Subject: Embedded Computing Systems Subject Code: 06CS74 Subject In-Charge: Ashok Babu A

PART A

UNIT - II
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2, DEVICES - 1: Formalization of system design; Design process and design examples; Classification of embedded systems; Skills required for an embedded system designer. I/O types and examples; Serial communication devices; Parallel device ports; Sophisticated interfacing features in device ports. 6 Hours

Text Book: Chapter 1(1.9 - 1.12) and Chapter 3(3.1 - 3.4)

Formalization of system design:

Formalization of system design is done using a top-down approach by abstraction and by Detailing requirements and specifications of Hardware and software. Defining architectures of hardware and software. Coding and implementation as per architecture. Testing, Validation and verification of system. Since a diagrammatic model clears the design concepts better than abstraction, a modeling Language, for formalization can be used. The Universal Modeling Language ( UML ) is used. In UML, a designer describes the following. 1. User Diagram, Object Diagram, Class Diagram and Activity Diagram. 2. Classes and Objects 3. Inheritances of Classes and Objects 4. Interface of objects 5. Structural Description of the design components 6. Behavioral description in terms of states, state machine and signals 7. Event Description

Design process and design examples

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. System Design Process Examples ACVM Digital Camera TCP/IP Network Orchestra Robots Automobiles Smart Card Mobile Phone

Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine ( ACVM ) Diagrammatic Representation of ACVM.

ACVM Functions 1. The ACVM displays the GUIs and if the user wishes to enter contact information , it displays the appropriate menu. 2. It displays a welcome message when in idle state. It continuously displays time and date at the right bottom corner of display screen. 3. When first coin is inserted, a timer also starts. The user is expected to insert all required coins in two minutes. 4. After 2 minutes the ACVM will display a query to the child if the child does not insert sufficient coins. If the query is not answered the coins are refunded. 5. Within 2 minutes of sufficient coins are collected. It displays the message. Thanks , wait for a few moments please! delivers the chocolate through the delivery slot and displays the message, Collect the chocolate and visit again, please!. Hardware Units: 1. Microcontroller or ASIP. 2. RAM 3. ROM 4. Flash Memory 5. Timer and Interrupt Controller 6. A TCP/IP Port 7. ACVM Specific Hardware to sort coins of different denominations 8. Power supply Software components: 1. Keypad input read task. 2. Display Task 3. Read Coins task for finding coins sorted. 4. Deliver chocolate task 5. TCP/IP stack processing task 6. TCP/IP stack communications task

 Smart Card
Diagrammatic Representation

Embedded Hardware: Microcontroller or ASIP RAM One time programmable RAM Flash Timer and Interrupt Controller A carrier frequency Interfacing circuit for the IOs Charge pump for delivering power to the antenna. Embedded software: 1. Boot-up, initialization and OS programs 2. Smart-card secure file system 3. Connection establishment and termination 4. Communication with host 5. Cryptography algorithm 6. Host authentication 7. Card authentication 8. Saving addition parameters or recent new data sent by the host.

 Digital Camera

Camera Functions: 1. It displays the frame view on the LCD screen 2. It displays the saved images on the LCD using navigation keys 3. The frame light falls on the CCD array, which transmits the bits for each pixel in each row in the frame through an ADC. 4. The CCD bits of each pixel in each row and column are offset corrected 5. The processed signals are compressed using a JPEG CODEC Digital Hardware Units: 1. Microcontroller or ASIP 2. Multiple processors 3. RAM 4. ROM 5. Timer , flash memory 6. USB Controller 7. DMA 8. LCD Controller 9. Battery Software components: 1. CCD Signal processing for off-set correction 2. JPEG coding 3. JPEG decoding 4. Pixel processing before display 5. Memory and file systems 6. Light, flash and display device drivers 7. COM,USB port and Bluetooth device Drivers

Classification of embedded systems Small Scale Embedded Systems.

Designed with a single 8- or 16-bit microcontroller Little hardware and software complexities and involve board-level design. Tools for development of embedded software Editor, assembler and cross assembler. Integrated development environment (IDE). Specific to the microcontroller or processor used. C or Java used for developing C program compilation is done into the assembly, and executable codes are then Appropriately located in the system memory. Software fits within the memory available and keep in view the need to limit power Dissipation when system is running continuously.

Medium Scale Embedded Systems.

Designed with a single or few 16- or 32- bit microcontrollers or DSPs or Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISCs). Employs the readily available single purpose processors. Employ the readily available IPs for the various functionsfor example, for the bus interfacing, Both hardware and software complexities Programming tools: C/C++/Visual C++/Java, RTOS, and Source code engineering tool, Simulator, Debugger and Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

Sophisticated Embedded Systems.

Enormous hardware and software complexities and may need scalable processors or configurable processors and programmable logic arrays. Used for cutting edge applications that need hardware and software co-design and components integration in the final system Constrained by the processing speeds available in their hardware units. Certain software functions such as encryption and deciphering algorithms, discrete cosine transformation and inverse transformation algorithms, TCP/IP protocol stacking and network driver functions implemented in the hardware to obtain additional speeds by saving time. Development tools for these systems may not be readily available at a reasonable cost or may not be available at all. In some cases, a compiler or retargetable compiler might have to be developed for these. [A retargetable compiler is one that configures according to the given target]

Skills required for an embedded system designer

Full understanding of a microcontroller with a basic knowledge of computer architecture, digital electronic design, software engineering, data communication, control engineering, motors and actuators, sensors and measurements, analog electronic design and IC design and manufacture Tim Wilmshurst Specific skills will be needed in specific situations. For example, control engineering knowledge will be needed for design of control systems and analog electronic design knowledge will be needed when designing the system interfaces. Computer architecture and organization. Interfacing the memories.

Burning the executable machine codes in PROM or ROM. Use of decoders and demultiplexers. Use of Direct memory accesses. Device drivers in assembly. Simple and sophisticated buses. Timers. Interrupt servicing mechanism. C programming elements. Memory optimization. Selection of hardware and microcontroller. orts and deviceUse of ICE (In-Circuit-Emulators), crossassemblers and testing equipment. Debugging the software and hardware bugs by using test vectors. Basic knowledge in the other areas software engineering, data communication, control engineering, motors and actuators, sensors and measurements, analog electronic design and IC design and manufacture.

I/O types and examples

A serial port is a port for serial communication. Serial communication means that over a given line or channel one bit can communicate and the bits transmit at periodic intervals generated by a clock. A serial port communication is over short or long distances. A parallel port is a port for parallel communication. Parallel communication means that multiple bits can communicate over a set of parallel lines at any given instance. A parallel port communicates within the same board , between ICs or wires over very short distances of at most less than a meter.

Fig 3.1( a) : Input Serial Port, Output Serial Port

Fig 3.1( b) : Hand Shaking Signals at COM port and UART serial port bits

Examples of various types of IO Devices. (Tables )