UNITVII

UNIT VII
Equipment &
Maintenance
By Cletus Mitchell
Unit VII Turf Equipment Table of Content
U nit VII
Turf Equipment
Unit VII Introduction 2

Lesson 1 Small Gasoline Engines Used for Turf 3
Lesson 2 Diesel Engines Used for Turf 15
Lesson 3 Reel Type Mowers Used for Turf 24
Lesson 4 Rotary Mowers Used for Turf 31
Lesson 5 Boom Sprayers 38
Lesson 6 Hey, Would You Hand Me That _______? 50
Lesson 7 Start Your Engines 56
Glossary 61
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Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance Introduction
Introduction
Turf Equipment and Maintenance
This series of five (5) lesson plans is designed to give your students hands on
experience in each of the five areas of golf course equipment. The purpose being to
permit your students to have a head start in their ability to perform duties assigned by
their golf course employer.
For courses of this nature to be successful, it is important for the teacher to have a
close working relationship with all the people in the area who are involved in the
management of golf courses and sports complexes. The teacher will need their
support on the subject matter he is teaching and on acquiring equipment and services
he will need for his classes. This support should not be hard to obtain once the
managers understand that this program will directly benefit them by providing more
interested and knowledgeable employees for their employment.
A solution that usually works is to have these managers in an advisory capacity on the
program. They can do a wonderful job in not only advising to keep the program
content current, but also, in promoting to the community especially school
administrators and to their suppliers who will be a good source for your needs of
equipment, educational material, and other services.
All lesson plans will require equipment for hands on learning, but lessons three (3),
four (4), and five (5) will especially need the assistance of the management people. It
would be wise to work with them early on your needs and scheduling for the best time
to teach so their equipment and possibly some expertise could be available to assist
you.
This should really be a fun program. Hope you enjoy teaching and guiding it through
its many phases.
3
Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance Lesson 1
Lesson 1. Small Gasoline Engines Used

for Turf
Learning How Small Engines Work
Terms
National Science
Education
piston - moveable plug that moves up and down in the
Standards,
cylinder bore. Grades 9-12
connecting rod - connects piston to crankshaft. Unifying Concepts and
Processes:
Crankshaft - connected to piston by connecting rod and
Systems, order, and
converts up and down motion to rotary motion. organization
valves - intake provides entrance into combustion chamber Evidence, models and
for fuel and air mixture. Forced to stay open on intake explanation
stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for Science as Inquiry:

burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to Understanding about
stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation. scientific inquiry
Abilities to do
flywheel - component on end of crankshaft that keeps it scientific inquiry
turning between power strokes. Life Science:
piston rings - located in piston groove that provides for a Interdependence of
seal at the cylinder wall. organisms
cylinder head - provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. Matter, energy, and
organization in living
carburetor - properly mixes filtered air with fuel. systems
Behavior of organisms
governor - controls speed.
History and Nature of
Science:
Science as human
Performance Objectives endeavor
The student will Nature of scientific

knowledge
• identify the above learn the basic components of small Mathematical Skills
engines used on golf course equipment.
• explain the function of each of these components in two
and four cycle engines.
• list at least five (5) maintenance procedures recommended
for these engines by the manufacturer.
Materials Needed
• 3 to 5 Hp lawn mower type engine. These can be worn out
engines and can be obtain service shops for no charge . ed
from Students often can bring in engines from their home.
Try to have at least one 2-stroke cycle engine.
4
All engines being by the same manufacturer makes teaching easier, but
students will encounter several different brand engines when employed.
• A set of small engine tools
Valve spring compressor

Flywheel holder
Flywheel puller
Starter clutch wrench
Ratchet torque wrench in inch pounds to 150
Feeler gauge
Tang bending tool
Spark plug gauge
Spark tester
Piston ring compressor
• 3. General purpose tools recommended
Socket set 3/8" drive

Standard screwdriver
Phillips screwdriver
Putty knife
Shot filled mallet or dead below hammer
Adjustable wrench
Additional tools will be needed if major work is to be done
• Student sheet
• Specification manuals for the engines. Obtain through small engine dealer.
Background Information
Most small engines are designed to run approximately 1000 hrs. General
public and most homeowners do not reach this amount of service life.
Good filtration of oil and air will extend small engine life to 1500 hrs.
For each gallon of fuel consumed, an engine will take in 10,000 to 12,000
gallons of air and produce approximately one gallon of water during the burning
process.
Water, sulphur in the fuel, and heat from combustion produce sulfuric acid
(battery acid).
Acid, dirt via air stream, metal particles in oil, and oil oxidation manufacture
contaminants in the engine.
How contaminants enter the engine determines where major wear will occur.
By:
a. Air - top of cylinder area
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b. Oil - bottom of cylinder area, bearings, etc.
Teacher Preparation
• Review recommended small engine repair manuals listed at the end of this
lesson.
• Disassemble a small engine. Use components in class when discussing the

terms listed at the beginning of this lesson.
• Visit: www.briggsandstratton.com
Procedure
Depending on students knowledge of small engines which may range from zero
to high, you may find it more rewarding for students to have them divided into
groups of two or three and disassemble a small engine before actual class
discussion begins. Use the small engine laboratory plans included with this
lesson or make some other guide for them to use.
Discuss each of the major components with the students and try to get
feedback from them on each one. If you do not have components of an engine
to show in class, use slides (Briggs and Stratton has them available) or
overhead projector so students can identify each component being discussed.
Discussion of each component can center around:
A. Piston
- a moveable plug.
- wrist or piston pin holes that connect to eye of connecting rod. Identify how
the piston pin is held in place.
- what action does this pin provide to piston and connecting rod?
- made of aluminum containing some nickel and chromium to add hardness.
- we divide into two areas for discussion
a. ring area - contains two types of rings--oil
and compring rings
b. skirt - lower portion which guides piston in
cylinder bore
- area between rings is called land.
- rings transfer heat to cylinder wall and provide a seal to contain the hot
burning
gases.
- oil ring removes excess oil from cylinder wall.
- two stroke cycle engine pistons are normally designed so the top deflects
incoming air fuel mixture to top of cylinder.
- some future engines may have a compression ring at the very top of the piston
(will have different shape than regular compression ring) to prevent fuel from
getting trapped on top of first ring and between cylinder wall and piston.
Presently this fuel doesn’t burn well so this ring would aid in efficiency and
pollution control.
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Have students note the abrasive wear that has occurred at ring and skirt areas of
pistons from engines disassembled.
B. Connecting rod
- connects piston to crankshaft.
- eye holds wrist pin.
- cap end holds crankshaft
- cap will only go on one way--look for wear pattern
here.
- has to be able to withstand tremendous pressure.
Always examine carefully to be sure the connecting rod is not bent. A dealer or
technician has a special tool to check if a rod is bent.
C. Crankshaft
- converts recipating motion to rotary motion.
- connected to cap end of connecting rod.
- all other components driven from crankshaft.
- may contain oil ports if engine has oil pump.
- each end runs in well oiled sleeve bearing.
- note the type of wear that occurred at each bearing.
D. Valves
- (on 4-cycle engines only) provide in and out openings to cylinder for air and
fuel
mixture and the burning gases.
- poppet valves are forced open by the rotating camshaft on 4-cycle engines.
- must be in time with piston travel so air/fuel mixture can come into cylinder
on
intake stroke and exhaust gases go out on exhaust stroke.
- 4-stroke cycle refers to four strokes of piston travel or two revolutions of the
crankshaft. During the four strokes four events will happen--intake,
compression, power, exhaust.
- 2-stroke cycle refers to two strokes of piston or one revolution of the

crankshaft. During the two strokes the same four events will happen--power,
exhaust, intake, compression. No poppet valves are used on gasoline 2-stroke
cycle engines. Exhaust and intake occur at the bottom of the power stroke
when two ports are uncovered by the top of the piston. During the power stroke
as the piston enters the crankcase, pressure in the crankcase builds and as the
intake port is uncovered fuel vapor mixed with oil for lubrication rushes into
the cylinder. This helps clear out the remaining exhaust gases through the
exhaust port. As the piston goes up on compression, it leaves the crankcase
area causing a vacuum which permits outside air to rush in through the
carburetor to fill the vacuum. The crankcase is then recharged with an air fuel
mixture and minute droplets of oil. It is very important that the crankcase of a
2 cycle engine be air tight.
E. Flywheel
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- keyed to one end of crankshaft and keeps the engine crankshaft turning
between
power strokes. Properly keyed keeps engine in time.
- contains magnets to assist magneto in firing the spark plug.
- designed to create air flow over the engine for cooling.
- when disassembling engine always check closely for cracks.
F. Piston rings
Two types: Compression ring

Oil ring
-located in grooves in piston.

-provide seal between piston and cylinder wall.
-bottom ring wipes excess oil from the cylinder wall.
-excess wear can occur from contaminants in the incoming air - look for
sandpaper like scratches on the rings.
G. Cylinder head
- provides seal for one end of cylinder.
- normally contains the spark plug for gasoline engines.
- newer engines with overhead valves will have the intake and exhaust valves
located here. See attachment at the end of this lesson for a discussion on OHV
vs conventional small engine.
- this component is exposed to a tremendous amount of heat. Always check to
be sure it is not warped or cracked.
H. Carburetor
- provides properly mixed filtered air and fuel in gaseous form to the
combustion chamber.
- many types used but all will contain a throttle valve to regulate air fuel flow
and a choke to enrich the air fuel mixture for starting.
I. Governor
- controls engine speed.

- connected to throttle valve in the carburetor.
- adjusts throttle valve position to allow more or less air fuel mixture into
combustion chamber. This keeps the engine at a constant speed under varying
loads.
- two types
a. gear - driven off either the camshaft or crankshaft
b. air vane - driven by the air flow created by the turning flywheel
Maintenance for Engine Life
- Keep engine clean as possible. Remove debris from shroud area of engine so
air can flow for cooling engine.
- Clean or replace air filter on schedule. More often if working in dusty
conditions.
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- Use clean gasoline that is no more than 30 days old.

- Use correct service classification and viscosity oil. Follow operators manual
recommendations. Some manufacturers will recommend only an SAE-30
viscosity for summer use while some will recommend SAE 10W30. Regardless
of type of oil used change as recommended by the manufacturer. Most will
recommend changing every 25 hours of operation on engines without a filter
and every 50 hours on engines that have oil filters.
- Do not continuously overload engine.
Reflection
What type of careers involve small engine knowledge?
How are small engines like automobile engines?
Would you be interested in a career with a manufacturer of small engines?
Enhancement
Most students will have experience with small engines on home lawnmowers. Ask
students about types and sizes of motors used and about any problems they
encountered. Have students visit the maintenance facility at a local golf course to
see the various duties small engines perform and discuss with the head technician
their engine maintenance program.
Recommended Small Engine Manual

Small Engine Care & Repair - order from Briggs and Stratton dealer or
www.briggsandstratton.com
Small Engine Workbook by R.T. Miller and R. Bruce Radcliff. American Technical
Publisher, Homewood, Illinois 60430.
Small Engines by Bruce Radcliff. American Technical Publishers, Inc.,

Homewood, Illinois 60430.
ATTACHMENT
Diagrams courtesy of Briggs and Stratton Corp.
The diagram on the left represents a conventional small engine. This type has
been in use for many years throughout the industry. Notice the area of the
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combustion chamber below the spark plug. This large area is needed so the valves
can open, but it limits the design for a smaller combustion area. Usually an engine of
this type will have a compression ratio of about 6 to 1.
Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of the area in the combustion chamber
when the piston is at top dead center vs. when it is at bottom dead center.
The diagram on the right represents a newer version of a small engine with its
valves located in the head. This OHV arrangement permits a design of a smaller and a
more symmetrical combustion chamber with a compression ratio of approximately 8 to
1. The air fuel mixture is then compressed more on the compression stroke causing
the burning mixture to expand faster on the power stroke giving the engine more
power. The air fuel mixture has less contact with the cooler metal that surrounds the
combustion chamber so the fuel burns more efficiently with less pollution than the
fuel in the older design engine.
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STUDENT SHEET Student ________________ Date____________
STUDENT SHEET FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES

(For note taking during discussion period)
Terms learned:
Piston -
Connecting rod -
Crankshaft -
Valves -
4-stroke cycle -
2-stroke cycle -
Flywheel -
Piston rings -
types:
Carburetor -
Governor -
Maintenance for longer engine life
1.
2.
3.
11
4.
5.
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LESSON 1: STUDENT SHEET FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE LABORATORY
DO IN ORDER
1. List the engine manufacturer _______________________________
Model # ________________ Serial # ______________ Engine type ________________
This is data you will need when ordering new parts or for finding engine
specifications.
2. Drain the oil.
3. Remove the spark plug.
4. Remove the muffler.
5. Remove the air cleaner. Does it need to be cleaned or replaced?
6. Remove the carburetor.
7. Gas tank.
8. Governor linkage. Draw a sketch of the governor linkage and carburetor hook-
up to use in your reassembly. It is easy to forget just how it was hooked up.
9. Remove the engine shroud.
10. Remove the crankshaft screen, nut and starter mechanism.
11. Remove the flywheel - use correct type of puller. Examine flywheel for cracks or
broken fins. Check the keyway for enlargement. This can affect timing.
12. Remove cylinder head and gasket. Clean and check for warpage and cracks.
Use correct bolt torque when reassembling. Check ring end gap and compare
to specifications.
13. Remove valve cover plate.
14. Remove valves and valve springs - note their condition.
15. Remove crankcase cover plate.
16. Check timing marks on crankshaft and camshaft gears. If marks are not
plainly visible, mark them with proper tool.
17. Remove camshaft and tappets.
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18. Remove connecting rod cap. Clean oil from cap--note the wear patter on cap
and connecting rod bearing. What caused this wear? Use correct torque when
reassembling.
19. Push the piston and rod out of the cylinder. If this is an older and worn engine
there may be a ridge around the top of the cylinder. What caused this ridge to
form?
20. Remove crankshaft.
21. Lay out all the components we listed under “terms”. Study so you have an
understanding of what each component does in a running engine.
22. When your instructor tells you to reassemble the engine, do so in the reverse
order of disassembly.
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Unit VII Equipment and Maintenance Lesson 2
Lesson 2. Diesel Engines Used on Turf

How Diesel and Gasoline Engines are Alike but Different
Terms
piston: moveable plug that moves up and down in the National Science
Education
cylinder bore.
Standards,
connecting rod: connects piston to crankshaft. Grades 9-12
Unifying Concepts
crankshaft: connected to piston by connecting rod and and Processes:
converts up and down motion to rotary motion.
Systems, order, and
valves: Intakes are used only on 4-stroke cycle diesel organization
engines and provide entrance into combustion chamber for Evidence, models
and explanation
filtered air to enter. More air is used by a diesel engine
than a gasoline engine. Forced to stay open on intake Science as Inquiry:
stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for Understanding
burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to about scientific
inquiry
stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation.
Abilities to do
flywheel: component on end of crankshaft that keeps it scientific inquiry
turning between power strokes. Life Science:
piston rings: located in piston groove that provides for a Interdependence of

organisms
seal at the cylinder wall.
Matter, energy, and
cylinder head: provides seal for one end of cylinder bore. organization in
living systems
multicylinder: more than one cylinder served by one
Behavior of
crankshaft. Golf course fairway mowers would be pulled by organisms
a three to six cylinder engine. History and Nature
of Science:
fuel Injector: a component in the cylinder head that
sprays fuel into cylinder in an atomized form. Science as human
endeavor
injection pump: driven by camshaft gear as it pumps a Nature of scientific
measured amount of diesel fuel under pressure to each knowledge
injector. Mathematical Skills
cetane: a diesel fuel rating based on its ignition qualities.

octane: a rating of gasoline based upon its antiknocking
characteristics.
Performance Objectives
The student will

1. identify the basic components of a diesel engine used on
golf course equipment.
2. define the above terms as they relate to the proper
functioning of a diesel engine.
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3. identify the correct maintenance procedures for diesel engines used on

golf courses.
4. identify six important differences between fuels and lubricants used in
golf course diesel and gasoline engines.
Materials needed
• student sheet for each student.

• hand tire pump and a tire to inflate.
• diesel engine injector and piston.
• one quart containers of an s and ac classification motor oil.
A diesel engine is more efficient than a gasoline engine. If a gasoline engine

uses 100 units of fuel to mow a fairway, a diesel engine would use
approximately 75 units of fuel.
Diesel engines use larger air intake systems than gasoline engines. Good air
filtration is very important.
Diesel fuel contains more energy than gasoline on a per unit basis. Burning
one gallon produces about one gallon of water.
Diesel fuel contains more sulfur than gasoline. Sulfuric acid is produced by the
combining of sulfur, water and heat from the combustion process.
Diesel engines on golf courses will be 4-stroke cycle engines.

Ignition of the diesel fuel is caused by the heat generated by compressing air on
the compressing stroke.
Near the end of the compression stroke the injector injects fuel into the
compressed air--no carburetor is used.
For more information on diesel engines order textbooks listed at the end of this
lesson.
Teacher Preparation
• Have some knowledge of the components of a small gasoline engine.

• Components of diesel and gasoline engines are somewhat the same except for
ignition and intake of fuel.
• In discussing the major components be able to compare to a comparable
gasoline engine component.
• Farm diesel tractor engines are basically the same as the diesel engines used on
golf courses. A few worn out components such as pistons, valves, injector, etc.
could be obtained from a farm machinery dealer.
• Identify for class discussion the classification and viscosity identification on the
one quart oil containers.
16
• Prepare for students to inflate a tire in class using a hand tire pump.
• Visit
www.Kubota.com
www.deere.com
Select “Company Info” then “Publications” and then “John Deere Publishing” or
use phone number 1-800-522-7448. Site can be used for questions.
Procedure
It is recommended that the class study lesson #1 on Small Engines before studying
this lesson on diesel engines.
1. Have components from a small engine available along with a piston and an
injector from a diesel engine. Having other comparable components would be
helpful.
2. Discuss each of the major components with the students emphasizing the
similarity of components of a gasoline engine, but also point out that on the
same horsepower size engine diesel engine components will be heavier and
stronger to withstand more pressure created by the diesel engine.
3. Point out that compression pressure in a gasoline engine is approximately 150

to 175 lbs. per square inch while in a diesel engine it will be 375 to 450 lbs. per
square inch.
4. Have students pump air into the tire using a hand pump. After a few strokes
and pressure begins to build in the tire have them feel the tire pump at the
bottom of stroke area. Notice the heat generated and you probably are under
30 psi. Compression pressure in a diesel engine cylinder will create
temperatures well over 1000oF.
5. Emphasize to the students that when they are fueling a diesel engine they take
extra precaution to keep the fuel clean.
Discussion of each component can center around:
A. Piston
- a moveable plug.
- has two holes for pin to connect to connecting rod.
- made of aluminum containing some nickel and chromium to add to hardness.
- divided into two areas for discussion
a. ring area - area above the piston pin

- contains compression rings and oil ring
17
- top of the ring area will contain some kind of a configuration

(usually a depression)
designed to churn the air on the compression stroke. This is important
so that the air and fuel mix well when the fuel is sprayed into the
cylinder by the injector.
b. skirt - portion below pin which guides piston in cylinder bore.

- area between rings is called land
- discuss with students the differences in the abrasive wear in the ring
area and the skirt area. Ring area caused by particles in air not removed
by filter and skirt area by particles in the oil.
B. Connecting rod
- connects piston to crankshaft.

- eye holds piston pin.
- cap end holds crankshaft. This end will have a split sleeve bearing. Note
holes for lubrication by pressurized oil.
- need to withstand tremendous pressure.
- a technician should examine carefully before reinstalling to be sure it is not
bent.
C. Crankshaft
- converts recipating motion to rotary motion.

- all other components are driven by crankshaft.
- contains oil ports for lubrication by the pressurized lubrication system.
- supported in the engine block by split sleeve main bearings.
D. Valves
- provide in and out openings to cylinder for air to enter and burning gases to
leave.
- a camshaft driven by the crankshaft forces the valves open in time with piston
travel.
- open and close on every other revolution of the crankshaft on a 4-stroke cycle
diesel engine.
- 2-stroke cycle diesel engine only has exhaust valves and will open with each
revolution of the crankshaft. Intake air will enter through ports in the
cylinder wall at the bottom of each stroke from a pressurized air chamber.
E. Flywheel
- component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes.

- will contain a ring gear that the starter engages for cranking the engine.
- often contains marks for timing the fuel injection to piston travel.
F. Piston rings
- provide seal between piston and cylinder wall.
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- located above piston pin.

- transfer heat to cylinder wall.
- oil ring on the bottom removes excess oil from cylinder wall.
G. Cylinder head
- provides seal for one end of cylinder bore.

- contains the valves and their components.
- contains passages for coolant.
- contains the fuel injector.
H. Multicylinder engine
- an engine with more than one cylinder served by one crankshaft.

- each cylinder has its own valves, piston, and connecting rod.
- each produces a power stroke at the correct time in the rotation of the
crankshaft.
- diesel engines used on golf courses will have three to six cylinders.
I. Fuel Injectors
- sprays fuel into the compressed air in a cylinder at end of the compression
stroke.
- receives fuel from the injection pump in measured amounts.
- should develop a definite spray pattern and spray the fuel in an atomized
form.
- dirty injectors cause excess smoke and loss of power.
J. Injector pump
- supplies the injector of each cylinder with a measured amount of fuel under
pressure timed to piston travel.
- contains a governor to control engine speed.
- some injector pumps are lubricated by oil from the crankcase of the engine
and some only by diesel fuel.
K. Cetane
- a rating given to diesel fuel based on its ignition qualities.

- we want fuel to start to burn as soon as the spray into the cylinder is started.
The lower the cetane number, the longer the delay for the fuel to start
burning.
- a 50 cetane rating or higher would be ideal for most golf course diesel engines.
L. Octane
- a rating given to gasoline based on its knocking characteristics.

- gasoline air fuel mixture is normally ignited on one side of a cylinder. The
flame should travel smoothly across the top of the cylinder instead of
exploding on top of the piston. If it explodes it causes the engine to knock.
19
- an 87 octane gasoline used by our automobiles can be used in our golf course
small engines.
- never attempt to use gasoline as a fuel in a diesel engine.
Maintenance for Extended Diesel Engine Life
- Buy only clean fuel and keep it clean. Do not use funnels or cans to fuel an
engine. This will transfer dust into the fuel tank.
- Do not run the fuel supply tank empty. If air gets into the fuel lines or
injection pump, the fuel system will have to be bled which may require expert
assistance from the golf course technician or a call to the dealer for
assistance.
- Only buy a 30 day supply of fuel. Always use fresh clean fuel.
- Starting fluids such as ether are normally not recommended by engine

manufacturers.
- Underground storage tanks are better for fuel storage than above ground.
Less contaminations due to less temperature change. Cool nights and warm
days causes condensation to occur in the supply tank. Diesel injection
pumps and injectors cannot tolerate water even in small
amounts.
- Use a fuel with a cetane rating of 50 or higher. The engine will run quieter
than if you use the lowest rating of 40.
- Change air filters as recommended by the engine manufacturer or more often

in dusty conditions.
- Use a lubricating oil recommended for diesel engines. It will have API (
American Petroleum Institute) letters beginning with C such as CH. An SH oil
would be recommended for a gasoline engine. The SAE (Society of Automotive
Engineers) 10W-30 or SAE-30 on the oil container is the viscosity number and
refers to how easily the oil will flow. The last letter of the API classification
letters will change and move on through the alphabet as quality
improvements in the oil are made by the oil compa nies. Be sure to follow
engine manufacturers recommendations on type and hours between changes.
- Lube other moving parts on schedule or more often.
- Clean and flush cooling system as recommended by manufacturer.
- Keep a proper mixture of antifreeze and water solution in the cooling system.
It raises the boiling point of plain water and supplies lube for water pump
plus helping to control rust.
- Keep tires properly inflated.
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Reflection
Why are diesel engines replacing gasoline engines on the golf course.
Do diesel engines really last longer than gasoline engines?
Ask why if they say yes.
Would you like a career in the diesel engine industry?
Enhancement
Some students will have experience using a diesel engine. Farm trucks and tractors
will probably be diesel fuel powered. Nonfarm students may have access to diesel
powered pick-up trucks.
Ask students about their experiences with diesel engines, why use diesel engines when
we have good success with gasoline engines and for those who have diesel engines at
home have them compare experiences and maintenance programs used.
Have students visit local golf courses and discuss with the superintendent:
a. Where he uses diesel engines.

b. How does the course store its fuel.
c. What maintenance procedures do they use.
Recommended References:
Diesel Technology by Andrew Norman, John Corinchock, Robert Scharff. The

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Publishers.
Fundamentals of Service Engines by Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois.
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STUDENT SHEET FOR DIESEL ENGINES USED ON GOLF COURSES

(For note taking throughout class discussion)
Terms learned:
Piston:
Connecting rod:
Crankshaft:
Valves:
Flywheel:
Piston rings:
Cylinder head:
22
Multicylinder engine:
Fuel injectors:
Fuel injector pump:
Cetane:
Fuel octane:
Oil:
API
SAE
Maintenance for extended engine life
23
Lesson 3. Reel Type Mowers Used for Turf

Using a Grooming Tool on the Golf Course
Terms
National Science
reel type mower - a precision tool used on a golf course Education
where a well groomed turf is necessary such as on the Standards,
greens and fairways. Grades 9-12
Unifying Concepts
reel - curved rotating blade of tempered steel. and Processes:
bedknife - stationary blade of tempered steel that Systems, order, and
organization
forms a shearing action with the rotating reel.
Evidence, models
ground driven reel - wheel mowers that use the and explanation
Science as Inquiry:
wheel contact to ground as power source to turn reel.
Understanding
hydraulic driven reel - mowers that use hydraulic about scientific
inquiry
motors mounted on reels as power source. Abilities to do
mower operator - person responsible for properly scientific inquiry
Life Science:
driving the pulling unit and for the proper
Interdependence of
adjustment of each mower unit throughout the day organisms
Matter, energy, and
as needed. organization in
living systems
reel mower safety - speed and equipment
Behavior of
maintenance are prime safety factors. organisms
History and Nature
mower maintenance - a precision tool of this type needs of Science:
to be maintained properly to retain its sharp grooming
Science as human
properties. endeavor
Performance Objectives Nature of scientific
knowledge
The student will Mathematical Skills
• identify the various types of reel type mowers and where
they are used on the golf course.
• identify the proper safety practices to use when in the
presence of or as an operator of a reel type mower.
• list the proper maintenance procedures to use when
operating a reel type mower.
• adjust the reel to bedknife setting on a reel type mower as
recommended by manufacturer.
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Materials Needed
• Student sheet
• Obtain an operators manual on reel type mowers. Borrow
from local golf course or the
• school athletic department if they have these type mowers
for the athletic complex.
• Pictures of reel type mowers--slides would be good or obtain a video from the
local golf course or the manufacturer.
• Golf course reel type mowers. Schedule with the local golf course, school
athletic complex, or a service shop for the day of your class. Perhaps the
service technician can deliver and assist students, but be sure he understands
what you want to accomplish. Be sure ALL students get hands on experience.
• For each student, have a copy of the operators manual on safety and
maintenance procedures. Teacher may need to make copies.
Reel type mowers use a shearing action to cut grass just as a seamstress uses
scissors to cut cloth.
Sharply cut grass recovers faster and stays greener than grass torn in the
cutting process.
Over adjustment of reel and bedknife as indicated by a heavy metal contact
sound causes premature dulling of cutting edges. Each reel mower should be
adjusted according to the operators manual instructions.
Cutting dead grass and mowing too close to sand traps causes premature
dulling of cutting edges.
Green grass lubricates the mower to prevent buildup of heat in the reel and
bedknife. Heat will expand the metal causing more contact between the two
metals resulting in uneven wear and poor cutting.
Operator driving too fast causes the individual cutting units to bounce causing
uneven cutting and also may cause the operator to lose control and/or fall off.
Mowing in and around trees and other structures requires driving skills that
best come with practice.
Teacher Preparation
• Have some knowledge of where and why a reel type mower is used on a golf
course or on the school athletic complex. Visit a site and talk to the
superintendent.
• Volunteer to operate a mower to acquire experience.
• Obtain an operators manual and study the manufacturers recommendations on
maintenance and on safety when operating the mower.
• If possible, gain knowledge of more than one manufacturers equipment to be
able to compare and discuss differences in class.
• Discuss with a professional person who grinds reels and bedknives about
different grinding techniques used.
25
• Visit: www.toro.com, www.jacobsen.textron.com and www.deere.com as listed

in lesson number two.
Procedure
1. Determine present knowledge of students. Perhaps some have been

employed where golf course reel type mowers were used.
2. Show pictures or slides of reel type mowers so all students have visual
perception of the lesson. Use the picture or slides to identify mower
components as discussion occurs. Have reel type mowers available.
3. Discussion can center around identifying --
a. Reel type mower - a precision tool used on a golf course or wherever a groomed
turf is desired. A reel turning over a stationary bedknife will cut the grass with
a shearing action. On golf courses they are used on fairways and greens where
golfers need a low cut grass to drive the ball correctly. A greens reel type mower
will adjust to cutting the grass to as low as 1/8 inch. It will also collect the
clippings so the operator does not have to sweep the greens. Some golf courses
will use walk behind mowers on greens. Fairway mowers are wider mowers
used to cut the grass smooth at a greater height. Some fairway mowers are pull
behind mowers while some are semi-mounted. On athletic fields reel mowers
are used to produce a smooth cut on football, baseball, and soccer fields.
b. Reel - a curved rotating unit made up of several blades of tempered steel. For
smooth cuts the blades need to be precision ground on a reel grinding machine
by a professional.
c. Bedknife - a stationary blade of tempered steel that forms a shearing action
with the rotating reel. Needs to be precision ground on a bedknife grinder by a
professional and properly adjusted in relation to the rotating reel for smooth
cuts. The bedknife top face is the top cutting surface of the bedknife while the
bedknife front face is the leading front edge of the bedknife. The top face and
front face form an upside down L figure that assists the rotating reel with the
shearing action.
d. Ground driven reel - wheel mowers that use the wheel contact to ground as a
power source to turn the reel. Several mower units are usually clustered
together and pulled by a tractor type power unit that is driven by the operator.
e. Hydraulic driven reel - clusters of mowers that use hydraulic motors mounted
on the ends of the unit as a power source to turn the reel. Hydraulic power to
run the motor is supplied by the mobile unit pulling the mowers.
f. Mower operator - person responsible for properly driving the unit and for
the proper bedknife to reel adjustment as needed throughout the mowing
day. The operator is the person responsible for quality of cut and the life
of the equipment. A skilled operator listens to the sound of the mowing
units and observes the cut being done. A skilled reel mower operator is
usually not a newly hired person. It takes considerable training by
supervisor or superintendent and personal motivation by the operator to
acquire these necessary skills.
g. Mower Safety
A good reel mower operator is safety minded at all times. By using
common sense and thinking ahead, he is protecting himself, other people
around him, and his equipment. Major safety problems can be avoided
26
by
1. driving the correct speed. Most mowers are engineered to operate

within a certain speed range. Exceeding this speed range causes
poor quality of cut
due to
- cutting units bouncing on the turf.
- uneven bedknife wear due to heat build-up between reel and
bedknife.
- operator not being able to observe debris on turf that can
damage cutting units.
2. equipment being kept in good repair. The operator should check

his equipment each morning before going out to mow the fairways
and/or greens. It is normal for equipment to lose nuts and bolts
over time which can cause not only alignment problems but
sprung or broken reels and bedknives so these must be checked
throughout the day as well.
Things to do before the engine is started.

(Student project)
a. Read the operators manual on safety.

b. Remove all debris from area to be mowed.
c. Wear proper clothing.
d. Be sure all interlock switches are working.
e. Fill fuel tank.
f. Check to be sure all shields and safety devices are in place.
Things to do after mowing has started.

(Do as class project.)
a. Have no extra riders.

b. Drive at a safe speed.
c. Always sit on the seat.
d. Always concentrate on the mower unit and the land ahead.
e. Only mow when you can see well.
f. Be careful on slopes. Never turn around on a slope.
g. Watch out for other people. Golfers will expect you to stop to let
them play through.
h. If you stop to get off, always stop the engine and set the brake.
i. Have students give more ideas on safety.
h. Mower Maintenance
In this lesson we have been emphasizing that reel mowers are precision
cutting tools. To maintain this precision characteristic, proper
maintenance must be performed on the equipment on a scheduled basis.
Major things like grinding the reel and bedknife or replacement of major
27
components are best left up to the golf course technician or other

professionals. However, there are several things an operator should do
to keep his equipment operating properly longer.
- Keep and follow a maintenance schedule for each mower.

- Study the operators manual thoroughly.
- Keep the reel and bedknife adjusted properly in relation to each other
throughout the day. Why? Using operators manual have students
adjust mowers as a class project.
- Avoid mowing too close to sand traps or around other abrasive
materials.
- Stop reels from turning when crossing parking lots or roads where
there is no grass cutting to lube the cutting units.
- Check the height and smoothness of cut throughout the day especially
on greens.
- Before starting each day (have students do be fore they start to mow as
a class project).
a. check radiator level and add if necessary.

b. check engine oil level and add if necessary.
c. check hydraulic oil level and add if necessary.
d. check to see if air filter needs changing.
- Each day after mowing (do after students have practiced mowing as a
class project).
a. blow dirt and clippings with compressed air from radiator.

b. wash grass clippings from mower with low pressure water.
c. grease fittings to chase out any water--do not over grease.
d. report any problems or unusual noise to technician or teacher.
Reflections
How many careers involve the reel mower?
Why do we call reel mowers the precision mower?
What type of training would you need to be one of the best reel mower operators?
Enhancement
• Visit a web site of a reel mower manufacturer. Find out what they say about
their fairway and greens mower. How are they different? How are they alike?
• Visit a golf course during mowing time and watch a reel mower cut grass. How
does it do that? What is different vs. school class mowing?
• Ask the operator about his job and what he is responsible for.
28
STUDENT SHEET FOR REEL TYPE MOWERS USED ON GOLF COURSES

Terms learned:
Reel type mower -
Reel -
Bedknife -
Ground driven reel -
Hydraulic driven reel -
Mower operator -
Reel mower safety -
1.
2.
Things to do before the engine is started
Things to do after the mowing has started
29
Reel mower maintenance
Why have a timely maintenance schedule?
List maintenance procedures you as an operator would probably be

responsible for when mowing fairways and/or greens.
Before starting each day
Each day after mowing
30
Lesson 4. Rotary Mowers Used for Turf

Using Rotary Mowers
Terms
rotary mower - a grass cutting tool used on golf courses National Science
where a well groomed turf is not necessary. On most golf Education
courses this would include most all of the land except Standards,
fairways and greens. Grades 9-12
discharge mower deck - a support unit for the rotating Unifying Concepts
blades that also provides a passage for the cut grass and Processes:
material to be discharged usually to the side of the cutting Systems, order, and
unit. organization
recycler or mulch mower deck - a support unit for the Evidence, models
and explanation
rotating blades that confines the cutting material and
usually moves the material in such a way that the Science as Inquiry:
rotating blade cuts the grass blades into small pieces Understanding about
before falling and dispersing into the new cut grass. scientific inquiry
hover mowers - a wheelless mowing tool used in cutting Abilities to do
grass on extreme locations such as steep banks, sand scientific inquiry
traps, etc. Hover is a brand term. Life Science:

walk behind rotary mowers - mowers that are self- Interdependence of
propelled or pushed by operator on smaller areas of the organisms
golf course where it is not practical to use the larger Matter, energy, and
units. organization in living
systems
rotary mower safety - with the tip of a rotary mower
Behavior of
blade traveling 15,000 to 18,000 feet per minute, this tool organisms
is very dangerous so extreme safety must be used.
rotary mower maintenance - on rotary mowers the blade Science:
is the heart of the mowing unit and must be kept in good
Science as human
condition along with the support equipment for quality endeavor
mowing. Blades must be professionally ground when they Nature of scientific
become dull. knowledge
Mathematical Skills
Performance Objectives
The student will
• identify the various types of rotary mowers and where they
are used on the golf course.
• identify the proper safety practices to use when in the
presence of or as an operator of a rotary mower.
• list at least seven proper maintenance procedures a person
should use as an operator of a rotary mower.
Materials Needed
• Student sheet.
31
• Obtain an operators manual on rotary mowers. Borrow

from local golf course or the high school athletic
department.
• Pictures of rotary mowers used on golf courses in your area. Slides would be
good to use or the local golf course may have a training video available.
Manufacturers have them available.
• A copy for each student of safety and maintenance procedures from an
operators manual. Teachers may need to make copies.
• Golf course type rotary mowers. Schedule with local golf courses or school
athletic complex for the day of your class. Perhaps the course technician can
deliver and assist the students, but be sure he understands what you want to
accomplish. Be sure ALL students get hands on experience.
• A hover type mower.
The tip of the rotating blade does the cutting and must travel at a tremendous
speed to clip the grass blades as they extend upward.
The blade must have a sharp cutting edge to cut rather than tear the grass
blade.
The blade dulls easily because of its speed and the sticks and stones it
encounters.
Hitting solid objects can easily warp or bend the blade so that the cut is
uneven.
Warped or bent blades may cause the mower unit to vibrate so that is
dangerous to operate and in this condition may also destroy seals on the blade
shaft.
Correct driving speed and driver courtesy to others are a must for the operator
to learn.
Teacher Information
• Have some knowledge of where and why a rotary mower is used on a golf course
or on the school athletic field. Visit the local golf course and talk to the
superintendent.
• Volunteer to operate a rotary mower to acquire experience that you may lack.
• Obtain an operators manual and study the manufacturers recommendations on
maintenance and on safety when operating the mower.
• If possible, gain knowledge of more than one manufacturers equipment to be
able to compare and discuss differences in class.
• Discuss with a professional person who sharpens rotary blades about how he
inspects and grinds each blade to maintain its original characteristics.
• Visit www.toro.com, www.hovermower.com, www.jacobsen.textron.com, and
www.deere.com as listed in lesson number two.
32
Procedure
1. Determine present knowledge of students. Perhaps some have been employed

where golf course type rotary mowers are used.
2. Stress to the students the importance of their studying an operators manual
and or video to learn the safety rules and maintenance procedures they must
follow before they operate a golf course rotary mower.
3. Show pictures, videos or slides of golf course type rotary mowers so all students
have a visual perception of the lesson to be learned.
4. Discussion can center around
a. Rotary type mower - a grass cutting tool used on golf courses

where a well groomed turf is not necessary. On most golf courses this
would include areas other than the greens and fairways. This mower can
be mounted or semimounted to a tractor unit which the operator rides.
Smaller mowers may be self-propelled with the operator merely guiding
the unit while on still smaller ones the operator may push and guide the
mower.
b. Discharge mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades

that also provides a passage for the cut grass material to be discharged
to the side or behind the cutting unit. On larger mowers this deck would
probably be mounted or semimounted to a tractor power unit. This
mower will have several rotating blades that are either “V” belt driven or
driven from a power take off assembly from the tractor. This PTO
assembly usually runs to a gear box in the center of the deck where the
power changes to a “V” belt drive to each of the rotating blades.
c. Recycler or mulch mower deck - a support for the rotating blades

that confines the cut grass and
usually causes the cut material to move in such a way that the
rotating blade can recut it into small pieces before falling and dispersing
into the new cut grass below. This unit is often mounted to the tractor
and driven in the same way as a discharge deck and they are sometimes
interchangeable so that only one tractor power unit is needed. Be sure
students see and compare this mower with the regular mower.
d. Hover mowers - a wheelless mowing tool used in cutting grass on extreme

locations such as steep banks, sand traps, etc. they are made of lightweight
material and kind of hover over the grass as cutting is done. Can cut down
to one and one half inches high which makes them somewhat more
dangerous to use because they can throw more debris than most rotary
mowers. The operator guides it over the grass with handles similar to a
home yard push mower. It is recommended that the operator wear extra
protection such as good quality leather shoes, cover over the ankles and
legs, and safety glasses.
e. Walk behind mowers - usually smaller rotary mowers where the operator
walks behind. Includes small self-propelled and push mowers. Almost all
33
golf courses have areas where it is not practical to use a large mower and
these do a fine job particularly on uneven land.
f. Rotary mower safety - the tip of a rotary mower blade travels at a

tremendous speed and when (it isn’t if, it is when) it comes in contact with a
stick or small rock the blade acts like a tremendous slingshot. The object
can hit the operator or another person in the area and cause a severe injury.
Driving at a safe constant speed is very important not only for better mowing
quality, but also, for the safety of the operator.
With each student having a copy of safety procedures, discuss each factor
separately and let the students relate to what they already know and any
experiences they have had.
Things to consider before the engine is started (have students do when

appropriate).
1. The operator should always read the operators manual.
2. Remove all debris from area to be mowed, limbs, golf club, etc.
3. Wear proper clothing. Be extra safe when using the hover mower.
4. Be sure all interlock switches work.
5. Fill fuel tank before starting engine.
6. Be sure all shields and safety devices are in place.
Things to consider after mowing has started.
1. No riders while the unit is moving.

2. Drive at a safe speed--watch for trees, holes, etc.
3. Always sit on the seat.
4. Always concentrate on the mower unit and land ahead.
5. Only mow when you can see well.
6. Be careful on slopes--never turn around on a slope.
7. Watch out for other people--golfers are there for a good time they
probably are not watching you.
8. When stopping to get off, always stop the engine and set the brake.
Ask students for more ideas on safety.
g. Rotary mower maintenance - golf course rotary mowers require a high

investment so it is necessary that everyone follow a timely maintenance
schedule to extend the life of each mower for as long as possible. You
should have a written maintenance schedule for each mower that coincides
with the manufacturers recommendations. The operator should have an
agreement with the golf course equipment technician what his daily
responsibilities are and what the technician will do. The technician may be
responsible for all repair work at the golf course.
The operator probably will be responsible for the general maintenance items
such as (have students do each item that is appropriate):
34
a. Each day before starting the engine check the level of water in
radiator, oil in engine and transmission (hydraulic oil), and
if air filter
needs to be changed before starting to mow each morning.
b. Each day after mowing clean the
radiator with air pressure, wash grass clippings from mower unit with
low pressure water then grease fittings to chase out any water that
may have entered. However, do not overgrease as this may damage
the grease seals.
c. Report any problem or unusual noise to the equipment technician so

he can decide if it needs his attention.
Other maintenance procedures include:
a. Keep the unit safe to operate by keeping all nuts, bolts, etc. tight
especially the blade bolts.
b. Keep all hydraulic lines in good condition. Use cardboard or paper to
check for leaks that often develop as hoses age. Pin hole leaks can
penetrate the skin.
c. Do not change the governor settings to get more speed. This can
damage the engine.
d. Always be sure you have read the operators manual and understand
your responsibilities.
Ask students about maintenance schedules. What would be

included? Why have them?
Reflections
Do you know of anyone who has been injured from debris thrown from a rotary
mower? Windows broken, etc.?
Are you careful at home when mowing with your lawn mower?
What do you think would happen if a player on a golf course got injured by a rock
thrown by a rotary mower driven by you?
Enhancement
• Visit a web site of a rotary mower manufacturer.
• Visit a golf course during mowing time to watch a rotary mower in action.
• Ask the operator about his duties.
35
STUDENT SHEET FOR ROTARY MOWERS USED ON GOLF COURSES

Terms learned:
Rotary Mower:
Rotary Discharge Mower Deck:
Rotary Recycler or Mulch Mower Deck:
Hover Rotary Mowers:
Walk Behind Rotary Mowers :
Rotary Mower Safety
Why should you be extremely careful when using a rotary mower?
Things to do before the engine is started.
Things to consider after mowing has started.
Rotary Mower Maintenance
What is a maintenance schedule and why are they important for the operator to
have?
General Maintenance
a. Each day before starting the engine
36
b. Each day after mowing
c. Report any problems or unusual noise to
Other maintenance procedures
a.
b.
c.
d.
Using the information from discussion and maintenance handout material make a
maintenance schedule that you could use if you were a rotary mower operator.
37
Lesson 5. Boom Sprayers

Using the Boom Sprayer Correctly and Safely
Terms
boom sprayer: a mechanical driven device 10' to 30' wide

equipped with spray nozzles and a holding tank used to National Science
apply a pressurized liquid evenly over the turf. It may be Education
pulled by a tractor or mounted on a utility vehicle. Standards,
Grades 9-12
pump - a mechanical device driven by a power source to
Unifying Concepts
create a flow of liquid in the sprayer system. and Processes:
regulator valve - a device located between the nozzles Systems, order, and
and holding tank on the return side and used to regulate organization
pressure in the sprayer system. Evidence, models

and explanation
pressure gauge - a gauge used to measure pressure in Science as Inquiry:
the sprayer system. Operator reads in pounds per square
Understanding about
inch - PSI. scientific inquiry
nozzle - a device located on the boom that delivers the Abilities to do
correct spray pattern to the turf. scientific inquiry
Life Science:
agitator - keeps the water and pesticide in motion so the
Interdependence of
concentration of pesticide is uniformly mixed with the organisms
carrier at all times.
Matter, energy, and
pesticide - substances we use in controlling pests. organization in living
systems
GPA - gallons per acre. Behavior of
organisms
GPM - gallons per minute.
operator - The pe rson who operates the equipment Science:
applying the pesticide. He has many responsibilities. Science as human
endeavor
FIFRA - a law that regulates the registration,
Nature of scientific
manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides. knowledge
(Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.)
Mathematical Skills
calibrate - an adjustment of the mix of pesticide and
carrier with the speed and pressure of the boom sprayer
so the correct amount of pesticide is applied.
Performance Objective
The student will
• identify the basic components of a boom sprayer used on
golf courses.
• list the three types of pesticides used on golf courses.
38
• list five procedures to use when operating a boom sprayer on a golf course to
assure proper application of the pesticide.
• list the proper safety practices to use when applying pesticides with a boom
sprayer on a golf course.
• identify the proper maintenance procedures the operator should use when
operating a boom sprayer.
• use the proper procedure for calibrating a boom sprayer.
• list four regulations of pesticides that are enforced by the FIFRA law.
Materials Needed
• Student sheet
• Obtain manual titled, “Applying Pesticides Correctly”, A Guide for Private and
Commercial Applicators. Available at your agricultural county extension office.
• Obtain reference manual, “Pesticide Usage” from Golf Course Superintendents
Association of America, 1617 St. Andrews Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047.
• Phone 913-841-2240
• Pictures of boom sprayers--slides showing components taken at the local golf
course would be better. Perhaps your local farm machinery dealer has a video
on boom sprayers used on the farm.
• A boom sprayer preferably similar to those used on the local golf course.
A. Boom sprayers are used in many forms. They can be:
- homemade units mounted on the back of a tractor to factory made wheel

units pulled by a tractor, a utility vehicle, or a 4-wheeler cycle. They can
also be self propelled.
- perhaps as little as 4' to 5' wide to 30' to 40' wide. The width used will
depend on the terrain, amount of land to spray, and the location and
number of obstacles to drive around. A golf course will probably have a
smaller size perhaps 10' to 15' because of the rough terrain and trees.
- nozzle output depends on hole size and pressure in the system. For
example a nozzle may flow at .1 GPM if the pressure is 10 psi but if the
pressure is increased to 40 psi the flow rate from the same
nozzle would increase to .2 GPM. Increase the psi 4 times doubles the flow
rate.
- spray angle and coverage also increases with pressure. For example, a
nozzle at an 18" height with a 65o spray angle would cover approximately
23" with a 15 psi pressure. But when that same nozzle with pressure
increased to 40 psi the spray angle may increase to 80o and have a spray
cover of 30 inches.
- nozzle spacing on a boom is usually divisible by 10. For example, spacing
being of 20 and 30 inches is most common.
- nozzle height from the ground is important for proper coverage. The
literature from one company recommends for 20 inch spacing and an 80o
39
spray angle the height being approximately 18 inches. However, if the spray
angle is increased to 110o, the height should be approximately 13 inches.
- using pesticides where the public is invited can lead to problems, so
students need to be aware of what can happen and realize that they should
only be used under the strict supervision of the golf course superintendent.
- refer to attachment at the end of this lesson for more on nozzle spacing,
height, and angle of spray.
Teacher Preparation
• Review manuals recommended under materials needed. Both manuals were

used in preparing this lesson.
• Visit a golf course when a boom sprayer is being used. Discuss with the person
operating the sprayer his responsibilities. Ask who is responsible for sprayer
calibration, nozzle spacing, and height. Ask what pests they control by
spraying. Who is legally responsible to the public using the golf course?
• Visit with the superintendent and ask him the same questions you asked the
sprayer operator.
• Take slide pictures for use in class. Include sprayer components in pictures.
• Review “Attachment” at the end of this lesson. Use in class when discussing
boom sprayer nomenclature. Make a transparency or copies for each student.
• Visit web sites: www.toro.com and www.ttcsp.com
Procedure
1. Determine present knowledge of students. Perhaps some are from a farm where
boom sprayers are used or maybe a few have been employed where boom
sprayers were used. Use these students in the class discussion but be sure the
knowledge they express is correct.
2. Show pictures or videos of boom sprayers being used. Point out the
components that will be discussed.
3. Borrow a boom sprayer from a farmer, a golf course, or a farm machinery dealer
to use while discussing this lesson. Give students hands on experience.
4. Discussion of the lesson should center around
a. Boom sprayer - a precision mechanical driven tool used to apply a pesticide

on the turf of a golf course. It may be self propelled, mounted on a utility
vehicle, or pulled behind a tractor. Usually on a golf course the boom width
is limited due to the terrain and trees that are on the course.
b. Pump - a mechanical device driven by a power source to create a flow of

liquid in the sprayer system.
1. Centrifugal - a rotating wheel that flings the liquid away from its
center of rotation. A water pump on an engine is an example.
However, the design could be different. A pump of this design would
be used only for the lower pressure systems. Not self priming, so they
40
must be mounted below the holding tank. Not a positive

displacement constant volume pump.
2. Roller - most widely used. Self priming, low to moderate pressure (10
to 300 psi) pumps. Rollers are made of nylon, teflon or rubbe r and
wear rapidly when an abrasive spray is used. However, the rollers are
fairly easy to replace.
The roller pump used on a sprayer should be capable of moving at

least twice the volume needed by the boom nozzles so the excess can
be used to agitate the liquid in the tank. Also, as the sprayer is
used, the pump will wear and its volume flow will drop. So having a
high flow initially gives the
pump longer life.
c. Regulator valve - a valve that regulates the pressure in the system. The
purpose of the valve is to keep the pressure in the system constant. The
liquid that does not flow through the nozzles flows through the valve back to
the holding tank. Usually a valve of this type is spring loaded and it closes
the flow path until the pressure builds high enough to force a spring to let
the valve open. Some valves have an adjustable spring so the pressure
setting can be changed by the operator if more liquid flow through the
nozzles is desired.
d. Pressure gauge - an instrument used to measure pressure in the system.

Operator reads in pound per square inch - psi.
e. Nozzle - a device located on the boom that delivers the correct spray pattern
to the turf. Nozzle tips have numbers indicating their type. It is important
that all nozzles on a boom have the same number and be equally spaced on
the boom and be the same correct height from the turf.
f. Agitator - a device in the holding tank that keeps the water and pesticide in
motion so that the concentration of pesticide is uniformly mixed with the
water all the time.
Two types
1. Jet - the return of the excess spray liquid to the tank is delivered in
such a manner so that all the liquid in the tank is kept in motion.
2. Mechanical - a mechanical device is kept turning in the tank to keep

the liquid in motion. Needs to be mechanically connected to the
power source.
Without an agitator in the holding tank some pesticides could

separate from the liquid. If this should happen, the application of
pesticide on the turf would be uneven and poor performance would be
the result.
g. Pesticide - substances used in controlling pests. May be purchased in

liquid or dry form.
41
Basically, three types used on golf courses
1. Herbicide - used for killing and/or interrupting normal plant growth.

2. Insecticide - used for killing harmful insects and/or interrupting their
normal life cycle.
3. Fungicide - used for killing harmful fungi and/or stop their spores from
growing.
All three types of pesticides have some forms that are harmful to
humans. So extreme caution must be used to keep these pesticides
from contacting the human body.
h. GPA - represents gallons per acre. When applying pesticides we need to

know how many gallons of the concentrate we are applying per acre or every
43,560 sq. ft. If we over apply we may damage the turf and if we underapply
we may have poor results. Also, the term ounces of pesticide per 1,000 sq.
ft. is often used.
i. GPM - represents gallons per minute. In calibrating our sprayer to apply

the right amount of concentrate, we measure the output from the nozzles
over a time period. This period is usually a minute. Once you know what
the output is per minute at a certain psi you can calculate the rate per acre
or fraction of an acre at a given speed.
j. Operator - a person who applies the pesticide with the boom sprayer.
Sometimes referred to as the applicator. He is responsible for correct
application of the pesticide. To do this he must
1. mix proper amount of pesticide in the liquid carrier.

2. drive with as little overlapping and/or skipping as possible. Modern
boom sprayers sold today have markers that drop a foam substance to
mark the edge of the sprayed area. This assists the operator to
determine where to drive
3. drive at a safe constant spe ed and maintain a constant pressure of the
spray material in the lines to the nozzles.
4. constantly observe the nozzles to be sure they are functioning properly.
A partially plugged nozzle will have its spray pattern distorted.
5. be responsible for his own safety and others around him.
k. FIFRA - a law passed by the U.S. Congress that regulates the registration,
manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides. (Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)
Basically, the law says
1. All pesticide containers must be labeled as to how they are to be used,

their safety, how to dilute, how to store, dispose of, etc.
a. Pesticides can be used only as directed on the label.
42
b. All pesticides must state how they are classified on the label--restricted
or general.
c. People who buy or use restricted pesticides must be certified or must be
supervised by a certified applicator.
d. If you do not obey the law you will be subject to penalties of fines and jail
terms.
e. A state may impose stricter standards than those required by FIFRA.
Certification requires training or testing for competency in the handling and

safe use of pesticides. A state or federal agency does the training and
testing for certification. A county agricultural extension agent can advise on
the laws in his state.
l. Calibration - a process of adjusting the mix of carrier (usually water) and

pesticide to the speed and pressure of the boom sprayer so the correct
amount of pesticide is applied to the turf. It is very important that the
calibration be done correctly. For someone with little experience, the course
management may want an experienced person to do this and tell the
applicator how to mix the pesticide and how fast to drive with a set regulator
valve.
The process is rather simple once you determine
the flow rate of the sprayer. This can be done by driving over a measured
distance and starting with the supply tank full of water. For example: If
you have a 10 ft. boom sprayer, measure a 100 ft. distance and make 1 trip
with the sprayer spraying water over this 100 ft. distance. This will equal
1,000 sq. ft. of coverage. Carefully measure the amount of water it takes to
refill the supply tank. If you need to be real accurate, repeat as many times
as you think necessary and then average to get the output per 1,000 sq. ft.
Let’s assume it takes 1 gal. to refill the tank. Now let us calculate the
amount of pesticide needed if the label says to use 16 oz. (1 pint) per 3,000
sq. ft. of turf area and we have a 50 gallon supply tank.
To rethink our problem:
- we use 1 gal. of spray per 1,000 sq. ft. of turf area.

- we want to apply 16 oz. of pesticide per 3,000 sq. ft. of turf area.
- so, we will need 3 gal. of water to spray
3,000 sq. ft. and we want to add 16 oz. of
pesticide to the 3 gal.
- to correctly add pesticide to our 50 gal.
supply tank, we divide 50 gal. by 3 gal.
50 = 16.666 x 16 oz. of pesticide=266 oz pesticide per 50 gal. tank

3
If you have no way of knowing how fast your vehicle is going, use the 100
ft. distance and travel it in 13.6 seconds and you are going 5 miles per
hour.
43
26.400 ft. in 5 mi. = 7.333 ft/sec. 100 ft. = 13.63 sec. to travel 100 ft.
3600/sec/hr. 7.333
or
Speed (MPH) = Distance (ft) x 60

Time (seconds) x 88
Have students use a water color solution as a pesticide and do the above
problem using the sprayer you obtained. This can be done at school and
students can practice applying a pesticide.
Boom Sprayer Safety
We have stated that the operator is responsible for his safety and those around
him. When spraying on a golf course where the public is invited, management
would also be responsible. The rules and regulations of the golf course must be
followed for the safety of everyone. We must assume that all pesticides are
poisonous to humans and wild animals. For safety reasons, we must consider
when spraying
a. the time of day so players are not exposed.

b. wind direction, speed, and how this affects the spray particles drifting
from the nozzles.
c. how the spray particles can enter the body.
-- by breathing - being in the presence of gaseous forms (vapor) they can

enter our lungs. When spraying in windy conditions, we should wear
protective gear over our faces.
--by skin absorption - by accidentally getting
the pesticide on your skin. This may occur
when spraying in windy conditions or letting
contaminated clothing come in contact with
your skin. Nozzles may drip on you while you
are working on sprayer.
--by mouth - a common avenue is by not
washing hands before eating, smoking, etc.
Accidentally getting splashed in the face
maybe a nozzle is partially plugged and is
spraying to the side.
Other common ways for pesticides to come in contact with your body:
a. when measuring to put in supply tank.

b. in the process of cleaning contaminated clothing
c. handling of empty containers and not disposing of them properly.
d. cleaning of equipment after spraying is
completed.
44
After students have completed the practice spraying, have them check
each other for the water color on hands and clothes.
Maintenance of Boom Sprayers
Never leave unused pesticides in the sprayer. Golf course management should
have a policy for disposal of unused quantities. After the supply tank is empty:
a. use fresh water to flush out the system.

b. clean all screens in the tank and nozzles. Should be removed and then
cleaned.
c. use a nonfoaming detergent with clean water and run through all the
components.
d. check all hoses and fittings for condition.
e. for storage, it is recommended the nozzles and screens be removed and
stored in diesel fuel or a low number viscosity oil.
f. if unit has an engine, service it as recom-mended in lessons 1 and 2.
Have students clean the water color from the sprayer following the above
procedures.
Reflection
Do golf courses really need to have pesticides applied? Yes or No Why?
Should players be told that a pesticide has been applied? Why?
What subjects would you need to study to become an expert in the pesticide
industry?
How do pesticides affect the environment?
Enhancement
• Some students may have previous experience either by using or by observation.
• Have those students relate those experiences with what was discussed in class.
• Have school nurse discuss with the students some symptoms of pesticide
poisoning.
45
STUDENT SHEET FOR BOOM SPRAYERS

(For note taking during discussion period)
Describe a boom sprayer
Why are they used?
What type of pump may we find on boom sprayers?
What is their purpose?
State the purpose of a regulating valve on a boom sprayer.
How do they do their job?
How does a pressure gauge aid the sprayer operator?
What is the function of the nozzle on a boom sprayer?
If you need to replace a nozzle, how can you tell if your new nozzle is the right one?
Why have an agitator on a boom sprayer?
What does the term pesticide mean to you?
46
Name three types that a golf course might use. Indicate what it controls.
a.
b.
c.
What does GPA and GPM mean to you?
Why are they important for the applicator?
Name four (4) things an operator must do to apply a pesticide correctly.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What does FIFRA mean to you?
What does FIFRA regulate?
1.
2.
3.
Why is it necessary to calibrate a boom sprayer?
47
The boom sprayer you are using travels at 4 miles per hour and applies 15 gallons of
spray on each 800 sq. ft. A pesticide you are using is to be applied at the rate of 3 oz.
per 1,000 sq. ft. How many ounces of this pesticide would you use in a 75 gallon
supply tank?
Why is safety such an important factor when using a boom sprayer?
Name three ways an applicator may accidentally let a pesticide enter his body?
a.
b.
c.
Consider yourself a golf course superintendent and outline a safety policy in regard to
the use of pesticides.
While you are the superintendent, describe how you will instruct your boom sprayer
applicator to maintain his equipment.
48
Attachment
Boom Sprayer Nomenclature
A regular flat fan nozzle tip that is normally used on golf courses makes a tapered end
pattern when broadcasting pesticides. For even distribution an overlap of 30 to 50%
is recommended depending on spacing, spray angle, and spray height. The manual,
Applying Pesticides Correctly, has tables to aid in making this determination. Once
these factors are correctly determined and the sprayer is properly adjusted, no
changes should be made.
49
Lesson 6. Hey! Will Ya hand Me That __________?

Identification and Care of Hand Tools
Terms
back saw: a saw that has very fine teeth and a stiff National Science
metal back. Education
Standards,
bench stone: sharpening stone designed to rest on a Grades 9-12
workbench. Unifying Concepts
and Processes:
bit brace: a device with a crank-type handle used to
turn wood cutting bits. Systems, order, and
organization
center punch: steel punch with a sharp point. Evidence, models and
explanation
cold chisel: a piece of tool steel shaped, tempered, and
sharpened to cut mild steel when driven with a hammer. Science as Inquiry:
Understanding about
square: a device used to draw angles for cutting and to scientific inquiry
check the cuts for accuracy. Abilities to do
scientific inquiry
pvc saw: a saw designed to cut PVC pipe, the teeth
point toward the handle. Life Science:
Interdependence of
These are just a small sample of the hand tools that are organisms
common in many homes, businesses and schools.
Matter, energy, and
systems
Performance Objectives: Behavior of
organisms
The student will: History and Nature of
Science:
• make a selection of hand tools necessary to complete
activities that are chosen by the teacher. Science as human
endeavor
• demonstrate how to properly use each hand tool selected. Nature of scientific
knowledge
• demonstrate how to properly care and maintain each
Mathematical Skills
hand tool selected.
Materials Needed:
For this class each student will need these materials:
• Student Sheet “Identification and Care of Hand Tools”
• tool catalogs from a variety of sources
• tools for their “how to use” demonstration
• supplies for their “proper care” demonstration
50
Background Information:
Getting students interested in tools can sometimes be difficult. So the
approach of this lesson is a little different. If you are not the most tool wise
person that will be ok because the focus is really going to be on the students.
There are thousands of tools for different jobs so with this approach you will
select the job and the students using their catalogs will select all the necessary
tools to complete the task.
There are a number of agriculture mechanics books that have chapters on tool
use and reconditioning. These will be an excellent resource for you and the
students. Once the tools have been selected the students can do
demonstrations on proper care and use of a variety of tools.
Teacher Preparation:
1. Gather all the information you can on use and care of tools. (text, pamplets,
catalogs, posters, etc.)
2. Decide on the variety of activities or jobs for which you will need tools.
3. Have each student do the tool selection alone.
4. Each student could be given a job and an amount of money ($300 for example)
5. They must buy all their tools for that amount or they may need to pool their
resources with other students and form a company.
6. The money is play but the situations would be real life.
7. Use the catalogs to determine prices of tools.
8. After the selection process, the students with the help of the teacher will
demonstrate the proper care and use of a variety of tools.
9. You can vary the jobs and this way students will be exposed to more
demonstrations (pruning to plumbing)
Procedure:
1. Let each student or small group of students select at random a job.
2. You have predetermined a number of jobs or tasks
Example of tasks: A. repair an irrigation valve
B. Pruning trees and shrubs
C. Change oil in lawn mower
D. Planting a garden
3. Give each student their own catalog from which to select the tools necessary to
complete the task.
4. There needs to be a set dollar amount that they can spend on tools.
5. If they need more money for tools they could be allowed to work with other
students to get the necessary equipment.
6. The focus is on hand tools.
51
7. After the lists are complete the groups or individuals can present to the class
their choices.
8. From each list the teacher will select tools for them to demonstrate proper use
to the class.
9. The teacher will assist each student with their preparation.
10. The teacher will have each student demonstrate how to recondition or maintain
at least one tool.
Assessment
Determine the students' performance based on
• the degree of accomplishment on the student sheet.
• the performance during the class, experiment, or field trip.
• the participation of the discussion and the reflection questions.
• the degree of accomplishment on the "Scoring Rubric".
52
Student sheet. Name_______________

Date________________
IDENTIFICATION AND CARE OF HAND TOOLS
back saw:
bench stone:
bit brace:
center punch:
cold chisel:
square:
pvc saw:
1. Using the catalogs provided and staying within the budget, select the necessary
tools needed to complete the job assigned.
2. Make a complete list of tools and the price of those tools (base on catalog price).
3. Using the other information provided or over the internet, determine the proper use
and care of the tools you have selected.
4. With the help of your teacher, practice demonstrating the proper use of selected
tools.
5. Demonstrate proper tool use to the class.
6. Perform tool reconditioning on at least one old or poorly treated tool.
53
7. When this lesson is completed each student will have accomplished the following:
1. used a tool catalog
2. discovered the correct names of tools
3. developed a tool list for a particular task
4. demonstrated proper use of at least one tool
5. demonstrated how to recondition an old tool
54
A SCORING RUBRIC Name ________________Date _____________
BASIC TURFGRASS MORPHOLOGY
The purpose of this

lesson was
The main method(s)

or procedure(s) we
learned was (were)
The best example(s)

that I can use to
describe the content
of this lesson
Subjects or courses
that I can relate this
lesson to
The information of
this lesson can be
applied to
In summary, what I
learned
55
Lesson 7. Start Your Engines!

Small Gasoline Engine Maintenance
Terms
air cooled engine: an engine that circulates air around National Science
the cylinder block and cylinder head to maintain the Education
desired engine temperature. Standards,
Grades 9-12
combustion: the rapid, oxidizing chemical reaction in Unifying Concepts
which a fuel chemically combines with oxygen in the and Processes:
atmosphere and releases energy in the form of heat. Systems, order, and
organization
engine block: the main structure of an engine which
supports and helps maintain alignment of internal and Evidence, models and
explanation
external components.
Science as Inquiry:
EPA: the Environmental Protection Agency. A federal Understanding about
agency established in 1970 to control and abate scientific inquiry
pollution in the areas of air, water, solid waste, Abilities to do
pesticides, radiation and toxic substances. scientific inquiry
internal combustion engine: an engine that generates Life Science:
head energy from the combustion of fuel inside the Interdependence of

organisms
engine.
Matter, energy, and
systems
Performance Objectives: Behavior of
The student will: organisms
• properly change the oil in a lawn mower or other small Science:
gasoline engine powered tool. Science as human
endeavor
• properly service the air cleaner.
Nature of scientific
• clean fuel tank and fuel line. knowledge
Mathematical Skills
• clean carburetor float bowl.
• replace the spark plug
• examine engine for loosened bolts or other parts such as
the muffler and retighten.
• clean engine of all dirt and debris
• remove and sharpen the mower blades.
56
Materials Needed:
For this class each student or pair of students will need these
materials:
• Student Sheet “Maintaining Your Lawnmower”
• rags
• container to drain oil into
• EPA approved disposal site to get rid of any hazardous waste (oil or gasoline)
• wrench set (standard) maybe (metric)
• long nose pliers
• screw drivers, straight and Phillips
• new spark plug
• rachet wrench set which includes a spark plug socket (3/8 drive)
• spray can of degreaser
• water hose & spray nozzle
• old paint brushes or parts brush
• leather gloves or welding gloves (to hold mower blade)
• bench or portable grinder
Background Information:
There are a number of good publications out that will be of real help in teaching
this subject. If you feel uneasy about teaching this, don’t be. Performing
general maintenance on a lawnmower is an excellent activity that all future
homeowners need to know. The skills and information your students will gain
in this lesson can be applied toward gasoline powered equipment. Well
maintained engines are good for the environment.
There are two publications that will be extremely helpful in preparing for and
conducting this lesson. The first would be any of the agricultural mechanics
books that show how to sharpen a mower blade. The second is a care and
repair manual published for the Briggs and Stratton Company. This manual
can be purchased at any home center with a do-it-yourself publication library.
It has great illustrations and you can pick and choose the activities for the
class. Those outlined in the performance objectives will give the students a
good experience without becoming overwhelmed. (Resources and Reference
Section).
Teacher Preparation:
1. Have students or others bring in push type lawn mowers.
2. No more than one per student.
57
3. January through early March is a good time for this activity or just after the
mowing season is over in the fall.
4. Go over hand tool use and be sure there is enough tools and supplies to keep
everyone busy.
5. Decide what maintenance activities you want the students to perform and
develop a checklist for them to follow.
6. Have containers ready to handle then used oil or gas that may need disposal.
7. Have plenty of rags or paper towels.
8. Number all the manuals and assign them to students.
9. Assign the tool sets to the students.
10. Assigning helps to make the students accountable and will maintain your
investment in tools and books.
Procedure:
1. Assign manuals and tool sets.
2. Outline the activities you have selected for the students to accomplish during
this time period.
3. Be clear on the safe handling of the mower blades and oil and gasoline disposal.
4. Allow the students to follow the steps that are outlined in the manual for each
activity.
5. Be there for assistance but allow the students to do as much as they can
without your help.
6. Check their work and allow time at the end of the period for questions and
discussions.
7. Have a checklist with each mower so that you will know when everything is
complete.
8. It is very important that the same students work on the same mower until the
job is finished.
Assessment
Determine the students' performance based on
• the degree of accompl ishment on the student sheet.
• the performance during the class, experiment, or field trip.
• the participation of the discussion and the reflection questions.
• the degree of accomplishment on the "Scoring Rubric".
58
Student sheet. Name_______________

Date________________
SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE MAINTENANCE
air cooled engine:
combustion:
engine block:
EPA:
internal combustion engine:
1. Check out tools and manual.

2. Review with group members what needs to be done to the mower.
3. Have a can or other container to hold nuts, bolts or other parts that are small and
easy to manipulate.
4. Wear your safety glasses.
5. Follow the steps as outlined in the repair manual. Be sure to read the procedure
before starting the activity.
6. Be professional, but if you need help ask your instructor.
7. When the activity is complete, have your instructor check your work and sign the
check sheet.
8. Clean up your area and return your mower to storage or prepare it for the trip
home.
9. Participate in class discussion.
10. Wash your hands before leaving.
59
A SCORING RUBRIC Name ________________Date _____________
BASIC TURFGRASS MORPHOLOGY
The purpose of this

lesson was
The main method(s)

or procedure(s) we
learned was (were)
The best example(s)

that I can use to
describe the content
of this lesson
Subjects or courses
that I can relate this
lesson to
The information of
this lesson can be
applied to
In summary, what I
learned
60
Unit VII. Equipment and Maintenance Glossary
Glossary
agitator - keeps the water and pesticide in motion so the concentration of pesticide
is uniformly mixed with the carrier at all times.
air cooled engine: an engine that circulates air around the cylinder block and
cylinder head to maintain the desired engine temperature.
back saw: a saw that has very fine teeth and a stiff metal back.
bedknife - stationary blade of tempered steel that forms a shearing action with the
rotating reel.
bench stone: sharpening stone designed to rest on a workbench.
bit brace: a device with a crank-type handle used to turn wood cutting bits.
boom sprayer: a mechanical driven device 10' to 30' wide equipped with spray
nozzles and a holding tank used to apply a pressurized liquid evenly over the turf.
It may be pulled by a tractor or mounted on a utility vehicle.
calibrate - an adjustment of the mix of pesticide and carrier with the speed and
pressure of the boom sprayer so the correct amount of pesticide is applied.
carburetor - properly mixes filtered air with fuel.
center punch: steel punch with a sharp point.
cetane: a diesel fuel rating based on its ignition qualities.
cold chisel: a piece of tool steel shaped, tempered, and sharpened to cut mild steel
when driven with a hammer.
combustion: the rapid, oxidizing chemical reaction in which a fuel chemically
combines with oxygen in the atmosphere and releases energy in the form of heat.
connecting rod - connects piston to crankshaft.
connecting rod: connects piston to crankshaft.
crankshaft - connected to piston by connecting rod and converts up and down
motion to rotary motion.
crankshaft: connected to piston by connecting rod and converts up and down
motion to rotary motion.
cylinder head - provides seal for one end of cylinder bore.
cylinder head: provides seal for one end of cylinder bore.
discharge mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that also provides a
passage for the cut grass material to be discharged usually to the side of the
cutting unit.
engine block: the main structure of an engine which supports and helps maintain
alignment of internal and external components.
EPA: the environmental protection agency. A federal agency established in 1970 to
control and abate pollution in the areas of air, water, solid waste, pesticides,
radiation and toxic substances.
61
FIFRA - a law that regulates the registration, manufacture, transportation, and

use of pesticides. (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.)
flywheel - component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power
strokes.
flywheel: component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power
strokes.
fuel Injector: a component in the cylinder head that sprays fuel into cylinder in
an atomized form.
governor - controls speed.
GPA - gallons per acre.
GPM - gallons per minute.
ground driven reel - wheel mowers that use the wheel contact to ground as power
source to turn reel.
hover mowers - a wheelless mowing tool used in cutting grass on extreme
locations such as steep banks, sand traps, etc. Hover is a brand term.
hydraulic driven reel - mowers that use hydraulic
injection pump: driven by camshaft gear as it pumps a measured amount of
diesel fuel under pressure to each injector.
internal combustion engine: an engine that generates head energy from the
combustion of fuel inside the engine.
motors mounted on reels as power source.
mower maintenance - a precision tool of this type needs to be maintained
properly to retain its sharp grooming properties.
mower operator - person responsible for properly driving the pulling unit and for
the proper adjustment of each mower unit throughout the day as needed.
multicylinder: more than one cylinder served by one crankshaft. Golf course
fairway mowers would be pulled by a three to six cylinder engine.
nozzle - a device located on the boom that delivers the correct spray pattern to the
turf.
octane: a rating of gasoline based upon its antiknocking characteristics.
operator - The person who operates the equipment applying the pesticide. He has
many responsibilities.
pesticide - substances we use in controlling pests.
piston - moveable plug that moves up and down in the cylinder bore.
piston rings - located in piston groove that provides for a seal at the cylinder wall.
piston rings: located in piston groove that provides for a seal at the cylinder wall.
piston: moveable plug that moves up and down in the cylinder bore.
pressure gauge - a gauge used to measure pressure in the sprayer system.
Operator reads in pounds per square inch - PSI.
62
pump - a mechanical device driven by a power source to create a flow of liquid in

the sprayer system.
pvc saw: a saw designed to cut PVC pipe, the teeth point toward the handle.
These are just a small sample of the hand tools that are common in many homes,
businesses and schools.
recycler or mulch mower deck - a support unit for the rotating blades that
confines the cutting material and usually moves the material in such a way that
the rotating blade cuts the grass blades into small pieces before falling and
dispersing into the new cut grass.
reel - curved rotating blade of tempered steel.
reel mower safety - speed and equipment maintenance are prime safety factors.
reel type mower - a precision tool used on a golf course where a well groomed turf
is necessary such as on the greens and fairways.
regulator valve - a device located between the nozzles and holding tank on the
return side and used to regulate pressure in the sprayer system.
rotary mower - a grass cutting tool used on golf courses where a well groomed turf
is not necessary. On most golf courses this would include most all of the land
except fairways and greens.
rotary mower maintenance - on rotary mowers the blade is the heart of the
mowing unit and must be kept in good condition along with the support equipment
for quality mowing. Blades must be professionally ground when they become dull.
rotary mower safety - with the tip of a rotary mower blade traveling 15,000 to
18,000 feet per minute, this tool is very dangerous so extreme safety must be used.
square: a device used to draw angles for cutting and to check the cuts for
accuracy.
valves - intake provides entrance into combustion chamber for fuel and air
mixture. Forced to stay open on intake stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust
provides opening for burned gases to escape during exhaust stroke. Forced to stay
open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation.
valves: Intakes are used only on 4-stroke cycle diesel engines and provide
entrance into combustion chamber for filtered air to enter. More air is used by a
diesel engine than a gasoline engine. Forced to stay open on intake stroke by
camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for burned gases to escape during
exhaust stroke. Forced to stay open during exhaust stroke by camshaft rotation.
walk behind rotary mowers - mowers that are self-propelled or pushed by
operator on smaller areas of the golf course where it is not practical to use the
larger units.
63

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UNIT VII

Unit VII Introduction 2

Lesson 1. Small Gasoline Engines Used

stroke by camshaft rotation. Exhaust provides opening for Science as Inquiry:

The student will Nature of scientific

• A set of small engine tools

Valve spring compressor

• 3. General purpose tools recommended

Socket set 3/8" drive

a. Air - top of cylinder area

b. Oil - bottom of cylinder area, bearings, etc.

• Disassemble a small engine. Use components in class when discussing the

- 2-stroke cycle refers to two strokes of piston or one revolution of the

Two types: Compression ring

-located in grooves in piston.

- controls engine speed.

Maintenance for Engine Life

- Use clean gasoline that is no more than 30 days old.

How are small engines like automobile engines?

Would you be interested in a career with a manufacturer of small engines?

Recommended Small Engine Manual

Small Engines by Bruce Radcliff. American Technical Publishers, Inc.,

Diagrams courtesy of Briggs and Stratton Corp.

STUDENT SHEET Student ________________ Date____________

STUDENT SHEET FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES

Maintenance for longer engine life

LESSON 1: STUDENT SHEET FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINE LABORATORY

1. List the engine manufacturer _______________________________

Model # ________________ Serial # ______________ Engine type ________________

2. Drain the oil.

3. Remove the spark plug.

4. Remove the muffler.

5. Remove the air cleaner. Does it need to be cleaned or replaced?

6. Remove the carburetor.

9. Remove the engine shroud.

10. Remove the crankshaft screen, nut and starter mechanism.

13. Remove valve cover plate.

14. Remove valves and valve springs - note their condition.

15. Remove crankcase cover plate.

17. Remove camshaft and tappets.

20. Remove crankshaft.

Lesson 2. Diesel Engines Used on Turf

piston rings: located in piston groove that provides for a Interdependence of

cetane: a diesel fuel rating based on its ignition qualities.

The student will

3. identify the correct maintenance procedures for diesel engines used on

• student sheet for each student.

A diesel engine is more efficient than a gasoline engine. If a gasoline engine

Diesel engines on golf courses will be 4-stroke cycle engines.

• Have some knowledge of the components of a small gasoline engine.

3. Point out that compression pressure in a gasoline engine is approximately 150

Discussion of each component can center around:

- made of aluminum containing some nickel and chromium to add to hardness.

- divided into two areas for discussion

a. ring area - area above the piston pin

- top of the ring area will contain some kind of a configuration

b. skirt - portion below pin which guides piston in cylinder bore.

- connects piston to crankshaft.

- converts recipating motion to rotary motion.

- component on end of crankshaft that keeps it turning between power strokes.

- provide seal between piston and cylinder wall.

- located above piston pin.

- provides seal for one end of cylinder bore.

STUDENT SHEET Student ____ Date

Model # Serial # Engine type __

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STUDENT SHEET Student ____ Date

STUDENT SHEET Student ____ Date