FEEDBACK The term of feedback refers to the direction in which the measured output signal is returned to the control

elements. It also means whereby a signal related to the actual condition being achieved is fed back to modify the input signals to a process. In other word, feedback is an important feature of a closed loop control system is that a control system output signal fed back to the input stage, providing information to the controller about the current output state and facilitating an appropriate control action. It is not possible to have fully functional automatic or even manual control system without a feedback signal. Basics Principle of Feedback

Process Energy Source

Actuator or Final Control Elements

Process Output

Sensor

Manual Setpoint Adjustment

Controller

Feedback Path

Fig. 1: Basic principle of feedback

The feedback circuit connected to the process output is a distinguishing feature of this system. The origin of the feedback signal is a sensor attached to the process output. The feedback circuit returns a signal to the controller. The controller is fed by a summing circuit that compares the set point input and feedback signals. The input or process energy source is responsible for establishing the setpoint value of the system. The setpoint value is adjusted by the operator according to the needs of the system. The actual value of the process output is determined by the sensor. If the

actual value output is the same as setpoint value, the controller indicates system balance. The actuator or final control remains unchanged. If the actual output deviates from the setpoint value, signals applied to the controller will no longer be in balance. This causes a correction signal to be developed by the controller. The corrective signal is directed to after the actuator or final control element. This type of response causes the system to be self correction. Positive Feedback Positive feedback has the property that signals tend to reinforce themselves, and grow larger. In a positive feedback system, noise from the system is added back to the input, and that in turn produces more noise. Positive feedback, since plus sign is assigned to the feedback signal. It also tends to increase the event that caused it, such as in a nuclear chain-reaction. It is also known as a self-reinforcing loop. Negative Feedback Negative feedback is almost always the most useful type of feedback. Since a minus sign is assigned to the feedback signal, it calls negative feedback. Which is also tends to reduce the input signal that caused it, is also known as a self-correcting or balancing loop. Using of Feedback The use of feedback is shown to be for the purpose of reducing the error between the reference inputs and the system output. Signal Block Diagram What is a signal block diagram? A useful ways of representing a system and also Block Diagrams are a useful and simple method for analyzing a system graphically. It consist 4 formal block diagram to represent the element and connections: 1. 2. 3. 4. System element Information flows Summing junction Take-off point

Why we need a signal block diagram? The block diagram is typically used for a higher level, less detailed description aimed more at understanding the overall concepts and less at understanding the details of implementation. Useful tool in designing new process and in improving existing process. Why we need it? Because to design a new process or improve the existing process. Moreover, it is easily to adapt and understand in process or to control.

Signal Block Diagram of a Closed-loop Control System