng rm p, khng c vt th

nh 4 trong 3 2 1 0 5 4 to bt 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 V 5 4 3 Trong sut, mu vng rm, c rt t vt th nh ring bit Trong sut, mu vng rm, c t vt th nh c nh, c kh nhiu vt th nh c, c cn C vt th l nh, mu sc l, vn c nh my Bt rt mn, dy, lin kt, kt dnh bn tt, bt trng Bt mn, dy lin kt bn tt, khng hon ton trng Lng bt t tiu chun, bt khng mn, th, lin kt trung bnh, mu nu nht. Lng bt t, lin kt khng bn, bt to d v Lng bt qu t, lin kt km, bt qu to rt d v Khng to c bt Thm mi hoa hp lng v malt tinh khit c trng, d chu, ho hp Thm, c trng, tinh khit, cha hon ton ho hp Thm c trng yu, cha hon ton tinh khit, mi nguyn liu nh Thm qu yu, thiu c trng, khng tinh khit, mi bia non, mi men r Khng tinh khit qu r, mi men r rt, mi chua Mi chua, mi l Hon ton thm ngon, c trng tinh khit, v ng ca hoa hp lng v malt d chu ho hp Ngon thm, c trng, cha tht ho hp, v ng kh m, cha tht c trng Ngon thm yu, khng hon ton tinh khit, v ng r, m, v ng chy nh

Mi

2 1 0

Ngon thm qu yu, khng tinh khit, c lu v ng mnh, v men, chua nh, nht nho Khng c v c trng ca bia, khng tinh khit r, chua V chua r, c v v lu v l

Vai tr nh gi cm quan trong sn xut thc phm

1.Vai tr nh gi cm quan i vi vic m bo cht lng ti x nghip v kim tra cht lng sn phm

Kim tra cht lng nguyn liu Kim tra qui trnh sn xut Kim tra thnh phm Kim tra thi gian bo hnh Kim tra cht lng nh nc

2.Ci tin cht lng sn phm v to ra sn phm mi ci thin cht lng sn phm ang sn xut hoc a ra mt sn phm mi, trc tin phi thc hin bc th nghim trong phng th nghim, sau l bc sn xut th ti phn xng hoc sn xut th vi s lng t ti x nghip. Trong qu trnh pht trin sn phm cn phi c nh gi mi v v cc c tnh khc. Chnh hi ng cm quan ca cng ty m trch cng vic ny. 3.ng dng trong nghin cu nh gi cm quan ng dng trong nghin cu c tin hnh phng th nghim k thut ca cc x nghip, cc trung tm nghin cu hoc cc Trng,Vin Mc ch nhm pht hin nhng u v nhc im ca sn phm ci tin cng thc pha ch, qui trnh cng ngh hoc tm sn phm mi. 4.ng dng trong hun luyn Nhm o to chuyn gia, luyn tp cc gic quan, thng tho cc phng php v thao tc, x l kt qu nhanh chng. 5.ng dng trong thm d

Xc nh th hiu ngi tiu dng. Pht hin s sai bit. Sai bit u tin. Chn mu hoc qui trnh tt nht. Xc nh mc khuyt tt.

Chng 4: iu Kin Tng Qut Tin Hnh nh Gi Cm Quan

Phng chun b mu
Phng chun b mu thng c xy dng n thng vi phng cm quan v c knh quan st hot ng trong phng cm quan. Phng c thit lp theo nguyn tc phng th nghim ho. Yu cu phng phi sch, khng c cng rnh hoc c ho cht bc mi l v cn c h thng thng gi thi mi ra ngoi. Vch,tng,mt bn.lt gch men hoc bc nha trng. C trang b nhng dng c v thit b cn thit cho vic chun b v bo qun mu nh cn phn tch, cn ng h, bp in, t sy, t lnh,dng c thu tinh, dng c cm quan .

Phng cm quan
Phng cm quan c yu cu tng khng qut vi mu, ch qut vi mu trng, ch dng nh sng trng hoc nh sng t nhin, nhng khng mt tri chiu thng vo phng. Khng c sp xp t linh tinh. Ngoi ra cn m bo yn tnh v c iu kin thng kh d dng. Nhit phng 20 20C, m khng kh 75 90 %. Cm quan vin phi c lm vic trong khong khng gian thoi mi, khng b bt c nh hng g v mi v, ting n, nh sng t bn ngoi. Ch trang b trong phng cm quan cc th cn thit cho vic nh gi vi nguyn tc l ng nht cho mi ngi, hn ch ti a s ch gy mt tp trung cho cm quan vin nh khng lp t h thng in thoi v cc phng tin gii tr. Phng c th sp xp theo cc s sau :

Hnh 4.1: S b tr phng cm quan

1. 2. 3. 4.

Ca chnh Bn cm quan Bn ch tch hi ng Ca s

Phng hp
C th b tr ngay cnh phng cm quan. L ni cc thnh vin ngh ngi, bi dng,ch i v nghe sinh hot. C th trang tr thanh nh gy cm gic thoi mi cho mi ngi hoc c th trng by cc mu chun hoc cc hnh nh v sn phm.

Dng c cm quan
Yu cu dng c cung cp cho nhng kim nghim vin phi ging nhau hon ton v mu sc, vt liu, hnh dng, kch thc m bo cho cc mu c ng nht. Dng c cung cp phi sch s, khng c s dng x bng thm git, ra dng c. Trc khi s dng cc dng c ny phi c kim tra trc,hon ton khng c mi v l. Thng thng cc dng c thy tinh s dng cho nh gi cm quan l cc dng c bng thy tinh khng mu.

Mu v chun b mu
1.S mu v lng mu Nu khng c qui nh g khc, s mu c nh gi trong mt bui khng nn qu 10 mu. V s lng mu, theo nguyn tc chung l cho cc kim nghim vin nh gi tt c cc ch tiu theo qui trnh cm quan cho mi loi sn phm. 2.Bao gi Vic bao gi phi theo cc qui nh ca tng sn phm nhm bo v cht lng ca mu trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun. Ngoi bao b phi c nhn ghi r tn, loi sn phm v cc chi tit cn thit khc. 3.Vn chuyn v bo qun Vn chuyn v bo qun phi theo cc qui nh ca tng sn phm nhm bo m tnh trng cht lng ca mu khng c bin i cho n khi nh gi cm quan. Thng thng mu c bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt, nhit thng, khng c nh sng mt tri chiu thng, khng vn chuyn chung nhng sn phm c mi mnh vi nhau.

i vi cc sn phm ng lnh v sn phm d hng nhit cao, phi ch n yu cu v nhit ca dng c cha mu v bo qun mu cho n khi nh gi. Ngoi ra cn c thi gian n nh sn phm. 4.Chun b mu Chun b mu nh gi cm quan phi theo qui nh i vi tng loi sn phm. Phi loi b tt c cc thng tin, k hiu trn bao b hoc trn sn phm nu c th c. 5.Lm v sinh bao b Mc ch ca vic lm v sinh bao b trc khi chun b mu l trnh bi hoc tp cht ri vo sn phm trong qu trnh chun b. 6.Trn mu Ty tng loi sn phm, ch tiu nh gi v qui nh trong tiu chun m vic chun b mu khc nhau. i vi cc ch tiu cn nh gi trn mt mu chung. V d mu sc, ng u v hnh thi tin hnh m cc n v bao gi, u chung sn phm li vi nhau, trn nh by ln khay hoc cc thu tinh v chuyn cho kim nghim vin. Khi cn thit chia mu nh gi ra thnh nhiu phn nh cn lu lng mu chia cho cc kim nghim vin phi bng v ging nhau. Nhng mu ln phi c ct nh trc khi chia. 7.Ghi m s Mc ch ca vic ghi m s l loi b thnh kin ca cc thnh vin i vi sn phm khi nh gi. M s c ghi gm 3 ch s da theo bng s ngu nhin. Mi mu nh gi c mt m ring bit, ngay c trn hai mu ging nhau. 8.Phn nhm v xp th t mu Thng thng, cc kim nghim vin nh gi cc mu theo th t sp xp nh sau :

Sn phm tt trc, xu sau. C mi t trc, mi nhiu sau. Lu v t trc, nhiu sau. ngt, mn, bo, ru tng t thp n cao.

Tuy nhin ngy nay, ngi ta phc v mu cho kim nghim vin theo ngu nhin trnh nh kin ca cc kim nghim vin i vi sn phm. 9.Mu chun so snh

Mu chun l mu lm chun so snh, c th l mt nh chp, sn phm ti, sn phm cp ng mu chun c th l mu c ch to t yu cu l tng trong tiu chun k thut hoc l mt mu bnh thng c hi ng nh gi cc ch tiu v im c xem l chun. 10.Trnh by mu Cc mu trnh by cho nhng kim nghim vin cng ng u, cng ging nhau cng tt. Lng mu cho mi ngi phi bng nhau v thng chim n 1/3 1/2 th tch vt cha.

Thanh v
Thanh v l lm cho cm gic tr li trng thi sch. Ty theo sn phm nh gi, c th s dng cc cht thanh v khc nhau

Bi dng c hi
Kim nghim vin c th b gim sc kho do th mt s sn phm c tnh c hi nh ru, thuc l Do , nn c ch n ung nhm bi dng sc kho cho kim nghim vin sau khi lm vic, v nu c th th tm bin php trung ho mt phn cht c hi cho sc kho.

Kim nghim vin

Yu cu cn c ca thnh vin trong hi ng nh gi cm quan :

Phi qua hun luyn. Am hiu sn phm. Kim tra mt cch trung thc v khch quan. C kin thc chuyn mn, kin thc phn tch cm quan, am hiu cng ngh sn xut sn phm c kim tra. C kh nng pht hin c s khc nhau gia nhng tnh cht cm quan. Nhit tnh v c sc kho.

Ring Ch tch hi ng cn c kin thc chuyn mn rng, hiu bit, c kinh nghim, c uy tn trong ngnh v c kh nng l lun, dm chu trch nhim trong qu trnh kim tra.

Ph lc
1. Mi trng lactose Cao tht b Pepton 3,0 5,0 g g

Lactose Nc ct

5,0 1.000

g ml

iu chnh pH ti 6,8. Phn vo cc ng nghim ln men. Tit khun 15 pht 121oC. 2. Mi trng lactose c Nc tht b Nc d dy Lactose Nc ct Ton b un si, lc trong, iu chnh pH = 7,20. Phn phi ra ng nghim 10ml.Trong c ng Durham thanh trng 110oC trong 30 pht. 3. Mi trng lactose long Nc tht b Nc d dy Lactose Nc ct Pha ch nh canh thang lactose long. 4. Mi trng pepton c Nc d dy Mui 5. Mi trng pepton long Nc d dy Nc ct Mui 6. Mi trng Uynsn - Ble Thch thng Glucose 1,0 20 lt g 1.500 ml ml 500 5,0 g 1.000 ml 5,0 g 300 ml 100 ml 5,0 600 g ml 600 200 10,0 200 ml ml g ml

un thch v glucose tan u .Phn phi 200ml vo mi ng.Hp thanh trng 110oC trong 30 pht.

7. Mi trng Kessler Sewnariol Mt b (mui mt 4,25g) Pepton Lactose Nc ct iu chnh pH = 7,4. Phn vo cc ng nghim c ng Durham tit khun 30 pht 121oC. 8. Mi trng nc pepton c kali telurit Pepton bt Lactose Kali hydrophotph at Nc ct iu chnh pH khong 7,20 7,40. 9. Mi trng sa pha xanh metylen (Sherman) Ly 2 ng nghim,cho vo 10ml sa v trng (hp 110oC trong 30 pht). Cho vo ng th nht 1 git, ng th hai 10 git dung dch xanh metylen 1%. Nui 37oC trong 24 48 gi theo di s thay i mu ca xanh metylen. 10. Mi trng Saburo - glucose Pepton NaCl Thch Nc ct Bt carot Bt khoai ty Thch Nc thng 12. Mi trng mch nha Bt mch 200 g 10 20 20 1.000 20 20 20 1.000 g g g ml g g g ml 5 5 5 1.000 g g g ml 30 10 10 1.000 ml g g ml

11. Mi trng khoai ty carot (P.C)

nha Nc ct

1.000

ml

Cho nhit ln 45oC,nng nhit dn ln 70oC gi trong 10 pht. ng ha v lc. Phn phi, thanh trng. 13. Mi trng pht hin H2S Pepton NaCl Lactose Glucose Natri hyposunfit St v amon sunfat Phenol 0,2% Thch Nc ct 14. Mi trng to thnh indol Polypepton KNO3 NaCl Nc 15. Nc mui NaCl nc ct 8,5 g 1.000 ml 10 1 5 1.000 g g g ml 20 5 10 1 0,2 0,2 10 13 1.000 g g g g g g ml g ml

iu chnh pH = 7,6

iu chnh pH ti 7,0 .Tit khun trong 20 pht 121oC 16. Mi trng sinh nha bo (gelatin dinh dng 3% mui) Pepton Cao tht b Gelatin NaCl 5,0 3,0 120 30 g g g g

Nc ct

1.000

ml

iu chnh pH ti 7,20. Chia vo mi ng 5ml.Tit khun trong 15 pht 121oC. 17. Thch dinh dng Cao tht b Pepton Thch Nc ct 18. Thch dinh dng mm Cao tht b Pepton Thch Nc ct 3,0 5,0 8,0 1.000 g g g ml 3,0 5,0 15,0 1.000 g g g ml

iu chnh pH ti 7,0. Tit khun trong 20 pht 121oC.

iu chnh pH ti 7,0. Tit khun trong 20 pht 121oC. 19. Mi trng thch mm 3% mui Cao tht b Pepton Thch NaCl Nc ct 3,0 10,0 4,0 30,0 1.000 g g g g ml

iu chnh pH ti 7,4. Phn vo cc ng nghim nh . Tit khun trong 15 pht 121oC. 20. Thch Endo Trypcase hoc trypton Mui mt s 3 Lactose Dikali hydro photphat Thch Natri sunfit 20,0 1,5 5,0 3,5 15,0 2,5 0,5 1.000 g g g g g g g ml

Baz fucsin Nc ct iu chnh pH ti 7,40 .Tit khun 15 pht 121oC, rt vo cc hp petri, mi hp 15ml. 21. Thch EMB Pepton Lactose Dikali hydro photphat Thch Nc ct Eozin Y dung dch 2% Xanh metylen dung dch 0,15% iu chnh pH ti 7,1 7,2. Chia vo cc bnh, mi bnh 100ml. Tit khun 15 pht 121oC. Trc khi dng un chy v cho vo mi bnh 2ml dung dch Eozin Y dung dch 2%; 4,3ml dung dch xanh metylen 0,15%. 10,0 10,0 2,0 15,0 1.000 g g g g ml

Phn II: nh Ga Cht Lng Thc Phm Bng Phng Php Ho L

Chng 5: Phng Php Ly Mu Phn Tch
Mc ch kim nghm
Kim nghim ha l thc phm nhm xc nh :

Thc phm c p ng cc tiu chun ha hc v phm cht v thnh phn dinh dng theo ng nh quy nh . Thc phm c p ng cc tiu chun ha hc v v sinh, h hng hoc b bin cht.

Kim nghim ha l thc phm ch l mt khu trong cng tc kim nghim thc phm ni chung, xc nh chnh xc phm cht v cht lng thc phm cn phn tch trng thi cm quan v vi sinh vt.

S ly mu phn tch

Hnh 5.1: S ly mu phn tch

Cc nh ngha
1. L sn phm

L mt s lng no ca cng mt loi sn phm, vi cng mt loi bao gi c giao nhn cng mt lc.
2. n v bao gi

L dng bao gi trc tip lp li trong l (thng, bao, hp, l,)

3. Mu ban u

L mt phn ca l sn phm c ly ng thi cng mt ch ca sn phm khng bao gi hay t mt ch ca mt n v bao gi.
4. Mu ring

L mt phn ca l sn phm bao gm tt c cc mu ban u ca cng mt n v bao gi.

5. Mu chung

L mt phn ca l sn phm gp t tt c cc mu ban u chn t mt l.

6. Mu trung bnh th nghim

L mu c chun b t mu chung nhm tin hnh cc nghin cu th nghim. Mu phi c bao gi v bo qun trong nhng iu kin cn thit m bo mu khng b thay i nhng tnh cht cn xc nh.
7. Nhm n v bao gi

Ty theo ln ca mt n v bao gi, chia cc n v bao gi thnh 3 nhm :

Nhm th nht : l nhm m hm lng ca mi bao gi khng vt qu ln ca mt mu trung bnh th nghim. Nhm th hai : l nhm m hm lng ca mi bao gi ln hn ln ca mt mu trung bnh th nghim nhng khng vt qu 3 ln ln ca mu trung bnh th nghim. Nhm th ba : l nhm m hm lng ca mi bao gi ln hn 3 ln ln ca mu trung bnh th nghim.

Cch ly mu
1. Trng hp sn phm c bao gi

T l hng c nghin cu ly ra nhng bao gi mt cch ngu nhin. T nhng bao gi c ly ra, ly ra nhng mu ban u. T nhng mu ban u gp thnh mu ring. T mu ring gp thnh mu chung. T mu chung ly ra mt mu trung bnh th nghim.

2. Trng hp sn phm khng c bao gi

T l hng c nghin cu ly ra nhng mu ban u. T nhng mu ban u gp thnh mu chung. T mu chung ly ra mt mu trung bnh th nghim.

ln mu
1. Nguyn tc chung

Mu ban u, mu ring, mu chung phi cng ln khi thnh phn ca sn phm cng km ng nht.
2. ln ca mu ban u

ln ti thiu ca mu ban u c qui nh nh sau : Bng 5.1: ln ca mu

Dng sn phm

Sn phm khng ng nht; sn phm khng ng nht khng bao gi 500ml

Tt c sn phm nhm 1 v 2; sn phm ng nht nhm 3; sn phm ng nht khng bao gi 100ml

Sn phm lng v st

Sn phm m v bt nho C ht < 1mm C ht < 10mm C cc 10 50mm C cc > 500mm (*)

500g 500g 1.000g 4.000g 10.000g

100g 100g 200g 1.000g 2.500g

(*) - mu ban u khng c t hn 5 cc sn phm.

3. ln mu chung

ln mu chung bng tng s mu ban u v chun b mu trung bnh th nghim.

4. ln mu trung bnh th nghim

ln mu trung bnh th nghim bao gm mt lng tin hnh tt c cc nghin cu, vi mi nghin cu ring bit c tin hnh ba ln.

Nguyn tc s dng cc cht ch th mu

Trung ha baz yu bng acid mnh dng ch th mu chuyn mu trong vng pH < 7,0 Trung ha acid yu bng baz mnh dng ch th mu chuyn mu trong vng pH > 7,0 Trung ha acid mnh bng baz mnh dng ch th mu chuyn mu trong vng pH = 4 10.

Bng 5.2 : Bng cc khong pH v vng chuyn mu ca cc cht ch th mu STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tn Metyl tm Thymol xanh Tropeolin 00 Metyl tm Dimetyl vng Metyl da cam Bromophenol xanh Congo Bromoeresol lc Alizarin Metyl Lacmoil Bromoeresol Dung mi nc nc + kim nc nc cn 90o nc cn + nc cn + nc cn 20o nc cn 90o cn 90o cn + nc cn 20o Nng 0,10 0,05 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,02 0,10 0,10,2 0,10 0,10 0,10 pH i mu 0,1 1,5 1,2 2,8 1,3 3,2 1,5 3,2 2,9 4,0 3,0 4,4 3,0 4,6 3,0 5,2 3,8 5,4 3,7 5,2 4,2 6,3 4,0 6,4 5,2 6,8 6,0 7,6 Vng i mu vng - lc - vng - vng lc - tm da cam - vng - vng vng - xanh tm xanh - tm vng - xanh vng - tm - vng - xanh vng nht -tm vng - xanh

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

ta Bromothymol xanh trung tnh Phenol Crezol a naphtolftalein Thymol xanh Phenolftalein Thymolftalein Alizarin vng Da cam G

nc+ a.acetic nc + kim nc + kim cn 50o nc + kim cn 90o cn 90o nc nc

0,10 0,04 0,04 0,10 0,05 1,00 0,10 0,10 0,10

6,8 8,0 6,8 8,4 7,2 8,8 7,3 8,7 8,0 9,6 8,2 9,6 9,3 10,5 10,1 12,1 11,5 14,0

- vng vng - vng - nu hng nht -xanh lc vng - xanh khng mu - khng mu - xanh vng - tm hng vng - tm hng

Chng 6: Kim Nghim Mt S Thc Phm ng Vt V Du M

Kim nghim tht v cc sn phm ch bin t tht
1. Kim nghim tht ti

Yu cu kim nghim

pH tht v nc tht nh tnh NH3 nh lng NH3 nh tnh H2S

Phng php kim nghim 1.1. Phn ng giy qu Dng dao khng r ct mt nht trong ming tht, t vo vt ct 2 ming giy qu (1 xanh, 1 ), gp vt ct li, yn trong 20 pht. M vt ct ra, c kt qu trn 2 ming giy qu :

Nu c 2 ming giy qu u : tht c phn ng acid (tht ti). Nu c 2 ming giy qu u xanh : tht c phn ng kim (tht km ti). Nu mu ca 2 ming giy qu khng i : tht c phn ng trung tnh.

1.2. pH nc tht Tht sau khi loi b cc t chc lin kt v m, c bm nh v cn ly 10 gam tht, ngm vi 100ml nc ct trung tnh trong khong thi gian 10 pht. Thnh thong lc u. Lc qua giy lc v tin hnh xc nh pH dch lc bng pH mt hoc thang so mu . 1.3. nh tnh NH3 ( phn ng EBE)

Nguyn l : NH3 t do c trong ming tht kt hp vi HCl trong mi trng HCl hnh thnh mt lp khi trng NH4Cl theo phn ng : NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl (khi trng) 1.4. nh lng NH3 t do Nguyn l : y mui amoni ra th t do bng cht kim mnh. Dng hi nc ko amoniac c gii phng ra th t do sang bnh chun v nh lng bng dung dch H2SO4 0,1N 1.5. nh tnh H2S (hydrosulfur ) Nguyn l : H2S kt hp vi acetat ch cho sulfur ch c mu en theo phn ng : H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 = PbS + 2CH3COOH nh gi kt qu Bng 6.1 : Ch tiu ha l ca tht ti, tht i

Ch tiu Phn ng giy qu pH nc tht Phn ng EBE Phn ng H2S Hm lng NH3

Tht ti acid 5,4 6,4 m hoc dng tnh m tnh 8 18mg/100g tht

Tht km ti, i kim > 6,5 dng tnh dng tnh 20 45mg/100g tht (> 45mg/100g tht : tht i)

2. Kim nghim tht p lnh

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti. nh gi kt qu Bng 6.2: Ch tiu ha l ca tht p lnh

Ch tiu Phn ng giy qu Phn ng EBE Phn ng H2S Hm lng NH3

3. Kim nghim lp sng

Tht p lnh acid m tnh m tnh 40mg/100g tht

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti.

 nh gi kt qu Bng 6.3 : Ch tiu ha l ca lp sng

Ch tiu chua m Hm lng mui NaCl Hm lng nitrat Phn ng giy qu Phn ng EBE Phn ng H2S Hm lng NH3 pH nc tht
4. Kim nghim vin canh

Lp sng 10 20 30g/100g 3 5% 20mg NO3-/100g acid m tnh m tnh 45mg/100g tht 6,0 6,2

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti. nh gi kt qu Bng 6.4: Ch tiu ha l ca vin canh

Ch tiu m chua Hm lng NaCl Hm lng nit ton phn

5. Kim nghim tht gia cm

Vin canh 5% 4,5 58g/100g 3 5g/100g

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti. nh gi kt qu Bng 6.5 : Ch tiu ha l ca tht gia cm

Ch tiu Phn ng EBE Phn ng H2S Hm lng NH3

Tht gia cm m tnh m tnh 12mg/100g tht ( 35mg/100g tht bo qun lnh)

Kim nghim c v cc sn phm ch bin t c

1. Kim nghim c ti

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti. nh gi kt qu Bng 6.6 : Ch tiu ha l ca c ti,c n

Ch tiu Phn ng giy qu Phn ng EBE Phn ng H2S Hm lng NH3

2. Kim nghim c kh

C ti dng n & ch bin

C thng dng n

C n kim dng tnh dng tnh r > 40mg/100g c

acid acid m hoc dng m tnh tnh m tnh c th dng tnh < 22mg/100g c 35mg/100g c

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti. nh gi kt qu Bng 6.7: Ch tiu ha l ca c kh

Ch tiu m Phn ng H2S Hm lng NH3 Hm lng NaCl T l ct

3. Kim nghim bt c

C kh 35% m tnh hoc dng tnh nh 70 80mg/100g cht kh 25% 0.3%

Yu cu v phng php tng t nh kim nghim tht ti. nh gi kt qu : Bng 6.8 : Ch tiu ha l ca bt c

Ch tiu

Bt c

 m Hm lng protid Hm lng lipid Hm lng tro

5 14% > 70% 4g 20%

Kim nghim tm tp v cc sn phm ch bin t tm tp

1. Kim nghim tm ti

Ngay sau khi nh bt,tm c bo qun lnh bng nc (t l 1 / 1 tm),trong thng tn hoc thng nha cch nhit. Trng hp bo qun tm trong cn x (st) phi c lp cch nhit quanh cn x bng l trm, l da ncT l bo qun 2 / 1 tm. Nhit bo qun tm nguyn liu trong khong t +5oC n -5oC,dng lm nguyn liu ch bin sn phm ng lnh xut khu. Thi gian bo qun cng ngn cng tt,nhng khng qu 72 gi. Tm ti c phn nhm theo loi v c : hng c bit, hng 1 v hng 2
2. Kim nghim tm kh

Bng 6.9 : Ch tiu ha l ca tm kh

Ch tiu Hm lng mui NaCl ,g/kg Hm lng nc ,g/kg

3. Kim nghim mm tm

Yu cu 30 160 180

Mm tm c sn xut thnh cc loi : mm tm c, mm tm lng loi 1(st), mm tm lng loi 2 . Bng 6.10 : Ch tiu ha l ca mm tm

Ch tiu

Mm tm c 26 5 370 500 3,0

Mm tm lng loi 1(st) 20 4 300 600 2,0

Mm tm lng loi 2 16 4 250 700 1,5

Hm lng nit ton phn, g/kg Hm lng nit di dng amniac, g/kg Hm lng mui NaCl, g/kg Hm lng nc , g/kg Ct sn, g/kg

Kim nghim trng v cc sn phm ch bin t trng

1. Kim nghim trng ti

1.1.T trng Bit c t trng ca trng c th bit c ti ca qu trng bng cch th trng vo dung dch nc mui 10% . 1.2. Th nghim lc: Cm qu trng gia hai ngn tay tr v ngn tay ci, kh lc. 1.3.Th ngim soi Nm qu trng trong bn tay, ch h hai u trng, mt nhn vo trng mt pha, cn pha kia soi trn mt ngun sng (c th l nh sng mt tri hoc nh sng ca ngn n in). Kt qu kim nghim Bng 6.11: Yu cu ca trng khi th nghim soi Loi trng Yu cu

- Soi thy mu hng trong sut, vi mt chm hng gia. - Ti kh c ng knh 1cm, ng bao quanh c nh, khng di ng. - p v trng khng c mi, lng v lng trng ring bit. Lng trng mu Trng ti ng u. Lng mu vng nht n vng ng u, dai, ti chc. Khi ra bt khng b v, gi nguyn hnh cu hoc hi xp xung. -Th vo dung dch nc mui 10%, trng ri xung y. -Th nghim lc khng thy c ting ku. - Soi thy c vt mu vi nhiu ng vn. - Ti kh rng hn,ng knh t 1,5 2,5cm, ng bao quanh di ng. - p v c mi khng Trng ti. Lng trng hi vng. Lng nht mu hn, km dai, km chc lu hn. Khi ra bt xp xung, nhng vn gi nguyn hnh trn. - Th vo dung dch nc mui 10%, trng ni l lng trong dung dch, hoc ni ln trn mt dung dch. - Th nghim lc thy c ting ku nh. - Soi thy mu sc khng ng u, do lng b v, dnh vo v. C Trng th c mu xm do trng qu hng, hnh thnh H2S. - Khi p v, hng trng c mi chua hoc mi hi, thi, lng v dnh vo v, hoc chy thnh nc ty theo mc hng t hoc nhiu. Trng - Soi thy c. - V ngoi mu xm, c vn, mi thi t l ca v trng thi ta ra rt kh chu. Trng - Soi thy c nhng vt nu, ni tip nhau bi nhng vn cng mu nu, mc phn ln tp trung trong ti kh. - Mi mc c bit.
2. Kim nghim trng mui

Trng mui hay trng mn l trng ti, ra sch, ngm nc mui hoc bao bi mt lp tro sch trn vi mui. Trng mui luc c lng trng mn, mm, khng c m, lng trng c mu vng sm, c v bo v mn va phi, phn ng H2S m tnh.
3. Kim nghim bt trng

Bt trng gm ba loi:bt lng trng, bt lng trng trng, bt trng ton phn. 3.1.Xc nh ho tan 3.2. Xc nh m Xc nh m bng phng php sy kh nhit 100 105oC trn khong 10g bt trng. 3.3.Xc nh hm lng cht bo S dng bng phng php Soxlet trn khong 5g bt trng, nhng dng clorofooc lm dung mi chit xut (khng dng ete) 3.4.Xc nh hm lng acid bo t do Chit sut cht bo bng phng php Soxlet, vi benzen trung tnh lm dung mi ho tan (khng dng ete). Hm lng acid bo t do tnh bng acid oleic/100g bt trng: [(0,0141 x n x 100)] /P Trong :

n: l s ml dung dch KOH 0,05N s dng chun mu bt trng P:l s g bt trng cn chun 0,0141 l s g acid oleic tng ng vi 1ml KOH 0,05N

nh gi kt qu:

Bt trng tt ho tan hon ton. Bt lng trng c m khng qu 4%. Bt trng ton phn c m khng qu 4,5% . Bt lng trng trng khng qu 7%. Hm lng cht bo khng c di 60% i vi bt lng trng; khng c di 42% i vi bt trng ton phn. Hm lng acid bo t do trong bt trng khng c qu 5,6g acid oleic/100g.

Chng 7: Kim Nghim Mt S Thc Phm Thc Vt V Ng Cc

Kim nghim ng cc v cc sn phm ch bin t ng cc
1. Kim nghim go

Yu cu kim nghim

m chua T l ht gy, ht vng, ht lp, tp cht khc (thc ln, su b,)

Phng php kim nghim 1.1.Xc nh m Xc nh m bng phng php sy kh 100 105oC. 1.2. Xc nh chua nh ngha: chua l th tch (ml) dung dch NaOH 1N dng trung ha tng lng acid t do c trong 100g go. 1.3. Xc nh t l ht gy, ht vng, ht lp, tp cht Sau khi trn u, cn 10g go cho vo khay en, quan st, nht ht gy, ht vng, ht lp, tp cht ring ra tng loi. Cn tnh phn trm mi loi tp cht. Thc hin nhiu ln v tnh kt qu theo gi tr trung bnh. Go bnh thng c t l ht gy khng ln hn 30%. nh gi kt qu Mu go tt khi:

m 14%. chua 4. Cc ch tiu v % go gy, ht vng, ht lp,...ty nhng qui cch c th

2. Kim nghim bt m

Bt m l sn phm ca qu trnh sng lc v xay xt ht la m tiu mch Triticut vulgarae. Ty theo t l xay xt, ngi ta chia bt thnh 4 loi. Bng 7.1: Phn loi bt m

Loi bt - Bt loi c bit - Bt loi 1

T l xay xt(%) 60 70

Hm lng tro(g/100g) > 0,50 0,50 0,75

- Bt loi 2 - Bt loi 3 Yu cu kim nghim

80 90

0,75 1,00 < 1,00

m chua Hm lng v phm cht gluten Hm lng tinh bt Hm lng tro Tp cht: t, , su mt, kim loi

Phng php kim nghim 2.1. nh lng gluten Gluten l thnh phn protid ca bt m gm 2 dng gliadin v glutenin. Nguyn l: da vo tnh cht khng ha tan ca gluten trong cc dung dch mui v vn cc li khi nho trn di vi nc chy trong khi cc thnh phn khc tan hoc tri theo nc, ngi ta tch gluten ra v cn xc nh hm lng ca chng (dng ny gi l gluten t). 2.2. Kh nng ht nc ca gluten em sy kh gluten t 100 105oC n trng lng khng i thu c gluten kh (gluten kh bng 1/3 khI lng gluten t). Kh nng ht nc ca gluten: X = {[(Gu -GK)] / Gu} x 100 Trong : Gu,GK l khi lng gluten t v gluten kh. 2.3. nh lng tinh bt tht Nguyn l: Sau khi loi ra cc tp cht bng cn v eter, tinh bt c ha tan trong dung dch acid HCl v c kt ta bng cn 96o. Ra sch, cn t tnh ra hm lng tinh bt trong nguyn liu. 2.4.Xc nh m Xc nh m bng phng php sy kh nhit 100 105oC cho n khi lng khng i trn khong 10g bt m cn chnh xc. 2.5. Xc nh chua nh ngha: chua ca bt m l th tch (ml) dung dch NaOH 1N dng trung ha ht cc acid c trong 100g bt vi ch th mu l phenolftalein. 2.6.Xc nh cc tp cht st Cc tp cht st bao gm st vn v st mnh. Dng mt thanh nam chm to hai u bc giy bng trng mng, a i a li u khp b mt bt. 2.7.Xc nh hm lng tro

Xc nh hm lng tro bng phng php nung thnh tro trng 550 600oC ri em cn. Hm lng tro (hay tng s mui khong ) dng phn bit cc loi bt. Bt c bit c hm lng tro 0,50% ; bt loi 1 t 0,5 0,75%; bt loi 2 t 0,75 1%; bt loi 3 trn 1%. 2.8.Xc nh t l ct Ct l phn tro khng tan trong acid clohydric nh gi kt qu

m 14% chua 4 Hm lng gluten t t 24 30%, i khi >30% Kh nng ht nc ca gluten: 60 70% Hm lng gluten kh: 8 10% T l ct ti a c php c trong bt l 0,1% tnh trn cht kh. Cc ch tiu c th khc ty tng yu cu xc nh v kt lun.

3. Kim nghim bnh m

Yu cu kim nghim v phng php kim nghim 3.1. Xc nh t trng Tnh t trng ca bnh m theo cng thc sau: d=P/V Trong : P v V l trng lng v th tch ca mi khi 3.2.Xc nh xp C th o xp ca bnh m bng cch da trn t l % dung tch ca l trong bnh m. xp ca bnh m l: [ V - (V1 - V2) x 100]/ V Trong :

V l th tch ca khi bnh m (th d nu ct ng th V= 3 x 3 x 3= 27ml) V1 l th tch ca ete du ha v bnh m bp cht khng c l hng V2 l th tch ca ete du ha ban u.

3.3. Xc nh n hi n hi ca bnh m: E x 100/2 = E x 50 Trong :

E l chiu di ca cnh b p,sau khi b p. 2 l chiu di khi bnh m ct ra

3.4.Xc nh m

Xc nh m bng phng php sy kh nhit 100 105oC n trng lng khng i. 3.5.Xc inh chua Xc nh chua bng phng php trung ho vi dung dch NaOH 0,1N, ch th mu l phenolftalein. 3.6.Xc nh hm lng tro Xc nh hm lng tro bng phng php nung thnh tro trng, ri cn. nh gi kt qu

T trng trung bnh l 0,41 xp t 23 28cm. n hi trung bnh t 97 98 m trung bnh l 40 45%. m trung bnh ca ci l 22%. m trung bnh ca rut l 44% chua khng qu 5 . Hm lng tro khng c qu 2%, gm phn ln l NaCl.

4.Kim nghim m si,m thanh,m ng

Yu cu kim nghim v phng php kim nghim 4.1.Xc nh m Xc nh m theo phng php sy kh n trng lng khng i nhit 100 105oC 4.2.Xc nh chua Xc nh chua bng phng php trung ho vi dung dch NaOH 0,1N, ch th mu l phenolftalein 4.3. Xc nh ho cht cho thm vo m Xc nh hn the bng phng php ln mu vi dung dch cn cureuma hoc chuyn thnh metyl borat ri t c ngn la xanh lc. Xc nh cc cht kim cho thm vo m bng cch do pH dung dch 10% vi giy ch th mu vn nng. 4.4.Xc nh phm mu nh gi kt qu

m khng c qu 12%. chua khng qu 4 5 tu theo loi, ti a 6 Khng cho php s dng hn the. Khng c pha thm bt c mt loi phm mu no.

5.Kim nghim u ph

Yu cu kim nghim v phng php kim nghim 5.1.Xc nh chua

 chua ca u ph biu th bng s ml ca NaOH 0,1N cho 100g u. 5.2.Xc nh m Xc nh m trn 10g u ph theo phng php sy kh nhit 100 105oC cho n trng lng khng i. 5.3.Xc nh hm lng protid Xc nh hm lng protid trn 1g u ph theo phng php Kjedahl. 5.4.Xc nh hm lng lipid Xc nh hm lng lipid trn 10g u ph theo phng php Soxlet. 5.5.Xc nh hm lng tro Xc nh hm lng tro trn 10g u ph theo phng php nung thnh tro trng. 5.6.Xc nh hm lng caxi sunphat C th s dng canxi sunphat ch bin u ph vi iu kin c s sn xut phi c ng k quy trnh sn xut v c quan ch qun chp nhn vi s ng ca y t a phng. nh gi kt qu

chua: 2 m ca u ph khng vt qu 81%.. Hm lng protid trong u ph khng c di 10%. Hm lng lipid trong u ph khng c thp hn 4%. Hm lng tro trong u ph t 0,50 0,55%. Hm lng canxi sunphat khng c qu 1g cho 1kg u ph.

Kim nghim ng v cc sn phm ch bin t ng

1. Kim nghim ng

Yu cu kim nghim

m Hm lng tro sulfat Hm lng saccarose Hm lng ng kh Kch thc ht ng chua.

Phng php kim nghim 1.1. Xc nh kch thc ht ng Dng ry ry ng, kch thc ht ng c xc nh i vi mt c ry khi c 90% lng ht lt qua ry . 1.2. Xc nh tro sulfat

Nguyn l : Dng acid sulfuric long chuyn cc cht khong ca thc phm thnh dng mui sulfat vng bn. Nung mui sulfat thnh tro trng 550 600oC, tnh c % tro sulfat. Tro sulfat x 0,9 = Tro tng 1.3.Xc nh m Xc nh m bng phng php sy kh n trng lng khng i, nhit 60oC trong chn khng. 1.4.Xc nh hm lng tro sunphat Hm lng tro sunfat tnh bng g/100g: [( P - P ) x 100] / G Trong :

G l trng lng ca ng cn ban u nh lng (gam) P l trng lng chn P l trng chn v cn

1.5.Xc nh ng saccarose nh gi kt qu ng saccarose RE :

m 0,25% Tro sulfat 0,14% Hm lng saccarose 99,5% Hm lng ng kh 0,1%

ng saccarose th cng :

m : 2 4% Tro sulfat : 0,4 2,0% Hm lng saccarose : 90 98% Hm lng ng kh: 3 4% Tp cht : 5%

2. Kim nghim ko

Yu cu kim nghim

Xc nh hm lng ng hon nguyn Xc nh hm lng cht bo v cc ch s chng minh h hng ca cht bo.Cc ch s ny phi m tnh Xc nh tinh du v phm mu c thuc loi s trong thc phm hay khng. Xc nh hm lng kim loi nng

 nh gi kt qu

Hm lng nc,ng ton phn,cht bo qun : ty loi sn phm Hm lng ng hon nguyn khng c qu 30%. Cc ch s o h hng ca cht bo phi m tnh . Khng c kim loi nng, trong hm lng ng (Cu) khng c qu 12mg/kg ko.

3. Kim nghim mch nha

3.1. Xc nh hm lng cht kh Xc nh hm lng cht kh bng khc x k. 3.2.Xc nh chua Xc nh chua bng cch chun vi dung dch NaOH 0,1N, ch th mu l phenolftalein, trn dung dch pha long 5%. 3.3.Xc nh hm lng cht m Xc nh hm lng cht m bng phng php Kjeldahl 3.4.Xc nh hm lng tro Xc nh hm lng tro bng cch nung thnh tro trng nhit 550 600oC . nh gi kt qu

Hm lng cht kh trong mch nha t 75 85% . chua ca mch nha tt ti a l 10 (1 l 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng trung ha 100g mch nha ). Cht m trong mch nha chim t l t 4 5%. Hm lng tro trong mch nha trung bnh t 1 1,5%.

4. Kim nghim ng v cc sn phm ch bin t ng

4.1. Kim nghim ng Yu cu kim nghim

m Hm lng tro sulfat Hm lng saccarose Hm lng ng kh Kch thc ht ng chua.

Phng php kim nghim 4.1.1. Xc nh kch thc ht ng Dng ry ry ng, kch thc ht ng c xc nh i vi mt c ry khi c 90% lng ht lt qua ry .

4.1.2. Xc nh tro sulfat Nguyn l : Dng acid sulfuric long chuyn cc cht khong ca thc phm thnh dng mui sulfat vng bn. Nung mui sulfat thnh tro trng 550 600oC, tnh c % tro sulfat. Tro sulfat x 0,9 = Tro tng 4.1.3.Xc nh m Xc nh m bng phng php sy kh n trng lng khng i, nhit 60oC trong chn khng. 4.1.4.Xc nh hm lng tro sunphat Hm lng tro sunfat tnh bng g/100g: [( P - P ) x 100] / G Trong :

G l trng lng ca ng cn ban u nh lng (gam) P l trng lng chn P l trng chn v cn

4.1.5.Xc nh ng saccarose nh gi kt qu ng saccarose RE :

m 0,25% Tro sulfat 0,14% Hm lng saccarose 99,5% Hm lng ng kh 0,1%

ng saccarose th cng :

m : 2 4% Tro sulfat : 0,4 2,0% Hm lng saccarose : 90 98% Hm lng ng kh: 3 4% Tp cht : 5%

4.2. Kim nghim ko

Yu cu kim nghim

Xc nh hm lng ng hon nguyn Xc nh hm lng cht bo v cc ch s chng minh h hng ca cht bo.Cc ch s ny phi m tnh Xc nh tinh du v phm mu c thuc loi s trong thc phm hay khng. Xc nh hm lng kim loi nng

 nh gi kt qu

Hm lng nc,ng ton phn,cht bo qun : ty loi sn phm Hm lng ng hon nguyn khng c qu 30%. Cc ch s o h hng ca cht bo phi m tnh . Khng c kim loi nng, trong hm lng ng (Cu) khng c qu 12mg/kg ko.

4.3. Kim nghim mch nha 4.3.1. Xc nh hm lng cht kh Xc nh hm lng cht kh bng khc x k. 4.3.2.Xc nh chua Xc nh chua bng cch chun vi dung dch NaOH 0,1N, ch th mu l phenolftalein, trn dung dch pha long 5%. 4.3.3.Xc nh hm lng cht m Xc nh hm lng cht m bng phng php Kjeldahl 4.3.4.Xc nh hm lng tro Xc nh hm lng tro bng cch nung thnh tro trng nhit 550 600oC . nh gi kt qu

Hm lng cht kh trong mch nha t 75 85% . chua ca mch nha tt ti a l 10 (1 l 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng trung ha 100g mch nha ). Cht m trong mch nha chim t l t 4 5%. Hm lng tro trong mch nha trung bnh t 1 1,5%.

Chng 8: Kim Nghim Nc Chm - Gia V

Kim nghim nc chm
1. Kim nghim nc mm

nh ngha : nc mm l sn phm ca s thy phn t nhin thnh phn m c bi cc men tiu ha protease v cc vi sinh vt trong thn c, trong mi trng mui m c. Yu cu kim nghim

chua Hm lng mui NaCl Hm lng nit ton phn (N) Hm lng nit formol (Nf) Hm lng nit amoniac (NNH3)

Tnh cc t s :

Phng php kim nghim

Kim nghim chua theo phng php trung ha vi phenolftalein lm ch th mu. Kim nghim nit tng s theo phng php Kjeldahl Kim nghim nit formol theo phng php formol Kim nghim nit amoniac theo phng php Kjeldahl nhng b qua giai on t m. Kim nghim NaCl theo phng php gin tip

nh gi kt qu Mt mu nc mm tt khi :

chua (s ml NaOH 1N dng trung ha 100ml nc mm ) : 4 6. Hm lng mui n (g/l): 250 280. Nit ton phn (g/l) : o 15 - nc mm loi 1 o 11 - nc mm loi 2 o 9 - nc mm loi 3

2. Kim nghim nc tng

nh ngha : nc tng (nc chm) l nhng dung dch m ha tan (polypeptid, acid amin) c hng v c trng v d hp thu m phn ln c sn xut t nguyn liu thc vt nh bnh du u phng, bnh du u nnh, cm loi cht bo v mt phn c lm t xng gia sc hm (magi xng). Yu cu kim nghim

chua Hm lng mui NaCl Hm lng nit ton phn (N) Hm lng nit formol (Nf) Hm lng nit amoniac (NNH3) Tnh cc t s :

 Phng php kim nghim

Kim nghim chua theo phng php trung ha vi phenolftalein lm ch th mu. Kim nghim nit tng s theo phng php Kjeldahl Kim nghim nit formol theo phng php formol Kim nghim nit amoniac theo phng php Kjeldahl nhng b qua giai on t m. Kim nghim NaCl theo phng php gin tip

nh gi kt qu

chua (s ml NaOH 1N dng trung ha 100ml nc chm ) : 8 12 Hm lng mui n (g/l): 200 250 Nit ton phn (g/l) : o 20 - nc chm loi c bit o 16 - nc chm loi 1 o 12 - nc chm loi 2 T s Nf/ N 55%

Thng thng 55 60% i vi nc chm ln men 70 80% i vi nc chm ha gii

T s NNH3/ Nf 30% Kim loi nng : o Pb = 5mg/lt o Zn = 20mg/lt o As = 2mg/lt o Cu = 20mg/lt Khng c c Aflatoxin hay bt k c t no khc.

Chng 9: Kim Nghim Hp, Nc Gii Kht Kim nghim hp

1. Kim nghim hp tht, c Yu cu kim nghim

Trng thi bao b: kn, hnh dng, kh nng sinh kh, b mt bn trong hp, bn ngoi hp,. Trng thi thc phm: qui cch, thnh phn dinh dng,. Tnh trng v sinh: c t, kh nng gy bnh,.

Phng php kim nghim 1.1.Th kn Bc b nhn, ngm hp vo chu nc si, lng nc gp bn ln th tch hp. Nhit nc n nh sau khi ngm hp phi t 85oC, mt nc ngm phi cao hn phn np hp 3 4cm. Ngm hp trong 5 7 pht. Nu hp khng kn s c cc bt kh si ln lng tng. 1.2. Xc nh cc dng phng hp

Phng l: do tc ng c hc t bn ngoi. Dng phng ny ch lm gim gi tr cm qun ca sn phm m khng nh hng n cht lng bn trong. Phng ha: do vt xc bn trong hp to ra mt pin in cc b Fe/Sn/d.d. in phn acid to thnh H2. Phng vi sinh: do ng b ln men to thnh CO2 , m b ln men to H2S.

nh gi kt qu: cc ch tiu qui nh:

Hp phi kn hon ton, khng c vt h mi hn, ch ghp m khng rn nt,khng c ch b bp mo, khng r. Trng thi bn trong hp bnh thng,khng r. c php hoen nh do hnh thnh sulfua thic. Khi trong t m 37oC trong 6 ngy khng c hin tng phng. Trng thi thc phm: bnh thng, ng qui cch,.. Khng b h hng, i thiu, ln men, Tht c tiu th bnh thng khi lng NH3 < 45mg/100g tht; tiu th c iu kin khi lng NH3 khong 45 50mg/100g tht. M: tiu chun theo cc ch tiu thng thng ca du m n. Kim loi nng (mg/kg): o As = 1,0 o Pb = 2,0 o Cu = 30,0 o Sn = 200,0

2. Kim nghim qu ng hp Yu cu kim nghim Tng t nh i vi cc sn phm hp tht, c nh gi kt qu

Qui cch: t l phn qu/ nc ng: o Da c khoanh: 57 65%. o Da ming: 60 65%. kh nc ng (sau 15 ngy bo qun) o bng khc x k: 18 22%.

chua (% acid citric): 0,2 0,4%.

3. Kim nghim hp nc qu Yu cu kim nghim Tng t nh i vi hp qu nc ng. nh gi kt qu

kh: 12 15%. chua: ty qui cch.

* Nc da

Hm lng SO2 ton phn ti a 50mg/lt. Khng c thuc st trng.

* Nc chanh

T trng 20oC (ti thiu) 1,030. chua (% acid citric) 4,9 8,2. Hm lng cht khng tan: 10 15%. Hm lng tinh du (ti a) 5,9ml/lt. Hm lng acid ascorbic (ti thiu) 450mg/lt. Hm lng SO2 ton phn (ti a) 50mg/lt. Khng c thuc st trng.

* Nc cam

T trng 20oC (ti thiu) 1,038 1,054. chua (% acid citric) 7,0 17,5. Hm lng cht khng tan (ti a) 10%. Hm lng tinh du (ti a) 0,5ml/lt. Hm lng acid ascorbic (ti thiu) 44mg/lt. Hm lng SO2 ton phn (ti a) 50mg/lt. Khng c thuc st trng.

Kim nghim nc gii kht

1. Kim nghim ru (etylic) Yu cu kim nghim

cn acid ton phn Hm lng ester Hm lng furfurol Hm lng acid cyanhydric

Hm lng aldehid Hm lng ru metylic

Phng php xc nh 1.1. Xc nh cn cn l s ml ru etylic nguyn cht c trong 100 ml ru th (mu) nhit ng +15oC. Nu ru c tp cht cn t hn 0,5g/l, ta c th o thng cn bng cn k. Nu ru c tp cht cn ln hn 0,5g/l, ta phi ct ly dung dch cn v o cn trn dung dch ct. cn c qui nh o nhit +15oC, nu o nhit khc phi kim tra bng qui v cn +15oC.

ru = V (ml) /100 ml mu ( 15oC) Trong : V l th tch mu th

1.2. Xc nh acid ton phn Bao gm cc acid d bay hi : acid formic, acid acetic, acid butyric, Kt qu biu th bng acid acetic (mg) trong 100 ml ru qui v cn 100o X = 3 x n x (100/A) Trong :

3 : h s, l s mg acid acetic tng ng vi 1ml KOH 0.05N n : l s ml dung dch KOH 0,05N dng nh lng 100ml mu. A : cn ca mu th. 100/A : l h s chuyn ru c cn A thnh ru c cn 100o.

1.3. Xc nh hm lng ester (kt qu thng biu th bng ester acertat etyl) Nguyn l : x phng ha cc ester bng lng cn tha dung dch NaOH, cho tip cng th tch acid cng chun vo mu th, chun acid tha bng dung dch NaOH. Kt qu : X = 8,8 x n x (100/A) x (V/100) Trong :

H s 8,8 : s mg acetat cetyl tng ng 1 ml NaOH 0,1N. n : s ml dung dch NaOH 0.1N dng chun acid tha. 100/A : h s qui i t ru c cn A v ru c cn 100o V/100 : t l pha long.

nh gi kt qu

Cn tinh ch dng pha ch ru c hm lng tp cht (mg) trong 100 ml ru qui v ru 100o

Bng 9.1 : Ch tiu ha l ca ru

Ch tiu cn Acid (acetic) Aldehid Ester Furfurol Tp cht Ru metylic % V

Cn tinh ch 93 96 1,0 2,5 1,0 3,0 4,0 6,0 0 9,0 21,5 0,06 0,2

Cn thng 94 5 11,5 18,6 0 > 45 > 0,2

Cn tinh ch km 93 15 20 50 1,2 162 >1

Ru mi pha ch t cn c hm lng ester cao hn, h s tp cht khong 10 50. Ru sn xut khng qua tinh ch nh Coniac, Rhum, h s tp cht 300 500. Ru a phng qui c c h s tp cht 200 300, kim loi ng ti a 3mg/100ml.

2.Kim nghim bia Yu cu kim nghim

T trng kh ban u (ca dung dch trc khi ln men) kh sn phm cn ( ru) Hm lng CO2 tro Hm lng cc loi ng chua (do ln men xu, tnh theo acid lactic)

Phng php xc nh 2.1. Xc nh chua Xc nh chua trn 10ml bia loi CO2 theo phng php trung ha vi phenolftalein lm ch th mu.

2.2.Xc nh kh Xc nh kh trn 10ml bia loi CO2, c kh ni cch thy, ri sy kh nhit 100 105oC cho n trng lng khng i. 2.3. Xc nh hm lng tro Xc nh hm lng tro theo phng php nung thnh tro trng v cn 2.4. Xc nh t trng Xc nh t trng bng t trng k thng thng 2.5. Xc nh cn ( ru) Tin hnh nh phng php phn tch cn trong ru nh cn ly th tch bia gp i v bia c cn thp. 2.6. Xc nh hm lng CO2 Nguyn l : Cho CO2 t do trong nc gii kht kt hp vi natri carbonat theo phn ng : Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ----> 2NaHCO3 Phn natri carbonat tha s c chun bng dung dch acid chun vi phenolftalein lm ch th mu. Hm lng CO2 t do trong 100ml mu : X = 0,0044 x [ 50 - ( N1 + N2 )] x 1000/ 25, g/l Trong :

N1 : s ml dung dch HCl 0,2N dng nh lng Na2CO3 tha trong chun mu th N2 : s ml Na2CO3 0,2N dng chun cc acid t do trong mu trng, ngha l N2 = ( 50 - n).

2.7. Xc nh kh ban u (extrait primitif) kh u tin l kh ca bia trc khi ln men. kh ny c tnh ton nh sau : Ep = E + 2A Trong :

E : kh ca bia A : lng ru etylic (g/l) ( hay A = cn x 0,7943)

nh gi kt qu

T trng : 1,005 1,020. cn : 2 3o, c khi n 12o (bia en). kh : 20 80 g/l, trung bnh khong 40 g/l. tro : 0,8 6,0 g/l.

chua : 3 4. kh u tin : 6 18 g/100g Hm lng CO2 khong 3 g/l Khng c phm mu nhn to.

3. Kim nghim nc gii kht nhn to Yu cu kim nghim v phng php kim nghim ging nh kim nghim bia nh gi kt qu

chua (biu th bng acid citric) : 1g/lt. ng ton phn (biu th bng ng hon nguyn) : 80 100g/lt. Hm lng CO2 : 2g/lt. Saccarin : khng c c. Acid v c : khng c c. Kim loi nng : khng c c. Phm mu, tinh du, cht bo qun (qui nh cho tng loi sn phm).

Phn III: nh Ga Cht Lng Thc Phm Bng Phng Php Vi Sinh Vt
Chng 10: c im Vi Sinh Vt Trong Thc Phm Khi qut
Lng thc thc phm trong iu kin nhit v m thch hp s l mi trng rt tt cho vi sinh vt hot ng. Bn thn lng thc v thc phm l mt loi mi trng ht sc l tng cho vi sinh vt sinh sn v pht trin. S h hng ca thc phm do 2 nguyn nhn ch yu l ha hc v sinh hc.Trong s h hng thc phm do nguyn nhn ha hc thng do enzym vn c hin din t nhin trong thc phm, di dng nhng iu kin tt yu lm thay i thc phm gy nh hng n cu trc, mu sc, mi v sn phm. S h hng do yu t sinh hc quan trng thng l do vi sinh vt gy ra. Thng thng c mt s vi sinh vt hin din trong thc phm th trc khi chng c em i tn tr, ch bin v di nhng iu kin tt yu ca phng php tn tr v ch bin thc phm s to mi trng thch hp cho s sinh trng ca chng. * Mt s tc hi do vi sinh vt gy ra:

Ng c thc phm : l khi n nhng ha cht c c sn trong thc n v sau b bnh. Nhim c do thc phm: l khi n phi mt lng ln vi sinh vt cn sng v sau b bnh

* Ng c thc phm c 2 l do chnh l do ho cht v do vi sinh vt.

Ng c ha cht thng l tai nn ri ro khi v tnh n phi ho cht nh thy ngn, ch, cyanide, Ng c vi sinh vt xy ra khi n phi cc vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh ra c t.

Ng c thc phm thng xy ra ng thi nhiu ngi, to ra nhng triu chng chung sau khi tiu th sn phm. Tuy nhin mc tc ng s khc nhau ph thuc kh nng p ng vi c t v th trng khc nhau ca nhiu ngi. Cc triu chng thng gp ca ng c thc phm l tiu chy, chng mt, nn ma, au nhc ngi, st v au u. Triu chng ny thay i cc v ng c khc nhau ty thuc vo tc nhn vi sinh vt v c gy ra bi c t do vi sinh vt to ra v tit vo thc phm (trng hp ny gi l ngoi c t) hay bi c t nm trong t bo vi sinh vt (ni c t). i vi nc v thc phm, cc vi sinh vt c cn quan tm cn kim sot l cc vi sinh vt gy ng c v gy bnh. Cc vi sinh vt gy ng c hay gy bnh ngi khi b o thi ra khi c th bng ng phn s lm nhim ngun nc b nhim phn ny. Nc tr thnh mi trng lan truyn mm bnh cho ngi khi nc c s dng m khng c tinh sch ng quy cch. Mt khc trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm, vi sinh vt gy bnh cng c th nhim vo thc phm thng qua tip xc vi b mt thit b, cng nhn. Mc d c th gy ng c, s lng t bo vi sinh hin din hoc c t ca chng tit ra trong thc phm khi c s dng phi ln. Tuy mt vi sinh vt ban u trong nc, trong nguyn liu hoc trong thc phm c th rt thp nhng nhng iu kin nht nh thch hp cho s tng trng v to c t ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ch bin hoc bo qun thc phm, mt vi sinh vt c nhn ln nhanh n mc gy bnh hay sn xut lng c t gy hi. do vy, mt cho php ca vi sinh vt gy bnh trong nc, thc phm l rt thp, trong a s cc trng hp l bng khng.

Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt

1. Cc yu t vt l * Nc v hot ng ca nc (water activity aw ) hot ng ca nc l t s gia p sut hi nc trn b mt mt cht hoc mt dung dch so vi p sut hi nc trn b mt nc sch cng nhit . aw = P / P0 Trong :

P : p sut hi nc ca dch (cht) P0 : p sut hi nc tinh khit

Vi sinh vt c th pht trin trong iu kin nc c hot t 0,63 0,99. * Nhit Vi sinh vt c kh nng pht trin khong nhit rt rng. Tuy nhin trong bo qun thc phm phi xc nh c khong nhit gii hn, vi sinh vt b c ch hoc b tiu dit . Da vo kh nng pht trin ca vi sinh vt nhng khang nhit khc nhau,ngi ta phn loi ra lm ba nhm :

Vi sinh vt a lnh (Psychrophiles) Vi sinh vt a m (Mesophiles) Vi sinh vt a nng (Thermophiles)

* p sut p sut thm thu trong mi trng u trng lm cho t bo vi sinh vt mt kh nng ht nc v cc cht dinh dng ha tan bao quanh, b co nguyn sinh v c th cht nu hin tng ko di. * Cc tia bc x Tia bc x gy nn nhng bin i ha hc v tn thng sinh hc nu c t bo hp th. Bao gm tia t ngoi (UV), tia X, tia Tia t ngoi c tnh st khun mnh nht bc sng 250 280nm 2. Cc yu t ha hc * pH Mi mt loi vi sinh vt c mt khong pH nht nh pht trin v sinh sn. khong pH ny, cc loi vi sinh vt c gii hn pH pht trin cao v pH pht trin thp. Ngoi ra cn c gi tr pH ti u. Cc vi sinh vt thc phm c gi tr pH ti u rt khc nhau. Chnh v th bt k gi tr pH no, trong thc phm cng tn ti vi sinh vt hoc l loi ny, hoc l loi khc. * Cc cht dit khun C mt s thc phm c tnh bn vng trong mt thi gian nht nh l do chng c cha mt s cht c kh nng khng khun. Trong cc cht gia v cha nhiu cht c kh nng khng khun. * Phenol,alcohol Tc dng ln vi sinh vt bng cch gy ng t protein v kh nc mnh do rt nc khi t bo. * Halogen C tnh st khun mnh do tc ng oxy ha, tc ng ln protein ca vi sinh vt, ph hy cc thnh phn t bo.

Chng 11: Cc Yu T C Bn Trong Kim Nghim Vi Sinh Vt

Yu cu trong kim nghm vi sinh vt
1. Yu cu v phng kim nghim Thng thng phng kim nghim cn c phn thnh cc khu vc ring bit nh sau :

Thu mu v lu mu. Ra dng c thu tinh, kh trng dng c, t m mu. Bo qun ho cht Chuu b mi trng. Khu vc thao tc nui cy mu Khu vc thao tc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh

Ngoi ra phng phi c chiu sng y , cn c h thng thng kh m bo ngn s ng bi v khng cho lan truyn cc bo t nm cng nh cc vi sinh vt khc. Khu vc thao tc nui cy nn c lp t n t ngoi m bo tit trng khng kh v khng gian thao tc. Khu vc ny c trang b my iu ho khng kh. Mt khc cn lu nn hn ch hoc khng dng qut trong phng kim nghim vi sinh v trnh lm mi trng, ha cht trc tip di nh nng mt tri. 2. Cc quy tc an ton trong phng kim nghim vi sinh vt Thao tc an ton l yu cu cc k quan trng trong kim nghim vi sinh vt. Khi lm vic vi vi sinh vt chng ta thng thao tc vi s lng rt ln v m c t bo vi sinh vt ( mc 109t bo/ml). Do vy cn tun th mt s quy tc an ton m bo an ton cho bn thn v cho nhng ngi khc trong phng th nghim nh sau:

Nm vng nguyn tc, phng php lm vic vi vi sinh vt . Khng n ung, ht thuc trong phng kim nghim, mang khu trang khi thao tc vi vi sinh vt . Mc o blouse trong thi gian lm vic. Trc khi bt u lm vic cn st trng mt bn bng giy lau tm cn 700 hoc dung dch cht dit khun khc, kh. Thc hin tng t cho hai tay. Ch cha t n cn hoc n Busen khi tay cha kh cn. Lp li vic st trng ny khi hon thnh cng vic. Cn ghi ch tn chng, ngy thng th nghim ln tt c cc hp petri, ng nghim mi trng, bnh nui cy. Khi l tay lm , nhim vi sinh vt ra ni lm vic, dng khn giy tm cht dit khun lau k, sau thc hin kh trng li bn lm vic. Cn thn khi thao tc vi n cn hoc n Bunsen. Tt ngn la khi cha c nhu cu s dng hoc ngay sau khi thc hin xong mi thao tc.

Lu trnh a tay, tc qua ngn la. Cn c cch bo v tc thch hp trng hp c tc di. S dng qu bp cao su khi thao tc ng ht nh lng (pipet) khng ht bng ming. Khi lm v dng c thy tinh, cn thn mang gng tay thu gom tt c mnh v vo mt ti rc ring. Tch ring cht thi rn v cht thi lng Tt c cht thi rn, mi trng cha hoc nhim vi sinh vt cn c hp kh trng trc khi thi b vo cc bi rc. Cc dng c, bnh cha nhim vi sinh vt cn c ngm vo dung dch cht dit khun (nc javel) trc khi ra v ti s dng. Cn gi hoc rng bng bng keo khi t chng cc hp petri ln nhau. Khng m hp petri v dng mi ngi trnh nhim vi sinh vt vo ng h hp. Khi t que cy c dnh sinh khi vi sinh vt, cn t vng hoc u que cy vo chn ngn la trnh s vng nhim vi sinh vt vo khng kh. St trng v ra tay sch s trc khi ri phng th nghim.

Dng c v thit b

Dng c thy tinh : ng nghim, a petri, n cn, cc thy tinh, ng ht, bnh tam gic, ng ong, Cc loi que cy :que cy thng, que cy vng, que cy mc. Nhit k pH k Cn T sy My ct nc T m My lc T lnh n t ngoi Ni hp T cy v trng Knh hin vi,.

Cc thnh phn ch yu trong mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt

1. Nc Nc l thnh phn khng th thiu c trong mi trng nui cy, l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh s pht trin ca mi vi sinh vt. S trao i cht, qu trnh sinh tng hp cu trc t bo, trong mi trng khng c nc mi hot ng dinh dng u b dng li, bi trng thi kh mi dinh dng u khng th thm nhp vo t bo.

2. Thch (agar) Thch l mt loi polygalactoside thu c t mt s loi to thuc lp Rhodophyceae (v d nh rong cu, rt ph bin mt s vng ven bin Vit Nam), rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt khng dng n lm c cht dinh dng. Nng thch hp lm mi trng rn thng dng l 1 2%. Nu mi trng c gi tr pH thp hn 5,0 nng thch cn tng ln 2 2,2% hoc tt nht l chnh pH sau khi kh trng mi trng. 3. Pepton Pepton (sn phm phn gii protein) c dng trong cc mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt d dng. Ty theo ngun protein (nh casein, gelatin, tht, bt u nnh,) v loi tc nhn phn gii chng, ngi ta sn xut nhiu loi pepton dng cho cc mc ch nui cy khc nhau.

Pepton tryticase (pepton t casein dng pancreatic) Pepton phytone (hay pepton papainic t bt u nnh) Pepton tht - sn phm phn gii tht bng pepsin Pepton polypeptone (hay universal peptone) l hn hp nhiu loi pepton (t casein, tht, u nnh)

4. Meat extract Cao tht c ch bin t tht v x l s b bng men phn gii protein trc khi trch ly v c c. y l mt thnh phn dinh dng cc tt. 5. Yeast extract c ch bin bng cch ng kh nm men qua qu trnh t phn gii. Yeast extract thng c b sung vo mi trng vi nng 3g/l 6.Bt gan c ch bin bng cch lm kh v nghin nh gan b ti, dung dch dinh dng t bt gan rt thch hp cho vic nui dng cc vi sinh vt k kh. 7. Cc ch phm t mt b Thng c dng trong cc mi trng chn lc hoc phn lp do c kh nng kch thch s pht trin ca h vi sinh vt ng rut v c ch cc vi khun gram dng. 8. Cc c ch th phn ng sinh ha Cc tnh cht sinh ha l nhng ch tiu chun quan trng nht nh danh v phn loi vi sinh vt. Cc tnh cht ny c xc nh bi kh nng ca vi sinh vt sn sinh ra nhng loi men nht nh c tc dng phn gii hoc lm bin i nhng c cht tng ng. Bn cht ca cc test sinh ha l dng nhng c cht nht nh th kh nng phn gii hoc bin i chng ca cc dng vi sinh vt c cy vo trong mi trng. Cc vi sinh vt c kh nng to ra nhng men tc dng ln cc c cht tng ng s to nn nhng cht mi trong mi trng. S xut hin cc cht mi

ny c th nhn bit c bng thuc th hoc nhng cht ch th mu ph hp cho thy s thay i pH trong mi trng.

X l mi trng trong kim nghim

1. Bo qun Cc mi trng ng kh cn c bo qun ni kh, tt vi nhit trung bnh khong 15 20oC, lun y np kn trnh hi nc xm nhp. 2. Pha ch pha ch mi trng ng kh phi lun dng nc sch, nc ct hoc nc khong c pH trung tnh. Khng nn pha qu 1 2 lt trong mt bnh. 3. Kh trng Mi trng ty theo loi thng c kh trng bng ni thanh trng autoclave 121oC trong 15 pht (khng k thi gian nng nhit). 4. a Mi trng thng c ra a nhit 45 55oC nhm trnh s ngng kt hi nc trn b mt da petri. 5. Chun b mi trng thch nghing Cc ng nghim cha mi trng thch kh trng vn cn lng c t sao cho phn mt nghing v phn y u di khong 3cm v c ng li trong trng thi y. 6. Bo qun mi trng pha ch Mi trng pha cn c gi trong iu kin lnh v ti t 1 6oC hoc c th bo qun nhit cao hn khong 10 15oC. Mi trng thch khng c gi di 0oC bi nhit ny s ph v cu trc gel ca mi trng. 7. Kh trng vt liu nui cy sau khi s dng Mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt v cc vt liu b nhim cn c kh trng, hy b hoc lm sch mt cch ph hp. Vic kh trng bng x l nhit ng vai tr c bit quan trng trc khi lm sch hoc loi b cc vt liu sau khi nui cy. i vi dng c thy tinh dng nhiu ln (bnh tam gic hoc ng nghim) c th kh trng bng autoclave 121oC trong khong 30 pht.

Chng 12: Phng Php Thu, Bo Qun V Chun B Mu

Phng php thu v bo qun mu
1.Phng php thu mu v bo qun mu nc V nguyn tc cn thu mu sao cho c tnh i din cho khi nc cn kim nghim. Khi thu mu nc cn ch :

S dng bnh thu mu loi dng mt ln hoc c th dng nhiu ln. Trng hp dng bnh cha nhiu ln, cht liu ca bnh phi cho php kh trng lp li nhiu ln m khng to ra cc tp cht nh hng n s tng trng ca vi sinh vt. Khi cn thit phi b sung tc cht v trng trung ho cc d lng cht dit khun hin din trong nc. Tc cht trung ho ny phi khng nh hng n sc sng hoc s tng trng ca vi sinh vt . Lu trnh gy tp nhim mu trong lc thu mu bo qun v vn chuyn mu. Trn mi bnh cha cn ghi ch r rng, y cc thng tin cn thit lin quan n mu (a im, thi gian, mc ch, ngi thu) Mu nn c phn tch trong vng 6 gi sau khi thu mu. Do vic phn tch thng c tin hnh phng th nghim nn cn vn chuyn mu t ni thu mu n phng th nghim

2.Phng php thu mu v bo qun mu thc phm Tiu chun quy nh v mt cho php ca cc vi sinh vt trong thc phm thay i ty theo nhm vi sinh vt cn phn tch, i tng thc phm, tiu chun v v sinh an ton thc phm ca tng nc. i vi vi sinh vt gy bnh, mc nguy him cao, tiu chun thng c quy nh khng cho php c s hin din ca vi sinh vt gy bnh trong mt n v khi lng thc phm nht nh. Tuy nhin, kt qu phn tch, nh lng vi sinh vt trong tng mu thc phm thng khng phn nh chnh xc mt vi sinh vt thc t hin din trong mu. Do vy, thng thng cn thc hin vic nh lng trn mt s mu xc nh v s dng nhng khong gii hn quy c nhn nh kt qu Trong cc nh my sn xut ch bin thc phm v nguyn tc mu cn c thu ti nhiu thi im v cng on khc nhau trong qu trnh sn xut, trnh vic thu ch ti mt thi im mt v tr hay cng on.

Dng c cha mu, vn chuyn v bo qun mu

1.Dng c thu cha mu Dng c thu mu thay i tu theo loi thc phm. Trng hp thc phm ng lnh, c th s dng cc ng khoan tay v trng, cc dao c st trng tch hm lng mu cn thit sau dng tha, ko cho mu vo dng c cha. i vi cc loi mu nh tht hay c, ni nhim vi sinh vt ch yu l b mt. Do vy c th s dng que bng v trng qut mt din tch b mt nht nh hay ct lt vi b dy t 2 3mm thu mu. Dng c cha mu thng l cc bnh nha c np bng nhm hay bng cht do, bao nylon cha mu. Trnh s dng cc bnh bng thy tinh cha mu v d v.

2. Vn chuyn v bo qun mu Mu sau khi thu c bo qun mt cch c lp vi nhau trong cc thng bo qun mu c lm lnh bng cc bao nc . Nc phi khng c tan chy trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn mu v phng th nghim. Ti phng th nghim mu c chuyn vo trong t ng v c phn tch ngay khi c th. Nu khng phn tch ngay mu phi c bo qun -200C cho n khi phn tch. Trng hp mu khng th bo qun ng th c th c bo qun trong t lnh 0 40C nhng khng c qu 36 gi. Cc loi thc phm nh hp, thc phm c m thp hay thc phm kh h hng c th c bo qun nhit phng cho n khi phn tch.

Chun b mu
1. Nhng iu cn thit nh s mu kim nghim vi sinh vt Bn cht ca thc n v cch thc dng thc n (n sng, ch bin, n ngay sau khi nu, nng hay t lnh, thc n c nu li trc n hoc khng), ngi n (ngi khe mnh, tr em, ngi ln tui, ngi m,). Nhn chung s mu c tng dn ln khi vi sinh vt ch im bo hiu vi sinh vt gy bnh mc trung bnh ti mc nghim trng v phi tnh n kh nng ca phng th nghim v chi ph cho vic phn tch cng nh phi tnh n kh nng ca cng nghip i vi tiu chun mong mun. y ban Quc t v k thut vi sinh thc phm (The International Commission of Microbiological Specification for Foods - ICMSF) a ra k hoch chn mu trn c s thng k cho cc nc trn th gii, theo bng k hoch hng dn th m v M l s lng vi sinh c mt trong mt ml hoc 1g thc n.

Khong chp nhn (m): khi mt vi sinh vt nm di mt tr s l m. Khong khng chp nhn (M): khi mt vi sinh vt cao hn mt tr s gii hn l M. Thng thng tr s gii hn M ln hn t nht 10 ln tr s m. Khong ln cn gii hn (C): khi mt vi sinh vt ln hn m nhng nh hn M.

2. K hoch mu

K hoch hai lp thuc tnh

K hoch ny da trn kt lun dng hoc hy b v c biu th: - n = 10, c = 0 : ngha l 10 n v mu c kim nghim, khng c c mt n v no dng tnh (c vi sinh vt). Nu c l ton l mu phi loi b. - n = 10, c =2 : ngha l trong 10 n v mu kim nghim c mt hoc hai n v mu c vi sinh vt th l c chp nhn, cn trn hai mu th phi b c l.

K hoch ba lp thuc tnh

K hoch ny c biu th : n, c, m, M. Mt n v mu no y c th c chp nhn hon ton mt phn hoc b loi b. y kt qu ca n v mu trn gi tr m c chp nhn khi n v khng nhiu hn c m khng k n kt qu m l bao nhiu cng nh vt qu M. So vi k hoch hai lp k trn th k hoch ny c s phn bit gia m v M khi gi tr vi sinh vt trn M. 3.Chun b mu Chun b mu: trong a s cc trng hp, mu nc v thc phm khng cn x l g c bit trc khi phn tch vi sinh vt. Khi cn thit mu cn c pha long thp phn c cc pha long cn thit bng nc ct, nc mui hay mi trng lng v trng. * Gii ng mu trc khi phn tch. Mu ng lnh phi c gii ng trong iu kin v trng trc khi c phn tch. Trng hp phi phi trn mu trc khi phn tch, mu phi c gii ng bn trong cc dng c cha c s dng thu mu v chuyn mu v phng th nghim, khng chuyn mu sang dng c cha khc. Vic gii ng c thc hin nhit 2 5 0C trong khong 18 gi. Khi cn thit, c th gii ng nhanh 450C trong 15 pht. Trng hp ny, cn lin tc lc bnh cha mu lm tng tc gii ng v lm ng nht nhit bn trong mu. * ng nht mu Do s phn b khng ng u ca vi sinh vt bn trong mu nn mu cn c lm ng nht trc khi phn tch. Vic ng nht cc mu lng c thc hin bng cch lc k trc khi phn tch. Cc mu rn c lc hay o trn bng cc dng c chuyn dng v d nh thit b dp mu trong iu kin v trng sau khi mu c ng nht, ty yu cu ca ch tiu phn tch, thc hin thu mt lng xc nh ca mu tin hnh phn tch. * Cn mu Cn chnh xc mt lng mu xc nh tin hnh phn tch ty theo yu cu ca ch tiu phn tch vi sai s cho php l 0,1gam. Lng mu ny c cho vo trong cc bnh cha bng nha hay cc bao nha v trng.

Chng 13: Phng Php nh Lng Vi Sinh Vt Phng php m trc tip
Mt vi sinh vt n bo c kch thc ln nh nm men, to c th c xc nh bng cch m trc tip bng bung m trn knh hin vi.

Quy trnh m trc tip cho php xc nh nhanh chng mt vi sinh vt trong mu nhng phng php ny c mt s nhc im l khng phn bit c gia t bo sng v t bo cht, d nhm ln t bo vi sinh vt vi cc ht vt th khc trong mu, kh t c chnh xc cao, khng thch hp cho huyn ph vi sinh vt c mt thp.

Phng php m khun lc

Khc vi phng php m trc tip, phng php m khun lc cho php xc nh s lng t bo vi sinh vt cn sng hin din trong mu. T bo sng l t bo c kh nng phn chia to thnh khun lc trn mi trng chn lc. Do vy phng php ny c tn gi l phng php m khun lc (colony count) hay m a (plate count). Phng php ny c c im l cho php nh lng chn lc vi sinh vt ty mi trng v iu kin nui cy. Mc d vn cn mt s nhc im nhng phng php m khun lc vn l phng php tt nht xc nh mt t bo sng. Ngoi ra phng php ny c u im l nhy cao, cho php nh lng vi sinh vt mt thp trong mu. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong kim nghim vi sinh vt trong nc, thc phm.

Phng php mn lc
Phng php ny thng c dng nh lng vi sinh vt ch th trong mu nc khi tin hnh cc th nghim mi trng ni c mt vi sinh vt tng i thp. Phng php ny gm bc lc tp trung vi sinh vt trong mu nc trn mng lc v xc nh s t bo vi sinh vt da vo s khun lc m c sau khi t mng lc ln trn mi trng thch c thnh phn dinh dng thch hp cho loi vi sinh vt cn kim. Da trn khi lng mu nc ban u v quy c l mi khun lc c hnh thnh t 1 t bo vi sinh vt, ngi ta quy c ra s lng vi sinh vt c trong mt n v th tch nc. Nh vy, phng php ny l s kt hp ca phng php lc v trng v phng php m khun lc trn a petri.

Phng php MPN

L phng php s c xc sut cao nht, s ti kh hay l phng php pha long ti hn hay phng php chun . y l phng php dng nh gi s lng vi sinh vt theo s lng vi sinh vt c xc sut ln nht hin din trong mt n v th tch mu. y l phng php nh lng da trn kt qu nh tnh ca mt lot th nghim c lp li mt s pha long khc nhau. Thng thng vic nh lng ny c thc hin lp li 3 ln 3 pha long bc 10 lin tip, tng cng 3 x 3 = 9 ng nghim.

 chnh xc ca tr s MPN ph thuc vo s lng ng nghim lp li trong mi pha long : s lng ng nghim lp li cng cao th chnh xc ca tr s MPN cng ln. Phng php MPN c th dng nh lng mi nhm vi sinh vt c th c nui cy trong mi trng lng chn lc v cho kt qu biu kin thch hp.

Phng php o c
Ngoi cc phng php nu trn, mt vi sinh vt c th c xc nh mt cch gin tip thng qua c. Khi mt pha lng c cha nhiu phn t khng tan th s hnh thnh mt h huyn ph v c c bi cc phn t hin din trong mi trng lng cn nh sng, lm phn tn chm nh sng ti. T bo vi sinh vt l mt thc th nn khi hin din trong mi trng cng lm mi trng tr nn c. c ca huyn ph t l vi mt t bo. Trong mt gii hn nht nh ca c v mt t bo, c th xc lp c quan h t l tuyn tnh gia mt t bo v c. Do vy c th nh lng mt t bo mt cch gin tip ni tip thng qua c bng my so mu cc bc sng t 550 610nm. Trong trng hp ny,trc tin cn phi thit lp c quan h tuyn tnh gia c v mt t bo bng cch s dng mt s huyn ph t bo c c xc nh v mt t bo ca mi huyn ph c xc nh bng phng php m trc tip khc, v d nh phng php m khun lc, phng php m trc tip...

Chng 14: Kim Tra Vi Sinh Vt Trong Thc Phm c tnh ca mt s vi sinh vt tiu biu
1. Vi sinh vt hiu kh Vi khun hiu kh l nhng vi khun tng trng v hnh thnh khun lc trong iu kin c s hin din ca oxy phn t. Tng s vi khun hiu kh hin din trong mu ch th mc v sinh ca thc phm. Ch s ny c xc nh bng phng php m khun lc mc trn mi trng thch dinh dng t mt lng mu xc nh trn c s xem mt khun lc l sinh khi pht trin t mt t bo hin din trong mu. Ch tiu tng vi sinh vt hiu kh c dng nh gi cht lng ca mu v vi sinh vt, nguy c h hng, thi hn bo qun ca sn phm, mc v sinh trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun sn phm 2. Coliforms v Escherichia coli (E.coli) * Coliforms Coliforms l nhng trc khun hnh gy, gram m (-), khng sinh bo t, hiu kh hoc k kh ty . Chng c kh nng pht trin nhit rt rng t -2oC n 50oC, pH trong khong 4,4 9,0. Coliforms c kh nng ln men lactose sinh acid v sinh hi 370C trong 24 48gi.

Coliforms hin din rng ri trong t nhin trong rut ngi, ng vt. Khi s Coliforms ca thc phm cao th kh nng hin din ca cc vi sinh vt gy bnh khc cng cao . Coliforms chu nhit l nhng Coliforms c kh nng ln men lactose sinh hi trong khong 24 gi khi c 440C tromg mi trng canh EC. Coliforms phn l Coliforms chu nhit c kh nng sinh indole khi c khong 24 gi 45,50C trong canh Trypton. Coliforms phn l mt thnh phn ca h vi sinh vt ng rut ngi v cc ng vt mu nng khc v c s dng ch th mc v sinh trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun, vn chuyn thc phm, nc ung. Colifocm bao gm nhng chng nh Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Kiobsielia v Serratia. * E.coli T nm 1700 ngi ta pht hin E.coli l mt loi vi sinh vt gy bnh (Niel M.A. Tarr P.I,1994). Nm 1885 nh khoa hc ngi c l Theodor Escherich tch c loi vi sinh vt ny t phn tr em b bnh. Sau ny vi khun ny c mang tn ng. Nm 1971 ngi ta xp chng vo nhm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trong thc phm v l mt vi sinh vt ch th nhim trng thc phm. E.coli thuc h Enterbacteriaceae, catalose (+), oxidase (-), gram (-), trc khun ngn, khng to bo t, chu c nhit, khng b hy khi un nng 100oC trong 2 gi. E.coli c th khng cn, khng b hy khi tip xc vi cn 50%, b hy bi focmol 5%, c kh nng pht trin nhit t 30 50oC, nhit pht trin ti u ca chng l 37oC, pht trin pH ti u l 4,4 v aw ti u l 0,95. E.coli sng rut gi ca ngi v ca ng vt, c kh nng ln men nhiu loi ng, sinh hi, c kh nng kh nitrat thnh nitrit. Kh nng gy bnh rt a dng v nguy him. 3. Staphylococcus Nm 1894 J.Denys l ngi u tin nghin cu v Staphylococcus v cc c t ca chng trong thc phm. Nm 1914 Barber v sau 1930 GM.Dack tm thy Staphylococcus trong sa. Hin nay, ngi ta tm thy tt c 31 loi Staphylococcus. Staphylococcus l loi cu khun gram (+), cc t bo ca chng lin kt thnh hnh chm nho. Khi pht trin trong mi trng, Staphylococcus c kh nng to ra sc t t mu trng n vng sm, nhit 20 25oC thch hp nht cho chng to mu. Staphylococcus khng di ng, khng to bo t, nhit thch hp cho s pht trin l 37oC, chu c s kh hn, hi nng ( nhit 50oC chng vn sng trong 30 pht), c kh nng sng nng mui 9 10%.

Staphylococcus pht trin pH rt rng (pH = 4,0 9,8). Khong pH ti u ca chng l 6 7 v aw ti u khong 0,83 0,86. Staphylococcus c kh nng ln men v sinh acid t manitol, trehalose, sucrose. Staphylococcus c phn b khp ni nhng ch yu c phn lp t da v mng nhy ca ngi v ng vt mu nng. Staphylococcus c th nhim vo trong thc phm qua con ng tip xc vi ngi thao tc trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm. S hin din vi mt cao ca Staphylococcus trong thc phm ch th iu kin v sinh v kim sot nhit km ca qu trnh ch bin . 4. Faecal streptococcus (Streptococcus phn) Streptococcus phn l cc lin cu khun c ngun gc t phn, c hnh cu hay hnh ovan ko di, garm (+), thng t tp thnh tng i hay tng chui, khng di ng, khng sinh bo t. Cc loi ny sng hiu kh ty nhng pht trin tt trong iu kin k kh. Streptococcus c s dng nh l ch th cht lng v sinh thc phm Cu khun ng rut trong thc phm l Streptococcus faecalis v S. faecium . C hai loI ny c tr t nhin trong ng rut ca ngi v ng vt, l ch im v sinh v vi khun c sc khng tng i cao vi thi tit , nhit cao, v cht ty. 5. Salmonella Trc nm 1983 cc nh khoa hc chia Salmonella ra lm 3 loi da theo phn ng sinh ha m chng tham gia : S.typhi, S.choleraesuis,S. enteridis Salmonella l trc khun garm (-), hiu kh v k kh ty , c kh nng di ng khng to bo t, ln men glucose v manitol sinh acid nhng khng ln men sacarose v lactose, khng sinh indole, khng phn gii ur khng c kh nng tch nhm amin t tryptophane,hu ht cc chng u sinh H2S . pH ti u cho chng pht trin nm trong vng trung tnh, tuy nhin i khi pht trin trong vng pH t 4 9, khng c kh nng pht trin nng mui cao. Vi khun Salmonella tn ti trong c th nhiu loi ng vt v c th gy bnh cho ngI. Vi khun Salmonella c th gy bnh truyn nhim cho ng vt nh ph thng hn b, ph thng hn ln, bnh sy thai cu v nga, bnh bch l g, bnh vim rut b, Nhng bnh k trn do Salmonella gy ra ngi ta gi l bnh truyn nhim nguyn pht, ngoi ra c th ph hin c Salmonella trong cht bi tit ca ng vt. 6. Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus l nhng trc khun garm (+), hiu kh v k kh ty , di ng to h ni bo t ln men glucose sinh hi, c kh nng s dng nitrat. Vi khun ny hin din trong t bi, cc loi thc phm (sa, tht, rau qu, hn hp gia v, sn phm kh) 7. Clostridium

Clostridium l cc vi khun garm (+), hnh que, k kh sinh bo t , khng di ng, c th thy gii saccaride v protein trong cc hot ng thu nhn nng lng to ra cc sn phm nh acid acetic, butiric, ru, to ra cc mi kh chu trong sn phm. Clostridium pht trin mnh nhit 55oC, nhit ti u l 43 47oC. Nhit 15 20oC lm chm hoc lm ngng s pht trin ca vi khun ny. Khng pht trin pH hn 5,0 hoc trn 9,0, b c ch bi 5% NaCl . Clostridium hin din trong t, mt s loi trong nhm ny gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt, mt s loi khc gy h hng thc phm, kh sunphit thnh sunphur to ra mu em v gy mi kh chu . 8.Nm men, nm mc Nm men v nm mc l nhm vi sinh vt rt a dng, y l nhm vi sinh vt nhn tht c vch t bo v lp v chitin, c nhn v cc bo quan khc. Tt c cc loi nm men v nm mc u thuc nhm vi sinh vt d dng. Chng ch c kh nng nhn cc cht dinh dng dng ha tan. Trong qu trnh trao i cht xy ra t bo chng li c kh nng chuyn ha cc cht ha tan thnh cc cht khng ha tan nh lignocellulose,. Ngoi ra, chng cn c th to ra cc cht c, cc cht c ca chng c gi chung l c t vi nm (mycotoxins). Tiu biu c Aspegillus flavus, Aspegillus parasiticus, Aspegiluus moninus, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium roquefortii, Penicillium cammenbertii. Trong thc phm nm mc v nm men hin din c th tng trng lm thay i mu ca thc phm, lm pht sinh mui hay v l, lm h hng hay thay i c cu ca thc phm, mt s c th to c t gy ng c thc phm.

Kim tra vi sinh vt trong nguyn liu thc phm v thc phm
1. Kim tra vi sinh vt nc Nc c coi nh mt dng nguyn liu rt c bit trong ch bin mt s loi thc phm. Mt khc nc cng c coi nh ngun ly nhim vi sinh vt trong ch bin thc phm. Ngi ta chia nc ra lm 3 loi da trn s lin quan n vi sinh vt.

Nc st khun (nc my, nc ct ...) Nc cha st khun (nc ao, h, sng ....) Nc thi

* Yu cu kim tra vi sinh vt nc bao gm : 1.1. Kim tra tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Ty mc nhim bn ca nc m ta pha long vi cc mc khc nhau. Phng php kim tra c thc hin theo phng php pha long nhng mc khc nhau, tin hnh cy trn mi trng thch thng, nui 370C trong 48 gi. Sau tin hnh c kt qu.

1.2. Tm ch s E.coli (coli index) Ch s E.coli ng vai tr quyt nh gi tr ca nc v mt vi sinh vt. S c mt ca E.coli trong nc chng t nc b nhim phn. S lng E.coli /1 lt nc c quy nh nhiu nc rt khc nhau. nc ta l 20 E.coli / 1 lt nc. cc nc khc t 3 8 E.coli /1 lt nc. 1.3. Kim tra vi khun gy bnh : Trong trng hp nc cha cc vi khun by bnh nh E.coli, Proteus ... Ngoi ra trong nc c rt nhiu tp khun nh Pseudomonas, Serrtia ... . nc sch vic kim tra vi khun gy bnh thng gp nhiu kh khn v kh tm ra. Do lng nc cn ly mu rt ln (khong 10 lt). Mt khc, mi trng c s dng l nhng mi trng tng sinh. Hin nay c hai phng php c p dng rng ri l :

Phng php dng mng lc my ht chn khng. Ta tin hnh ht lng nc kh ln cho qua mng lc v sau li cy chng trn nhng mi trng c hiu v phn lp cc vi khun gy bnh nh l, thng hn, th t theo cc phng php thng thng. Phng php dng sulfat nhm lng cn xung. Tch nc trong bng my ht chn khng. Thu ly cn v c qua cc loi mi trng c hiu ng thi tin hnh phn lp tng loI vi khun gy bnh nh l, thng hn, th t theo cc phng php thng thng.

2. Kim tra vi sinh vt nc gii kht Kim tra vi sinh vt trong nc giI kht bao gm : 2.1. Kim tra tng s vi khun hiu kh

Pha long nc gii kht ng chai 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 Pha long nc gii kht khng ng chai ( h ) phi pha long nhiu hn 1/100, 1/1000 v 1/10000

2.2. Kim tra E.coli Tiu chun nc gii kht ng chai l khng c cha E.coli nn trong qu trnh kim tra ch cn s dng phng php nh tnh. Nu thy c E.coli th nc gii kht khng t yu cu. 2.3. Kim tra nm mc Mi trng dng kim tra l Saburo, thch glucose 1% hay mi trng Zapek. iu chnh pH 4,5 5,5. 2.4. Kim tra vi khun gy c Cc loi vi khun gy c nc gii kht thng l :

Bacillus subtilis Bacillus mensentericus Leuconnostoc mensenteroides

2.5. Kim tra vi khun gy bnh Trong nc gii kht ngi ta kim tra vi khun gy bnh ch khi tht cn thit. Mt khc khng nht thit phi kim tra tt c cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh m ch kim tra t cu vng gy bnh. 3. Kim tra vi sinh vt trong bia Yu cu kim tra vi sinh vt trong bia bao gm : 3.1. Kim tra tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Mi trng dng kim tra tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh l mi trng glucose 1%. Tt nht l mi trng mantose 1%. 3.2. Kim tra E.coli (kim tra nh tnh) Ngi ta thng phi tin hnh kim tr E.coli v E.coli c xem nh mt vi sinh vt ch th bt buc v cht lng v sinh ca bia. 3.3. Kim tra nm men bia Lng nm men cn st li sau khi lc bia s lm gim cht lng bia trong qu trnh bo qun. V th phi tin hnh kim tra lng nm men cn st li. 3.4. Kim tra cc vi khun lm c bia Nu thy bia c phi kim tra cc loi vi sinh vt sau :

Bacillus subtilis Leueonostoc mesenteroides

Vic kim tra ny ch mang mc ch l tm nguyn nhn gy c bia ch khng phi l mc ch ti s dng sau khi loi hin tng c bia. Khi bia b c c ngha l bia khng m bo cht lng. 4. Kim tra vi sinh vt trong sa * Yu cu kim tra vi sinh vt trong sa bao gm : 4.1. Kim tra tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh

i vi mu sa ti hoc cc sn phm t sa dng lng phi pha long 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000. i vi sa bt hoc cc sn phm sa dng kh hoc dng c ly 5 gram mu pha long vo 45ml nc my v trng.

Sau tin hnh pha long vi nhng t l khc nhau. 4.2. Kim tra E.coli (phng php Kessl Swenarlon) Tin hnh chun b 9 ng mi trng Kessle. Cy vi sinh vt ba pha long khc nhau, mi pha long ba ng nghim, mi ng nghim 1ml sa. 4.3. Kim tra vi khun gy bnh Kim tra cc loi vi khun sau :

Vi khun lao Lin cu tan mu

T cu gy bnh

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn kim tra vi khun Brucella, thng hn, bi lit, vi rt. 4.4. Kim tra kh xanh metylen Phng php ny tm ra do Pasteur, Orla v Jensen. S bin mu xanh metylen trong sa ph thuc vo s lng nhiu hay t ca vi sinh vt c trong sa. Nguyn nhn l khi vi sinh vt pht trin trong sa s nhn ht oxy c trong sa v do lm xanh metylen mt mu. Phng php ny va nhanh, kt qu tng i chnh xc v ch cn t dng c, tit kim c mi trng nui cy. 5. Kim tra vi sinh vt hp ng vt * Yu cu kim tra vi sinh vt sau :

Kim tra vi sinh vt hiu kh Kim tra vi sinh vt k kh Kim tra Clostridium v c t Kim tra vi sinh vt chu nhit

6. Kim tra vi sinh vt hp thc vt * Yu cu kim tra vi sinh vt sau :

Tm tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Kim tra tng s bo t ca vi sinh vt hiu kh Kim tra vi khun E.coli Kim tra vi sinh vt sinh H2S Kim tra vi khun chu nhit

7. Kim tra vi sinh vt nc mm, nc chm * Yu cu kim tra vi sinh vt sau :

Kim tra vi sinh vt hiu kh Kim tra E.coli Kim tra trc khun k kh sinh H2S. Kim tra trc khun hiu kh sinh H2S

Tiu chun vi sinh vt vi sn phm thc phm

1. Tm, mc ng lnh Bng 14.1: Yu cu vi sinh i vi tm, mc ng lnh

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh, s khun lc trong 1g sn phm

Mc 106

2. Coliforms, s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 3. Staphylococcus aureus, s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 4. E. coli, trong 1g sn phm 5. Salmonella, trong 25g sn phm 6. Shigella, trong 1g sn phm 2. Thy sn kh xut khu Bng 14.2: Yu cu vi sinh i vi thy sn kh xut khu

2 x 102 102 khng c khng c khng c

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh 2. Clostridium perfringens 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. E. coli 5. Salmonella (25g sn phm) 6. Shigella (25g sn phm) 7. Tng s nm mc

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 106 20 102 khng cho php khng cho php khng cho php 103

3. Mc, c kh tm gia v n lin Bng 14.3: Yu cu vi sinh i vi mc, c kh tm gia v n lin

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh 2. Tng s Coliforms 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. E. coli 5. Salmonella 6. Shigella

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 50.000 10 khng cho php khng cho php khng cho php khng cho php

7. Tng s nm mc, nm men khng cho php

4. Nc mm Bng 14.4: Yu cu vi sinh i vi nc mm

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh, s khun lc trong 1ml 2. Coliforms, s khun lc trong 1ml 3. Clostridium perfringens, s khun lc trong 1ml 4. Staphylococcus aureus, s khun lc trong 1ml 5. E. coli, s khun lc trong 1ml 6. Salmonella, s khun lc trong 25ml 7. Shigella, s khun lc trong 25ml 5. Sn phm ch bin t tht: tht hun khi, pat, Bng 14.5: Yu cu vi sinh i vi tht hun khi, pat

Mc 2 x 104 10 2 khng c c khng c c khng c c khng c c

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh 2. Coliforms 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. E. coli 5. Salmonella (25g) 6. Clostridium perfringens 7. Bacillus aureus

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 3 x 105 50 10 3 khng cho php 10 10

6. Sa ti tit trng Bng 14.6: Yu cu vi sinh i vi sa ti tit trng

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 5 x 104

2. Coliforms 3. E. coli 4. Salmonella (25ml)

10 3 khng cho php

7.Rau qu mui, rau qu kh Bng 14.7: Yu cu vi sinh i vi rau qu mui, rau qu kh

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh 2. Coliforms 3. E. coli 4. Clostridium perfringens 5. Bacillus aureus

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1g sn phm 104 10 khng cho php 10 102

6. Tng s nm mc, nm men 102

8. Nc gii kht c cn Bng 14.8: Yu cu vi sinh i vi nc gii kht c cn

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh 2. E. coli 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. Clostridium perfringens

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1ml sn phm 10 khng cho php khng cho php khng cho php

9. hp tht c, rau qu Bng 14.9: Yu cu vi sinh i vi hp tht, c, rau qu

Tn ch tiu

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1g sn phm

1. E. coli 2. Staphylococcus aureus 3. Clostridium perfringens 4. Clostridium botulium

khng cho php khng cho php khng cho php khng cho php

5. Tng s nm mc, nm men khng cho php

10. Du m Bng 14.10: Yu cu vi sinh i vi du m

Tn ch tiu 1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh 2. Coliforms 3. E. coli 4. Staphylococcus aureus 5. Salmonella

Yu cu s khun lc trong 1ml sn phm 103 10 3 khng cho php khng cho php

Ti liu tham kho

1. Dng Th Phng Lin - 2001 - Bi ging Kim tra cht lng thc phm bng phng php cm quan - i hc Cn Th. 2. Ng Th Hng Th - 1989 - Kim nghim thc phm bng phng php cm quan - NXB Khoa hc k thut 3. H Duyn T -1991 - K thut phn tch cm quan - H Ni 4. Phm vn S, Bi Th Nhu Thun - 1991 - Kim nghim lng thc v thc phm - i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. 5. Nguyn c Lng - 2000 - Cng ngh vi sinh vt - tp 1,2 - i hc Bch Khoa TP.HCM. 6. Trn Linh Phc - 2002 - Phng php phn tch vi sinh vt trong nc, thc phm v m phm - NXB Gio dc 7. V Ngc Trung, L Th Ngc - 1998 - S tay k thut bo qun lng thc - NXB Khoa hc k thut 8. Methods of Enzymatic Food Analysis - 1980 - Canada Deparment of Agriculture

9. Stone H. and Side J. L. -1993 - Sensory Evaluation Practices - Academic Press, INC 10. 10. William Horwitz, Editor - 2000 - Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International