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gbk

Trigonometric

60

y=sinx

60

y=sinx

ABC ABACBC
ACB AB AC BAC

RtABC

adjacentb=AC
oppositea=BC
hypotenuseh=AB
adjacentb=AC

sin
a/h
Sine
A
cos
b/h
Cosine
A
tan
a/b
Tangent
A
cot
b/a
Cotangent
A
sec
h/b
Secant
A
csc
h/a
Cosecant
A
tancot tgctg

versin

versin=1-cos
vercosin=1+cos
coversin=1-sin
covercosin=1+sin
haversin=(1-cos)/2
havercosin=(1+cos)/2
hacoversin=(1-sin)/2
hacovercosin=(1+sin)/2
exsec=sec-1
excsc=csc-1

 /2

x^2+y^2=1

x
x y cos sin
1 sin = y/1 cos = x/1
1

2 2
2 k

2 360
180

k (k + 1/2)
= (k + 1/2)
(k + 1/2) (k + 1/2)


O
AB
sin AC
cos OCversin =1-cos CDtan A AE
cot AF sec =OE csc
=OF OA A
DE exsec = sec-1
/2

Un n /
Bn n

O P M
P x S(1,0) O x S O l
MP OM OP
l T ST

1
A sincostancot
sec csc A
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec)
(csc)
2
sin(90-)=cos cos(90-)=sin,
tan(90-)=cot cot(90-)=tan
3

sinA/cosA=tanA

sin^2(A)+cos^2(A)=1

sinA=tanAcosA
cosA=cotAsinA
cotA=cosAcscA
tanAcotA=1

ABC ,
A A
A
,

4.
1
2090
3
i
ii 090

iii 0A90
0sin1, 1cosA0,
0<A<90
tanA>0, cotA>0.

A
0
30
45
60
90
sinA 0
1/2
2/2
3/2
1
cosA 1
3/2
2/2
1/2
0
tanA 0
3/3
1
3
None
cotA None 3
1
3/3
0

Trigonometry Trigonometrie Trigonometrie

Trigonometria
Trigonometry ( Bartholomeo Pitiscus,1516-1613)
1595
() ()

()(ABC)(AC)

?
AB ()AC
ABC

1464

1748

P
PM OPOMMP()(
)sin=MP/OPcos=OM/OPtan= MP/OM

(AC)(AD)
AC AOC ( )

(AB)(AB) AB
(AC)
dschaib
sinus
4 (1631 )

sinus

ACACAC
(Hipparchus 180~ 125)
AB AB (
)

60
360 60
60 60

partes minutae primaepartes

minutae secundaeminutesecond

60o (1/6 )
60o 60 (
1/60 ) 120o 90o 72o
()

60
60 360 1
1 60 1 60 ,1 60 1 60 60
1854 (Edward Hincks1792-1866)
, 2300-1600 Edward Hincks

60

(1) M.(Moritz Benedikt Cantor,1829-1920)

360 360 6
, 60 60
, 365 (12 ) 354 355 ,

(2)60 234561012
1/21/31/4 1/5,

,

(3)(G.Kewitsch) 1904 ,1 10
6 60 10
10 , 6 5 1
5 66
,

60 ,(
16-11 ),60 ,
,

304560

sin^2()+cos^2()=1
cos(2)=cos^2()-sin^2()=1- 2sin^2()=2cos^2()-1
sin(2)=2sin()cos()
tan^()+1=1/cos^()
2sin^()=1-cos(2)
cot^()+1=1/sin^()
sin=tancos
cos=cotsin
tan=sinsec
cot=coscsc
sec=tancsc
csc=seccot
tan cot=1
sin csc=1
cos sec=1
sin/cos=tan=sec/csc
cos/sin=cot=csc/sec

180 - y
- x
180 +

90 - y=x

sin2k+=sin
cos2k+=cos
tan2k+=tan
k
cot2k+=cot
sec2k+=sec
csc2k+=csc

sin+=sin
+ cos+=cos

tan+=tan
cot+=cot
sec(+)=-sec
csc(+)=-csc

sin=sin
-
cos=cos
tan=tan
cot=cot
sec(-)=sec
csc(-)=-csc

sin=sin
- cos=cos

tan=tan
cot=cot
sec(-)=-sec
csc(-)=csc

sin2=sin
2- cos2=cos

tan2=tan
cot2=cot
sec(2-)=sec
csc(2-)=-csc

sin/2+=cos
/2 3/2
cos/2+=sin
tan/2+=cot
cot/2+=tan
sec(/2+)=-csc
csc(/2+)=sec
sin/2=cos
cos/2=sin
tan/2=cot
cot/2=tan
sec(/2-)=csc
csc(/2-)=sec
sin3/2+=cos
cos3/2+=sin

tan3/2+=cot
cot3/2+=tan
sec(3/2+)=csc
csc(3/2+)=-sec
sin3/2=cos
cos3/2=sin
tan3/2=cot
cot3/2=tan
sec(3/2-)=-csc
csc(3/2-)=-sec

sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
csc
2k+
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
csc
(1/2)k-
cos
sin
cot
tan
csc
sec
(1/2)k+ cos
-sin
-cot
-tan
-csc
sec
k-
sin
-cos
-tan
-cot
-sec
csc
k+
-sin
-cos
tan
cot
-sec
-csc
(3/2)k-
-cos
-sin
cot
tan
-csc
-sec
(3/2)k+ -cos
sin
-cot
-tan
csc
-sec
2k-
-sin
cos
-tan
-cot
sec
-csc

-sin
cos
-tan
-cot
sec
-csc

90+
90+

)
2 K/ K

sin cos tan sin

x cos y tan
90+90 90
90+
sin(90+)=cos , cos(90+)=-sin ~
sin(90+)90
cos 90+
sin(90+)=cos

y=sinx x=k+/2kz) (k0kz)

y=cosx x=kkz) k+/20(kz)
y=tanx k0(kz)

cos(+)=coscos-sinsin
cos(-)=coscos+sinsin
sin()=sincoscossin
tan(+)=(tan+tan)/(1-tantan)
tan(-)=(tan-tan)/(1+tantan)

sin+sin=2sin[(+)/2]cos[(-)/2]
sin-sin=2cos[(+)/2]sin[(-)/2]
cos+cos=2cos[(+)/2]cos[(-)/2]
cos-cos=-2sin[(+)/2]sin[(-)/2]

sincos=(1/2)[sin(+)+sin(-)]
cossin=(1/2)[sin(+)-sin(-)]
coscos=(1/2)[cos(+)+cos(-)]
sinsin=-(1/2)[cos(+)-cos(-)]

sin(2)=2sincos=2/(tan+cot)
cos(2)=cos^2;-sin^2;=2cos^2;-1=1-2sin^2;
tan(2)=2tan/(1-tan^2;)
cot(2)=(cot^2;-1)/(2cot)
sec(2)=sec^2;/(1-tan^2;)
csc(2)=1/2*seccsc

sin(3) = 3sin-4sin^3; = 4sinsin(60+)sin(60-)

cos(3) = 4cos^3;-3cos = 4coscos(60+)cos(60-)
tan(3) = (3tan-tan^3;)/(1-3tan^2;) = tantan(/3+)tan(/3-)
cot(3)=(cot^3;-3cot)/(3cot-1)
n
sin(n)=ncos^(n-1)sin-C(n,3)cos^(n-3)sin^3+C(n,5)cos^(n-5)sin^5-
cos(n)=cos^n-C(n,2)cos^(n-2)sin^2+C(n,4)cos^(n-4)sin^4-

sin(/2)=((1-cos)/2)
cos(/2)=((1+cos)/2)
tan(/2)=((1-cos)/(1+cos))=sin/(1+cos)=(1-cos)/sin

cot(/2)=((1+cos)/(1-cos))=(1+cos)/sin=sin/(1-cos)
sec(/2)=((2sec/(sec+1))
csc(/2)=((2sec/(sec-1))

Asin+Bcos=(A^2;+B^2;)sin(+arctan(B/A))
Asin+Bcos=(A^2;+B^2;)cos(-arctan(A/B))

sin(a)= (2tan(a/2))/(1+tan^2;(a/2))
cos(a)= (1-tan^2;(a/2))/(1+tan^2;(a/2))
tan(a)= (2tan(a/2))/(1-tan^2;(a/2))

sin^2;=(1-cos(2))/2=versin(2)/2
cos^2;=(1+cos(2))/2=covers(2)/2
tan^2;=(1-cos(2))/(1+cos(2))

sin(++)=sincoscos+cossincos+coscossin-sinsinsin
cos(++)=coscoscos-cossinsin-sincossin-sinsincos
tan(++)=(tan+tan+tan-tantantan)(1-tantan-tantan-tantan)

0
0
1
0

/6
1/2
3/2
3/3
3
/4
2/2
2/2
1
1
/3
3/2
1/2
3
3/3
/2
1
0
0

0
-1
0

c0+c1x+c2x2+...+cnxn+...=cnxn (n=0..)
c0+c1(x-a)+c2(x-a)2+...+cn(x-a)n+...=cn(x-a)n (n=0..)
, c0,c1,c2,...cn... a

f(x)=f(a)+f'(a)/1!*(x-a)+f''(a)/2!*(x-a)2+...+f(n)(a)/n!*(x-a)n+

e^x = 1+x+x^2/2!+x^3/3!++x^n/n!+
ln(1+x)=x-x^2/2+x^3/3-+(-1)^(k-1)*(x^k)/k(|x|<1)

sin x = x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!-+(-1)^(k-1)*(x^(2k-1))/(2k-1)!+ (-<x<)

cos x = 1-x^2/2!+x^4/4!-+(-1)k*(x^(2k))/(2k)!+ (-<x<)
arcsin x = x + 1/2*x^3/3 + 1*3/(2*4)*x^5/5 + (|x|<1)
arccos x = - ( x + 1/2*x^3/3 + 1*3/(2*4)*x^5/5 + ) (|x|<1)
arctan x = x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 -(x1)
sinh x = x+x^3/3!+x^5/5!++(-1)^(k-1)*(x^2k-1)/(2k-1)!+ (-<x<)
cosh x = 1+x^2/2!+x^4/4!++(-1)k*(x^2k)/(2k)!+(-<x<)
arcsinh x = x - 1/2*x^3/3 + 1*3/(2*4)*x^5/5 - (|x|<1)
arctanh x = x + x^3/3 + x^5/5 + (|x|<1)

f(x)=a0/2+(n=0..) (ancosnx+bnsinnx)
a0=1/(..-) (f(x))dx
an=1/(..-) (f(x)cosnx)dx
bn=1/(..-) (f(x)sinnx)dx

1
a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R ( R )
2
a=c cosB + b cosC
3
2 a^2=b^2+c^2-2bccosA
4(napier )
a-b/(a+b)=tan[(A-B)/2]/tan[(A+B)/2]=tan[(A-

B)/2]/cot(C/2)
5
, ABC,
tanA+tanB+tanC=tanAtanBtanC

(A+B)=(-C)
tan(A+B)=tan(-C)
(tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB)=(tan-tanC)/(1+tantanC)

tanA+tanB+tanC=tanAtanBtanC
: ++=n(nZ)
tan+tan+tan=tantantan

sin(x),cos(x) R,-1,1
tan(x) x /2+k R
cot(x) x k, R
y=asin(x)+bcos(x)+c [ c-(a&sup2;+b&sup2;) ,
c+(a&sup2;+b&sup2;]
y=sinx
y=Asin(x+)

y=sinx(>0)/(<0) y=sin(x+)
(1/)y=sin(x+) A (
[A>1] / [0<A<1]) y=Asin(x+)

y=sinx(1/)y=sinx(>0)/
(<0/ y=sin(x+) A ([A>1] /
[0<A<1]) y=Asin(x+)


y=sinx---y'=cosx
y=cosx---y'=-sinx
y=tanx---y'=1/cos^2x =sec^2x
y=cotx---y'= -1/sin^2x= - csc^2x
y=secx---y'=secxtanx
y=cscx---y'=-cscxcotx
y=arcsinx---y'=1/(1-x&sup2;)
y=arccosx---y'= -1/(1-x&sup2;)
y=arctanx---y'=1/(1+x&sup2;)
y=arccotx---y'= -1/(1+x&sup2;)

a 1/2 a/2 3/2

Arcsin x Arccos
x Arctan x Arccot x
x y y=/2y/2 y y=arcsin x
y=arccos x 0y y=arctan x -/2<y</2
y=arccot x 0<y<

y=x
arc+ f-1(x).

y=arcsin(x)[-1,1][-/2,/2]
y=arccos(x)[-1,1][0,]
y=arctan(x)(-+)(-/2,/2)
sinarcsin(x)=x,[-1,1], -/2,/2
arcsin(x)=y, sin(y)=x ,

()
sinz=[e^(iz)-e^(-iz)]/(2i)
cosz=[e^(iz)+e^(-iz)]/2
tanx=[e^(iz)-e^(-iz)]/[ie^(iz)+ie^(-iz)]
e^z=exp(z)=1+z/1+z^2/2+z^3/3+z^4/4+
+z^n/n+

y=-y'';y=y'''' Q,
Q=Asinx+Bcosx

1 z y

2 z
3|sinz|1,|cosz|1
4sinzcosz 2

a, b c A, B C
sinA / a = sinB / b = sinC/c

a/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2R
a=2RsinA,b=2RsinB,c=2RsinC
R

(sinA)/a A, B C
12

a, b c A, B C c^2=a^2+b^2
2abcosC.


cosC=a^2+b^2c^2/ 2ab.

--

a, b c A, B C
(a+b)/(a-b) = tan[(A+B)/2]/tan[(A-B)/2]

aX^3+bX^2+cX+d=0abcdR a0
A=b^23acB=bc9adC=c^23bd
=B^24AC
=B^24AC<0
X=(b2A^(1/2)cos(/3))/(3a)
X(23)=(b+A^(1/2)(cos(/3)3^(1/2)sin(/3)))/(3a)
=arccosTT=(2Ab3aB)/(2A^(3/2))(A>01<T<1)
x^3+px+q=0
x1=(-p/3)cos(/3)
x2=(-p/3)cos(/3+2/3)
x3=(-p/3)cos(/3+4/3)
ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0 x=y-b/(3a)

70.5dm>>
10082.44(dm)^3 1903.17dm
XXX
X+X+X=70.5
XXX=10082.44
X^2+X^2+X^2=1903.17

X^370.5X^2+1533.54X10082.44=0
a=1b=70.5c=1533.54d=10082.44
A=369.63B=17372.61C=219308.8716
=22444974.63<0


=90

X=12.4(dm)X=34.6(dm)X=23.5(dm)

>>
34.6dm 23.5dm 12.4dm

(14 )

1
- http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0

()
1.[Mathematics] trigonometric function

15507

GIANT 7 Askon adwin KE

515577458 xwdelove

1864605
281
2011-09-18
weevil

8331800

812341136

qq275170977

85932

2011

Android
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2011 Baidu

60

y=sinx ...