Chapter 1: STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Tabular & Graphical Presentation 1.3 Measures of Central Tendency 1.4 Measures of Dispersion 1.5 Introduction to Probability

1.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean Median Mode

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MEAN
Also called arithmetic mean Symbol used:
Mean for population, Mean for sample,

x
x=
n

Mean for Ungrouped Data

x
1

n
f i xi fi

, =

x
1

Mean for Grouped Data

x =

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Example 6
1. 2.

Mean for Ungrouped Data

3.

Find the mean for 4, 6, 1, 8, 6, 3, 7 and 6. The following are the ages of all eight employees of a small company: 53 32 61 27 39 44 49 57 Find the mean age of these employees. Table 4 lists the total number of identity fraud victims in 2004 for six states in USA. State Total identity Fraud Table 4
Victims in 2004 California Florida Illinois New York Ohio Texas 43,839 16,062 11,138 17,680 6,956 26,454

4.

Determine the value of k if the mean for k, 4.6, 2.7, 5.1, and 4.7 is given 3.86.

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SOLUTION 1.

Mean for Ungrouped Data

Find the mean for 4, 6, 1, 8, 6, 3, 7 and 6.

4 + 6 + 1 + 8 + 6 + 3 + 7 + 6 41 x= = = 5.125 8 8

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Example 7
1.
x Frequency , f SOLUTION Step 1: x f fx Step 2: Add new row & calculate fx. 5 15 75 Calculate the mean: 6 25 150 5 15 6 25

Mean for Grouped Data

Find the mean for x from the following frequency table.

7 20 8 10

7 20 140

8 10 80

Total 70 445

x=

fx f

445 = = 6 . 357 70
6

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Example 7
2.
No. of durians 120 124 125 129 130 134 135 139 140 144 145 149

Mean for Grouped Data

The distribution of durian which have been collected everyday for 50 days is as follows:
No. of days 1 0 8 26 13 2

Calculate the mean numbers of durians that have been collected per day.

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SOLUTION Step 1: Step 2:

Mean for Grouped Data

Add new column & calculate the midpoint. Then multiply midpoint of the class by the frequency of class & find the summation. No. of durians 120 124 125 129 130 134 135 139 140 144 145 149 Midpoint, xi 122 127 132 137 142 147 No. of days 1 0 8 26 13 2 50 fixi 122 0 1056 3562 1846 294 6880 The mean no. of durians collected is 137.6 per day during 50 days
8

Summation, Step 3: Calculate the mean:

fx = 6880 = 137.6 x= f 50

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Example 7
3. Table 5 shows the frequency distribution of the daily commuting times (in minutes) from home to work for all 25 employees of a company. Calculate the mean of the daily commuting times. Table 6 gives the frequency distribution of the number of orders received each day during the past 50 days at the office of a mail order company. Compute the mean.

Mean for Grouped Data Daily Commuting Time (min.) 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 No. of Orders 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 No. of employees 4 9 6 4 2 No. of Days 4 12 20 14
9

4.

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MEDIAN

n +1 middle position = 2

The value of middle term in data set that has been ranked/sorted in increasing/decreasing order. 2 steps in finding median: 1. Rank or sort the data set in increasing order. 2. Find the middle term/position, where n is the number of data: If n is odd, then the median is the value of middle term If n is even, then the median is the average of 2 middle terms Median for Grouped Data can be determined by using an ogive (the center of ogive line).
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Example 8
1.

Median for Ungrouped Data

2.

3.

Find the median for the following sets of data: a. 1, 9, 6, 7, 12, 8, 3, 10, 11 b. 2, 5, 1, 6, 7, 11, 13, 8 The following data gives the weight lost (in pounds) by a sample of ten members of a health club at the end of two months of membership. 10 5 19 8 3 15 13 6 5 9 Find the median. Determine the median for the following data set: a.
x 1 2 3 4 5 f 3 6 4 3 3

b.

x 1 2 3 4 5

f 3 7 5 3 2

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SOLUTION 1.

Median for Ungrouped Data

Find the median for the following sets of data: a. 1, 9, 6, 7, 12, 8, 3, 10, 11 b. 2, 5, 1, 6, 7, 11, 13, 8 Sort the data increasing order: 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Since n = 9 (odd), then the middle position = Middle position 5 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Median is 8.

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

9 +1 =5 2

Try Q1 b. and Q2

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SOLUTION 3.

Median for Ungrouped Data Create cumulative frequency column, cf.

x 1 2 f 3 6 4 3 3 cf 3 9 13 16 19

Determine the median for the following data set: a.

x 1 2 3 4 5 f 3 6 4 3 3

Step 1:

position 1 3 position 4 9 Middle position 10

Middle value

3 4 5

19 + 1 = 10 Step 2: Find the middle position = 2

Step 3: Refer to cf column to locate the middle position The median is 3. Try Q3 b.

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MODE
Data that appears most frequent, that is the data with highest frequency. If 2 data have the highest no. of frequency, there are 2 modes and called bimodal. If there are 3 data with highest frequency, there are 3 modes. If the frequency of all data is equal, the data set has no mode. Mode for grouped data can be determined by using histogram.

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Example 9
1.

Mode for Ungrouped Data

2. 3.

4. 5.

The following data give the speeds (in miles per hour) of eight cars Try for this were stopped on police traffic for speeding violations. next 77 82 74 81 79 84 74 78 Questions! Find the mode. Last years income of five randomly selected families were RM46,150, RM95,750, RM64,985, RM87,490, and RM53,740. Find the mode. The prices of the same brand of television set at eight stores are found to be RM895, RM886, RM903, RM895, RM870, RM905, RM870 and RM899. Find the mode. The ages of 10 randomly selected students from a class are 21, 19, 27, 29, 19, 25, 21, 22, and 30. Determine the mode. The status of five students who are members of the student senate at a college are senior, sophomore, senior, junior, senior. Find the mode. Mode can be determine for qualitative data. This is the advantage of mode compare to mean & median that can only be calculated for quantitative data.
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1.4 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

Range Standard Deviation Variance

How its distributed? How data points deviate from the mean sample?

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RANGE
The difference between the largest and the smallest values in a data set. Range = Largest value Smallest value The simplest measure of dispersion to calculate.

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Example 10
1.

Range
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Find the range for the data set given below: a) 77 82 74 81 79 84 74 78 b) Cx 1 2 3 4 5

f 3 7 f 2 4 7 8 1 State Arkansas Louisiana Oklahama Arkansas 4 3 1

c) d x
58 9 12 13 16 17 20 21 24

Total area (square miles) 53,182 49,651 69,903 267,277 18

2.

Table 7 gives the total areas in square miles of the four western South Central states of the United States.
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STANDARD DEVIATION & VARIANCE

Standard deviation is the most used measure of dispersion. The value of the standard deviation tells how closely the values of that data set are clustered around the mean.
The larger the value of std. dev. means data set are spread over. The smaller the value of std. dev shows that the data set are grouped closely together or near to mean.

Std. dev. is obtained by taking the square root of the variance.

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STANDARD DEVIATION & VARIANCE

Symbol used: Variance for population, 2 Variance for sample, s2 Variance for Ungrouped Data
1.

Population Std. Dev.

=
2

(xi )2
N
2 2 i i

,s =
2

(xi x )2
n 1
2 2 i i

= 2

OR
2.

2 =

( x ) x N
N

, s2 =

( x ) x n
n 1

Assume all data given is for sample, except it is clearly mentioned for population.
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STANDARD DEVIATION & VARIANCE

Variance for Grouped Data
2 2 ( fi xi ) , s 2 = 1 f x 2 ( fi xi ) 1 2 = f i xi2 ii N N n 1 n

This formula for variance of sample can also be used for ungrouped data with the frequency (See Example 13)

Sample Std. Dev.

s=
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s2
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Example 11
1.

Std Dev. & Variance for Ungrouped Data F1

A company is cutting wire 300 cm in length. Acceptable lengths are between 295 cm and 305 cm. A random sample of five wires had lengths in cms of 296, 299, 300, 302, and 303. Find the sample standard deviation. Deviation
SOLUTION
1500 Find the mean sample, x = = 300 5

Step 1: Step 2:

x 296 299 300 302 303 1500

xx
-4 -1 0 2 3

(x x )2
16 1 0 4 9 30 Sum
22

Develop a table, calculate the deviation from mean & square each result Compute the variance & std. dev.

Step 3:

n 1 s = 7.5 = 2.74

(x x ) =
i

30 = = 7.5 5 1

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Example 11
2.

Std Dev. & Variance for Ungrouped Data F2

The following table, based on Forbes magazines list of the wealthiest people in the world, gives the total wealth (in billions of dollars) of five persons (USA TODAY, March 11, 2005). Find the variance & standard deviation for these data.
Billionaire Bill Gates Helen Watson Michael Dell Keith Rupert Murdoch George Soros Total wealth (billion in dollar) 46.5 18.0 16.0 7.8 7.2 SOLUTION Develop table value of x denote the total wealth (in billion dolars) Step 1: x 46.5 18.0 16.0 7.8 7.2 x2 2162.25 324 256 60.84 51.84 = 2854.93 Sum
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Step 2:

Compute the variance & std. dev.

n 1 s = 257.72 = 16.05

s2 =

( x) x n
2

2854.93

(95.5)
5

5 1

= 257.72

= 95.5

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Example 11
3.

Std Dev. & Variance for Ungrouped Data

A ream of paper is labelled as containing 500 sheets. The sheets were counted in random sample of 12 reams with the following results: 483, 490, 493, 496, 498, 499, 501, 502, 504, 505, 506, 508 Compute the range, sample mean, variance & standard deviation for the data set.
SOLUTION Try for this next Questions!

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

Find the range.

Develop a table, calculate the mean, deviation from mean & square the resulted deviation. Compute the variance & std. dev.

4.

Following are the 2005 earnings (in thousands of dollars) before taxes for all six employees of a small company. Use 48.50 38.40 65.50 22.60 79.80 54.60 Formula 2 Compute variance & standard deviation for these data.
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Example 12
1.
class f SOLUTION Step 1: 3.0 3.4 4 8

Std Dev. & Variance for Grouped Data

Calculate the variance & std. dev. of the following data

3.4 3.8 3.8 4.2 11 1 4.2 4.6 9 4.6 5.0 6

2 f 4 8 11 9 6 fx 12.8 28.8 44.0 39.6 28.8 = 154 x2 10.24 12.96 16.00 19.36 23.04 fx2 40.96 103.68 176.00 174.24 138.24 = 633.12

Create a frequency table as follow: Class 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.6 5.0 Midpoint, x 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 Sum

= 38

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Step 2:

Compute the variance & std. dev.

(154)2 = 0.2436 1 633.12 s2 = 38 1 38

s = 0.2436 = 0.4936

2.

The following data give the frequency distribution of the number of orders received each day during the past 50 days at the office of a mail order company. Calculate the variance and standard deviation.
No. of Orders 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 SOLUTION
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No. of Days 4 12 20 14

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Example 13
Data, x f SOLUTION Step 1: 2 6 3 10

Std Dev. & Variance for Ungrouped Data with frequency

1. Calculate the variance & std. dev. of the following data.

4 15 5 8 6 3 7 10

Create a frequency table as follow: Data, x 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sum f 6 10 15 8 3 10 = 52 fx 12 30 60 40 18 70 = 230

1 x2 4 9 16 25 36 49 fx2 24 90 240 200 108 490 = 1152

3
27

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Step 2:

Compute the variance & std. dev. by using the formula for ungrouped data 2

(230) 1 1152 s = 52 1 52
2

= 2.6410

s = 2.6410 = 1.6251
2. The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of errors committed by a college softball team in all of the 45 games that it played during the 2005 2006 season. Determine the variance & standard deviation of these data.
No. of Errors 0 1 2 3 4 SOLUTION 5 No. of Games 11 14 9 7 3 1
28

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