GUMS DESCRIPTIONS

Name Formula Description Rheology Compatibilities - Compatible with most nonionic and anionic gums - Featuring useful synergism with some microbial - A nonionic hydrocolloid obtained from the gums - Show pseudoplastic or ground endosperm of the legume - Soluble in salt solutions that contain up to 70% by "shear thinning" behavior in Cyamopsis tetragonolobus , an annual weght of monovalent cation salts solution plant which grows mainly in arid and semi- Tolerance decreases as the valency of cations - Solution of guar gum do arid regions increases not exhibit yield stress - Soluble in cold water - Solutions are stable between pH 4-11 properties - Give visually hazy, neutral pH solutions - Viscosity peaks between pH 6-8 - Solutions are susceptible to bacterial, heat, enzyme and UV degradation - Solutions are typically in - More tolerant of electrolytes, acids and bases than the 1500-2500cps range at most other organic gums 1% - Is gelled or precipitated with certain polyvalent metal - An anionic polysaccharide derived from - Pseudoplastic and cations under specific circumstances the fermentation of the plant bacteria especially shear-thinning - Solutions show very good viscosity stability over the Xanthomonas compestris - In the presence of small pH 2-12, and good tolerance of water-miscible - Soluble in hot or cold water amounts of salt, solutions solvents (30-50% of solution weight) - Dissolve in hot glycerin show good viscosity - Compatible with most nonionic and anionic gums - Give visually hazy, neutral pH solutions stability at elevated - Featuring useful synergism with galactomannans temperatures - More resistant to shear, heat, bacterial, enzyme and - Solutions possess UV degradation than most gums excellent yield value - An anionic polysaccharide, extracted principally from the red seaweed Chondrus - All solutions are - Iota and Lambda carrageenan have excellent pseudoplastic with some crispus electrolyte tolerance, Kappa's being somewhat less degree of yield value - Available in Na, K, Mg, Ca and mixed - Solutions show a fair to good tolerance of water- Certain Ca-Iota solutions cation forms miscible solvents (10-30% of volatile solvents; up to - 3 main structural types exist: Iota, Kappa, are thixotropic 80% of glycerin) - Lambda is non-gelling and Lambda, differing in solubility and - The best solution stabitiy occurs beween the pH 6- Kappa can produce brittle rheology 10 gels - Na form of all three types is soluble in - Campatible with most nonionic and anionic water- Iota can produce elastic both cold and hot water soluble thickeners - Other cation forms of Kappa and Iota are gels - Strongly synergistic with locust bean gum and - All solutions show a soluble only hot water strongly interactive with proteins reversible decrease in - All forms of Lambda are soluble in cold - Solutions are susceptible to shear and heat viscosity at elevated water degradation temperatures - Solutions are typically clear, and of alkaline pH

Guar gum

Xanthan gum

Carrageenan

Gum Arabic (Acacia)

- An anionic polysaccharide collected as the dried exudate from the acacia tree (Acacia senegal ) - Sold as the naturally occurring mixed Ca, Mg, and K salt - Soluble in hot or cold water - Gives clear solutions of neutral to acidic pH

Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)

- An anionic polymer made by swelling cellulose with NaOH and then reacting it with monochloroacetic acid - Soluble in hot or cold water and gives neutral solutions

- Very low viscosity gum, with possible concentrations of up to 50% of water - Solutions show reversible viscosity loss at elevated temperatures and possess yield value at sufficient concentration - Available in grades ranging from 10cps at 2% to 5000cps at 1% - Most CMC solutions are slightly thixotropic, some strictly pseudoplastic grades are available - All solutions show a reversible decrease in viscosity at elevated temperatures - CMC solutions lack yield value

- Compatible with moderate amounts of most salts, acids and alkalis, as well as with most water-soluble thickeners - Solutions are stable between pH 1-14 - Viscosity peaks at pH 6, dropping sharply below pH 5 and above pH 7 - Solutions are tolerant of water miscible solvents to about 50% of solution weight, and are susceptible to bacterial, heat and UV degradation - Stability with monovalent salts is very good; with divalent salts good to marginal; with trivalent and heavy metal salts poor -> gelation or precipitation - Solutions offer good tolerance of water miscible solvents (30-50% of solution weight) - Good viscosity stability over the pH 4-10 - Compatible with most water-soluble nonionic gums -Synergistic with Hydroxyethyl cellulose and Hydroxypropyl cellulose - Solutions are susceptible to shear, heat, bacterial, enzyme and UV degradation

- An anionic, high molecular weight polysaccharide gum produced by a pure culture fermentation of a carbohydrate by Pseudomonas elodea - Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol - Give neutral solution Gellan gum