What are the optimization tools you use? Drive test, analysis, others?

Are System Information Blocks (SIB) transmitted all the time? No, system information block is multiplexed with synchronization channel. Synchronization channel occupies the first time slot (TS) and SIB occupies the other 9 time slots.

How does UE camp (synchronize) to a NodeB? UE uses the primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) for slot alignment (TS synchronization). After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary synchronization channel (S-SCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group identification. UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus camping to a NodeB. What could be the cause of soft handover failure? UE issue. Resource unavailable at target NodeB. Inadequate SHO threshold defined. o Etc.

What are the three sets in handover? The 3 sets in handover are: Active set the list of cells which are in soft handover with UE. Monitored set the list of cells not in active set but RNC has told UE to monitor. o Detected set list of cells detected by the UE but not configured in the neighbor list.

What are the major differences between GSM and UMTS handover decision? GSM: Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual mobile sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms). o BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports.

UMTS: Event-triggered reporting UE sends a measurement report only on certain event triggers. o UE plays more part in the handover decision.

What are the events 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.? e1a a Primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set. e1b a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set. e1c a non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell. e1d: change of best cell. e1e: a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold. o e1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold.

What are event 2a-2d and 3a-3d? Events 2a-2d are for inter-frequency handover measurements and events 3a-3d are for IRAT handover measurements. e3a: the UMTS cell quality has moved below a threshold and a GSM cell quality had moved above a threshold. e3b: the GSM cell quality has moved below a threshold. e3c: the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold. e3d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list. What may happen when theres a missing neighbor or an incorrect neighbor? Access failure and handover failure: may attempt to access to a wrong scrambling code.

Dropped call: UE not aware of a strong scrambling code, strong interference. Poor data throughput. Poor voice quality. Etc. What can we try to improve when access failure is high? When access failure is high we can try the following to improve RACH performance: Increase maximum UE transmit power allowed: Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power. Increase power quickly: power_Offset_P0. Increase number of preambles sent in a given preamble cycle: preamble_Retrans_Max. Increase the number of preamble cycles: max_Preamble_Cycle. Increase number of RRC Connection Request retries: N300. What are the conditions you typically set to trigger IRAT handover? RSCP and Ec/Io are used to trigger IRAT handover: RSCP -100dBm. Ec/Io -16dBm. What are the typical KPIs you use to measure a network and what criteria? Access failure rate ( 2%). Call setup time (CS: over 95% of the time < 6-second for mobile-to-PSTN, 9-second for mobile-mobile. PS: over 95% of the time < 5-second). Dropped call rate ( 2%). BLER: over 95% of the blocks 2%. Average DL/UL throughput for PSD: 210kbps for loaded, 240kbps for unloaded. What is the typical UE transmit power? Varies most of the time below 0dBm. Have your used Ericsson TEMS? If so: Do you know how to create command sequence? What are the call sequences you typically have? CS long call, CS short call, PSD call, etc. What are the typical commands you have for CS and PS call? Do you regularly stop and restart a new log file? Why and when to stop and start a new file? How do you stop a log file? Stop command sequence first, wait and make sure all equipment are in idle mode before stop logging. Did you work on neighbor prioritization? What is the typical event sequence of IRAT Handover from 3G to 2G Event 2d entering into compressed mode measurement of 2G candidates Event 3a Verification of 2G resources Handover from UTRAN Command from 3G RNC to UE

What are the possible causes for an IRAT Failure? Missing 2G relations Non availability of 2G Resources Poor 2G Coverage Missing 3G Relations What is Paging Success Ratio? What is the typical PSR that you have seen in a UMTS network? PSR Paging Responses to the Paging Attempts About 90% What are the possible causes for a lower PSR? Non-continuous RF Coverage UE going in and out of coverage area frequently

Very High Periodic Location Update Timer Keeping UEs in VLR long time after it moved out of coverage Lower Paging Channel Power Access Channel Parameter Issues Delayed Location Update when crossing the LA / CN Boundaries What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on a UMTS network? Poor Coverage (DL / UL) Pilot Pollution / Pilot Spillover Missing Neighbor SC Collisions Delayed Handovers No resource availability (Congestion) for Hand in Loss of Synchronization Fast Fading Delayed IRAT Triggers Hardware Issues External Interference A UE is served by 2 or 3 SC in AS. It is identifying a SC from 3rd tier, Stronger and meets the criteria for Event1a or Event1c. But SHO did not happen because of missing neighbor relations? How do you optimize this issue?

Study the Pilot spillover from the 3rd Tier SC and control its coverage Even after controlling the coverage, if the spillover is there, Add the neighbor. A UE is served by 2 SC in AS, a SC is coming in to Monitored Set and Event1a is triggered. But UE is not receiving Active Set Update from NodeB and the call drops. What could be possible causes for this drop?

Delayed Handover Loss of Synchronization Fast Fading Pilot Pollution / Spillover issues What is Hard Handover in UMTS? When will it happen? Hard Handover in UMTS is a break before make type Handover It can happen in the inter RNC boundaries where there is no Iur link. What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of call? 6 to 9 seconds Multiple RRC Attempts (UE is on poor coverage need more than Access Attempt) Delayed Page Responses High Load on Paging and/or Access Channel Paging / Access Parameters What is Soft Handover Overhead? What is the typical value in UMTS network? Soft Handover Overhead is calculated in two ways. 1) Average Active Set Size Total Traffic / Primary Traffic. 2) Secondary / Total Traffic Typical Values are like 1.7 (Avg Active Set Size) or 35% (Secondary / Total ) What will happen to the Soft Handover Overhead when you apply OCNS on the network? And Why? With OCNS, the interference (load) increases. This leads to reduction in Ec/Io of a Pilot, which reduces the pilot spillovers. Reduction in Pilot Spillover will reduce the Soft Handover Overhead.

What are the possible causes for an Access Failure in UMTS? Missing Neighbors Poor Coverage

Pilot Pollution / Spillover Poor Cell Reselection Core Network Issues Non availability of resources. Admission Control denies Hardware Issues Improper RACH Parameters External Interference (FOR ERICSSON EXPERIENCED) What is RTWP? What is the significance of it? Received Total Wide-band Power It gives the Total Uplink Power (Interference) level received at NodeB (FOR ERICSSON EXPERIENCED) What is the System Reference Point at which all the Power Levels are measured in Ericsson NodeB? System Ref Point for E/// NodeB is at the output of TMA (Between TMA and Antenna) What are the typical values for reportingrange1a and reportingrange1b? 3 dB and 5 dB respectively. What will be the impact when you change reportingrange1a from 3 to 4 dB and timetotrigger1a 100 to 320 ms, without changing any other parameters?

Reduction in number of Event1a Delayed Event1a trigger Reduction in Average Active Set Size Delay in Event1a could increase DL interference, which could lead to a drop call or increase in Average Power Per User (reduction in cell capacity) What is Admission Control? Admission Control is an algorithm which controls the Resource Allocation for a new call and additional resource allocation for an existing call. Incase, if a cell is heavily a loaded and enough resources in terms of power, codes or CEs are not available, admission control denies permission for the additional resource requirement.

What is Congestion Control? Congestion Control monitors the dynamic utilization of specific cell resources and insures that overload conditions do not occur. If overload conditions do occur, Congestion Control will immediately restrict Admission Control from granting additional resources. In addition, Congestion Control will attempt to resolve the congestion by either down switching, or terminating existing users. Once the congestion is corrected, the congestion resolution actions will cease, and Admission Control will be enabled.

What are the major 4 KPIs in propagation model tuning and typical acceptable values? The 4 KPIs are standard deviation error, root mean square error, mean error and correlation coefficient. The typical acceptable values are: Standard deviation error: the smaller the better, usually 7 to 9dB. Mean error: the smaller the better, usually 2 to3. Root mean square error: the smaller the better, usually Correlation coefficient: the larger the better, usually 70% to 90%. 2. What is the minimum number of bins required for a certain propagation model? The more bins the more likely to come up with a good model. Usually a minimum of 2,000 bines is considered acceptable, but sometimes as low as 500 bins may be accepted.

How many scrambling codes are there? There are 512 scrambling codes in the downlink and 16,777,216 codes in the uplink. How many scrambling code groups are there for downlink? There are 64 code groups, each group has 8 scrambling codes. Can we assign same scrambling codes to sister sectors (sectors on same site)?

No, because scrambling code on the downlink is used for cell identity. As a requirement, scrambling codes have to maintain a safe separation to avoid interference. Are scrambling codes orthogonal? No, scrambling codes are not orthogonal since they are not synchronized at each receiver. They are pseudo random sequences of codes. Can we assign scrambling codes 1, 2 and 3 to sister sectors? Yes. In IS-95 we have a PN reuse factor (PN step size) and therefore cannot use all 512 PN codes, why isnt it necessary for UMTS scrambling codes? Because IS-95 is a synchronized network, different PN codes have the same code sequence with a time shift, therefore we need to maintain a certain PN step size to avoid multi-path problem. For example, if two sectors in the neighborhood have a small PN separation then signal arriving from cell A may run into the time domain of cell B, causing interference.

UMTS, on the other hand, is not a synchronized network and all scrambling codes are mutually orthogonal so no need to maintain a step size. What are coverage thresholds in your UMTS design and why? The coverage thresholds are based on UE sensitivity, fading and penetration loss. Assuming UE sensitivity of -110dBm, fade margin of 5dB: Outdoor: -110dBm sensitivity + 5dB fade margin = -105dBm. In-vehicle: -110dBm + 5dB + 8dB in-vehicle penetration loss = -97dBm. In-building: -110dBm + 5dB + 15dB in-building penetration loss = -90dBm. What is the Ec/Io target in your design? The Ec/Io target typically is between -12 to -14dB. However, if a network is designed for data then the Ec/Io target could go higher to around -10dB because server dominance is more critical for a data network since there isnt software in the downlink.

What is Monte Carlo simulation? Since UMTS coverage is dependent on the loading, static coverage and quality analysis (RSCP and Ec/Io) represents the network performance in no-load condition. Monte Carlo simulation is therefore used to illustrate network performance under simulated loading consition.

What is the key difference between a static analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation? Static analysis can only show RSCP and Ec/Io in no-load condition. Monte Carlo simulation not only can show RSCP and Ec/Io in simulated loading condition but also can show many more others: mean served, cell loading, uplink and downlink capacity limits reached, etc.

What should be run first (what information should be ready and loaded) before running a Monte Carlo simulation? Before running Monte Carlo simulation, the following should be completed or in place. Run prediction. Spread the traffic. Define terminal types. How many snap shots and iteration do you usually have when running Monte Carlo simulation? (Depend on software tool recommendations). What are the design KPIs? (RSCP, Ec/Io, mean served, soft handover ratio) What plots do you usually check after running Monte Carlo for trouble spots? (RSCP, Ec/Io, service probability, reasons for failure) What are the typical reasons of failure in Monte Carlo simulation? Downlink Eb/No failure (Capacity). Downlink Eb/No failure (Range).

Uplink Eb/No failure. Low pilot SIR. Noise rise limit reached. Etc. What does traffic spread mean? Traffic spread means spreading traffic (number of terminals) in a cell coverage area. Do you use live traffic or even-load traffic in your design?