Infrared Wireless Headphones A Minor Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering (Under the guidance of Er. Krishan Kumar) By: Karan Sharma Piyush Yadav Kumar Ra jeev Ranjan (07416) (07425) (07438) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECH NOLOGY HAMIRPUR-177005, HP (INDIA) April 2010

CERTIFICATE We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Minor Project Re port entitled Wireless Infrared Headphones is in partial fulfilment of the require ments for the award of the B.Tech. and submitted to the Department of Electronic s & Communication Engineering of National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur is a n authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from Jan 2010 to April 2010 under the supervision of Er. Krishan Kumar (Faculty, ECED NIT Hamirpu r). The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the awa rd of any other degree elsewhere. Karan Sharma (07416) Piyush Yadav (07425) Kumar Rajeev Ranjan (07438) This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of my knowledge. Date: April 25, 2010. Dr. Vinod Kapoor HEAD E&CE Department Er. Ashwani Kumar Sen. Lecturer E&CED (Project Co-ordinator) Mr. Krishan Kumar E&CE Department (Project Guide) 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are very grateful to Er. Krishan Kumar, our project guide whose constant supp ort and encouragement has helped us in conceiving the project and realise it tod ay. We are also grateful to other faculty members of our Electronics Department who have constantly watched us and guided us especially Dr. Rajeevan Chandel. We extend our gratitude to Dr. Vinod Kapoor who has created such a wonderful learn ing ambience in the department. We are also thankful to staff members of Electro nics and Communication Engineering Department who have given us their valuable g uidance in making this project a successful one. 3

CONTENTS Page No. Abstract 1. Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Technology Overview 1.3 Evolu tion of Infrared Communication System 1.4 System configuration of Wireless IR Co mmunication Systems Objectives Infrared Systems 3.1 Properties 3.2 Advantages 3. 3 Disadvantages 3.4 Applications 4. Hardware description 4.1 Design Consideratio ns 4.2 Block Diagram 4.3 Circuit Diagram 4.4 Working 4.5 Power Consideration 6-1 0 6 7 8 10 11 12-14 12 13 14 14 16-20 16 17 18 19 20 2. 3. 5. Simulation, Analysis and Amendments 5.1 Simulation 5.3 Observations 5.4 Amendmen ts 21 22 22 22 23 24 25 26-44 6. 7. 8. Results and Inference References Appendix 8.1 List of figures 8.2 Datasheet Phot o Transistor Infrared Diode Transistor BC 547 OP-AMP 741-C LM 386 4

Abstract Infrared Rays form a part of the electromagnetic spectrum which has a wavelength ranging from 0.7 to 400 um. It is known widely for its heating effects and the role it plays in atmosphere. Infrared rays find large applications in electronic and wireless applications due to certain advantages provided by its inherent pr operties. In the past few decades, an unprecedented demand for wireless technolo gies has been taking place. Mobiles, Laptops, assistants (PDAs), and mobile phon es, to name just a few examples, are becoming part of the everyday life of a gro wing number of devices that communicate wirelessly. Radio and infrared (IR) are currently the main parts of the electromagnetic spectrum used to transmit inform ation wirelessly. IR is becoming more popular every day and it is being preferre d due to its inherent advantages like low power requirements, security, effectiv e short distance communication as compared to its Radio counterpart. In this pro ject we aim to design and build a hardware model of IR transmitter and receiver that is capable of communicating data over a short range. The device we plan to build could be integrated with the digital devices to transmit signals in the au dio frequency range of 20Hz to 20000Hz over a range of 2 to 3 metres. Also we ai m to study the properties of the IR communication in terms of the range acquired and the power requirements of the system. 5

Introduction In the past few decades, a demand for wireless technologies has tremendously inc reased. Both industrial and private customers are demanding products -for a wide range of applications- that incorporate wireless features, which allow them to exchange, receive, or transmit information without the inconvenience of having t o be fixed to any particular location. The benefits of wireless technologies are not limited to user convenience- in terms of mobility and flexibility in the pl acement of terminals. Significant reductions in cost and time also can be achiev ed, in a number of applications, using wireless solutions. Reconfiguring compute r terminals or microcontroller systems (in places such as laboratories, conferen ce rooms, offices, hospitals, production floors, or educational institutions), f or instance, can be done relatively cheaply and quickly with wireless networks. Maintaining and reconfiguring wired networks, on the other hand, is usually carr ied out in more expensive, time-consuming, and complicated ways (especially in s ituations where cables are grounded or installed in inaccessible places). Furthe rmore, cables are susceptible to damage, which means potential disruption to the network operation. Radio and infrared (IR) are currently the main parts of the electromagnetic spectrum used to transmit information wirelessly. By the term rad io we refer to the radiofrequency and microwave parts of the spectrum, and IR to th e near-infrared part of it. In homes, some member prefers to watch television wh ile others dont. It becomes difficult for younger member to go against the will o f elder, especially in Indian scenario, so younger have to suffer in most of cas es. Wired headphones do not give flexibility for mobility and more users to acco mmodate (usually due to predefined design), so wireless headphones are required to meet the requirement. We in this project intend to make wireless system using Infrared technology, so as to counter this problem. Thus, Infrared cordless hea dphones would be used for watching TV and movies with full enjoyment but without disturbing the peace at home. 6

1.2 Technology Overview Radio and infrared (IR) are currently the main parts of the electromagnetic spec trum used to transmit information wirelessly. By the term radio we refer to the ra diofrequency and microwave parts of the spectrum, and IR to the near-infrared part of it. Infrared rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.7 to 400 m which correspon ds to a frequency ranging from 1 THz to 400 THz. Most of todays wireless communic ation is based on radio frequency but IR frequency is also being used and is bec oming popular these days (due to its inherent advantages) over its radio counter part for a number of applications. From a spectrum management point of view, for example, IR offers potentially huge bandwidths that are currently unregulated w orldwide. The radio part of the spectrum, on the other hand, gets more congested every year, and the allocation of radio frequencies is increasingly difficult a nd expensive. Moreover, due the fact that the authorities that regulate the allo cation of radio frequencies vary from one country to another so device are to be modelled accordingly in different country. Another advantage of IR over radio i s its immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI). This makes IR the preferre d option in environments where interference must be minimized or eliminated. In addition, IR does not interfere with and is not affected by radio frequencies, w hich is particularly relevant in hospitals, as explained in a number of publishe d articles in the area. IR also presents advantages over radio in terms of secur ity. Because IR radiation behaves like visible light, it does not penetrate wall s, which means that the room where the energy is generated encloses the emitted signal completely (assuming there are no windows or transparent barriers between rooms). This prevents the transmitted information from being detected outside a nd implies intrinsic security against eavesdropping. Further advantages of IR ov er radio include the low cost, the small size, and the limited power consumption of IR components. Despite the advantages presented by the infrared medium, IR i s not without its drawbacks. Infrared wireless links are susceptible to blocking from persons and objects, which can result in the attenuation of the received s ignal. In addition, wireless IR systems generally operate in environments where other sources of illumination are present. If this background illumination has p art of its energy in the spectral region used by wireless IR transmitters and re ceivers, it introduces noise in the photodetector, which limits the range of the system. Moreover, optical wireless systems are also affected by the high attenu ation suffered by the IR signal when transmitted through air, and by atmospheric phenomena such as fog and snow that further reduce the range of the system and deteriorate the quality of the transmission when operating outdoors [3] 7

1.3 Evolution of Infrared Communication Systems Optical wireless communication systems have experienced a huge development since the late 1970s when IR was first proposed as an alternative way (to radio) to c onnect computer networks without cables. IBM was one of the first organizations to work on wireless IR networks. The first reports on IBMs experimental work were published between 1978 and 1981. They have described a duplex IR link that achi eved a bit rate of 64 kbps using PSK and a carrier frequency of 256 kHz [4] In 1 983, Minami et al. from Fujitsu described a full-duplex LOS system that operated under the same principles as the network described by Gfeller. That system cons isted of an optical satellite attached to the ceiling and connected to a network node via a cable, and of a number of computer terminals that communicated to th e server via the optical satellite. It operated at 19.2 kbps (over 10 m) with an error rate of 106 when working under fluorescent illumination. By 1985, the Fuji tsu team had managed to improve the data rate of its system to 48 kbps, as repor ted by Takahashi and Touge. [A] In the same year (1985), researchers from two ot her companies (Hitachi and HP Labs) presented their own work in the area of wire less IR communications. In the case of Hitachi, Nakata et al. reported a directe d LOS network system that replaced the optical satellite on the ceiling with an optical reflector. This system achieved a data rate of up to 1 Mbps with a BER o f less than 107 for a distance of 5 m.[ 4] In 1987, AT&T Bell presented their wor k on optical wireless communications. They reported a directed LOS system that o perated at 45 Mbps over a wavelength of 800 nm. [5] More recently, Showa Electri c reported a 100 Mbps short range IR wireless transceiver that operated over a m aximum range of 20 m and used LEDs for the transmitter and avalanche photodetect or (APDs) for the receiver. Another system, proposed by Singh et al. in 2004 [24 ], was based on the idea of a base station attached to the ceiling and connected to the network via a backbone. The proposed network operated at 100 Mbps and wa s based on DPPM with carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSM A/CD) for the Media Access Control (MAC) protocol. 8

Fig 1.3.1 Chronology of indoor optical wireless communication research 9

1.4 System Configurations of Wireless IR Communication Systems Optical wireless systems for indoor and outdoor use can be arranged in a number of configurations depending on the specific requirements of a system. In general , the topologies used for indoor optical wireless communication systems are clas sified according to two parameters: (1) the existence of an unobstructed path be tween the transmitter and the receiver (LOS non LOS), and (2) the degree of dire ctionality of the transmitter, the receiver, or both (directed, non directed, or hybrid). Fig. 1.4.1 Different configurations of wireless IR links. The dotted lines repre sent the different FOVs 10

2. OBJECTIVE The objective of the project is to design an efficient infrared transmitter rece iver system that would be capable of transmitting Infrared electromagnetic signa ls in the audio frequency range of 20Hz to 20KHz over a range of 2 to 3 metres. The device would be used in conjunction with the multimedia devices, Computers a nd Laptops to transmit music from one place to a pair of cordless headphones by employing the principles of wireless infrared communication without any degradat ion in the quality of the music. Also we intend to study the properties of the s ystem in terms of the range and the power requirements. Special emphasis is bein g laid into the communication of the music signals over a large range and to stu dy the degradation of the signal over a range. Also measures are being taken and a study is being done to increase the angular range and the linear range of the system. The objective at end is to obtain a low cost effective IR system ready for marketing purpose. 11

3.1 Properties of Infrared System: Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0 .7 and 300 micrometres, which equates to a frequency range between approximately 1 and 430 THz. Its wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible light, but the wavelength is shorter (and the frequency higher) than tha t of terahertz radiation microwaves. Fig. 3.1.1 Infrared Spectrum Infrared Radiation behaves similar to the visible l ight, so it exhibits all the properties that light does such as a) b) c) d) Refl ection Refraction Diffraction Diffusion Attenuation Atmospheric attenuation is defined as the process whereby some or al l of the energy of an electromagnetic wave is lost (absorbed and/or scattered) w hen traversing the atmosphere. Absorption Absorption, in the context of electrom agnetic waves and light, is defined as the process of conversion of the energy o f a photon to internal energy, when electromagnetic radiation is captured by mat ter. When particles in the atmosphere absorb light, this absorption provokes a t ransition (or excitation) in the particles molecules from a lower energy level to a higher one. Scattering Scattering is defined as the dispersal of a beam of pa rticles or of radiation into a range of directions as a result of physical inter actions. When a particle intercepts an electromagnetic wave, part of the waves en ergy is removed by the particle and re radiated into a solid angle centered at i t. The scattered light is polarized, and of the same wavelength as the incident wavelength, which means that there is no loss of energy to the particle. 12

3.2 Advantages over RF a) Wider and Unregulated Spectrum From a spectrum management point of view, for example, IR offers potentially huge bandwidths that are currently unregulated wo rldwide. The radio part of the spectrum, on the other hand, gets more congested every year, and the allocation of radio frequencies is increasingly difficult an d expensive. Moreover, due the fact that the authorities that regulate the alloc ation of radio frequencies vary from one country to another. Device needs to be modelled accordingly for different country so as to avoid a potential risk of sy stem or product incompatibility in different geographical locations. b) High noi se immunity: Another advantage of IR over radio is its immunity to electromagnet ic interference (EMI). This makes IR the preferred option in environments where interference must be minimized or eliminated. In addition, IR does not interfere with and is not affected by radio frequencies, which is particularly relevant i n hospitals, as explained in a number of published articles in the area. c) High er security: IR also presents advantages over radio in terms of security. Becaus e IR radiation behaves like visible light, it does not penetrate walls, which me ans that the room where the energy is generated encloses the emitted signal comp letely (assuming there are no windows or transparent barriers between rooms). Th is prevents the transmitted information from being detected outside and implies intrinsic security against eavesdropping. In addition, IR offers the possibility of rapid wireless deployment and the flexibility of establishing temporary comm unication links. Further advantages of IR over radio include the d) low cost, e) the small size ( Portable) and f) the limited power consumption. This is explained by the fact th at wireless IR communication systems make use of the same opto electronic device s that have been developed and improved over the past decades for optical fiber communications and other applications. One such component is the lightemitting d iode (LED), which, due to its now faster response times, high radiant output pow er, and improved efficiency, is becoming the preferred option for short distance optical wireless applications. 13

3.3 Disadvantages: a) Direct line of sight communication Optical wireless links are susceptible to blocking from persons and objects, which can result in the attenuation of the re ceived signal or in the disruption of the link (depending on the configuration o f the system).That is ;the Wireless IR systems operate only in direct line of si ght communication. b) Shorter Range Wireless IR systems generally operate in env ironments where other sources of illumination are present. This background illum ination has part of its energy in the spectral region used by wireless IR transm itters and receivers, and introduces noise in the photodetector, which limits th e range of the system. Moreover, optical wireless systems are also affected by t he high attenuation suffered by the IR signal when transmitted through air, and by atmospheric phenomena such as fog and snow that further reduce the range of t he system and deteriorate the quality of the transmission when operating outdoor s. c) Restrictions to the emitted optical power due to eye safety. 3.4 Application: a) Infrared filter Infrared (transmitting/passing) filters can be made from many different materials. One type is made of polysulfone plastic that blocks over 9 9% of the visible light spectrum from white light sources such as incandescent fil ament bulbs. Infrared filters allow a maximum of infrared output while maintaini ng extreme covertness. Currently in use around the world, infrared filters are u sed in Military, Law Enforcement, Industrial and Commercial applications. Active -infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared nigh t vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor. b) Thermo graphy Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of o bjects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on car s due to the massively reduced production costs. 14

Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagne tic spectrum (roughly 90014,000 nanometers or 0.914 m) and produce images of that r adiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temp eratures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possi ble to "see" one s environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermogr aphy allows one to see variations in temperature . c) Tracking: Infrared homing Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, r efers to a passive missile guidance system which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles which use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heatseekers", sinc e infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. d) Infrared heating Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating sourc e. For example it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants, and also to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (deicing). FIR is also gaining popularity as a safe method of natural health care & physiotherapy. Far infrared thermometr ic therapy garments use thermal technology to provide compressive support and he aling warmth to assist symptom control for arthritis, injury & pain. Infrared ca n be used in cooking and heating food as it predominantly heats the opaque, abso rbent objects, rather than the air around them. e) Communications IR data transm ission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards publ ished by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices u se infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is foc used by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to conver t the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infr ared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so doe s not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most comm on way for remote controls to command appliances. f) Spectroscopy Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near infrared spectroscopy) is a tec hnique which can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency which is charact eristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g. CH2) may have multipl e modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and 15

bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequenc y. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies o f infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds us ing light radiation from 4000400 cm1, the mid infrared. A spectrum of all the freq uencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain informat ion about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also it s purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O H absorption around 3200 cm1). 4.1 Design Consideration: Optical fiber technology has undergone major developments in the past decades; a nd as wireless IR communication systems use some of the same components employed in optical fiber systems, wireless IR systems benefit from mature and efficient devices that are available at a relatively low cost The selection of the opto e lectronic components for the transmitter and the receiver is generally done acco rding to the configuration desired for a system. Directed topologies require dir ected sources and detectors, while non directed links require wide emission beam s and wide FOVs. One of the things that can be observed from the information of different systems developed so far is that wireless IR communications employs (1 ) light emitting diodes and (2) laser diodes for wireless IR transmitters. LEDs present wider emission beams than LDs, which makes them the preferred option of the indoor non directed and the hybrid configurations. In addition, they are gen erally considered as eye safe, which means that they can be used at higher emiss ion powers than LDs Fig. 4.1.1 Channel model from transmitted signal power to generated photocurrent : (intensity modulation and direct detection) 16

4.2 Block Diagram Fig. 4.2.1 Block Diagram of system 17

4.3 Circuit Diagram: Fig.4.3.1 Infrared Transmitter Fig. 4.3.2 Infrared Receiver 18

4.4 Working Of the circuit: The circuit essentially can be divided into two major sub circuits: 1. The trans mitter circuit The transmitter Circuit: The transmitter circuit consists of the two transistor amplifier stage which is used to amplify the audio signals suppli ed to the circuit. The audio signal ranges within frequency from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.The two resistors R1 ,R5 and R2 are used for the dc biasing of the transistor Q1 which is a BC547A npn transistor having a Base to Emitter Voltage rating of 6.0 V. The Red LED is used for the biasing of the transistor Q2 which is a SK100 transistor which is a npn transistor capable of handling high currents. The res istance R4 is used to control the emitter current The transmitter circuit is pro vided with a power supply of 9V dc which drives the circuit. The power is suppli ed by means of batteries. The LED acts as an indicator as well. The current from the transistor Q2 is used to drive the two IR LEDs which emit the modulated IR rays. The Receiver Circuit In the receiver circuit, the IR photodiode D1 receive s the Infrared rays from the transmitter circuit and generates a proportionate p hoto current. The photocurrent is fed into the popular Op Amp IC A741to amplify t he signals. The gain of the Op Amp can be easily controlled by varying the resis tance of the potentiometer. The audio frequency amplifier IC LM386 is used to fu rther amplify the signals. The output is provided to the Loudspeaker which gener ates the music. 2. The Receiver Circuit 19

4.5 Power and Budget Considerations The power budget is one of the most important considerations when designing a Wi reless communication system because it defines the battery size and the operatio n time of portable units. Power consumption is determined by a number of factors , such as the electronic and the optical components used, the modulation scheme, the topology, and the emitted power of a wireless system. The type of technolog y used also affects power consumption. IR transceivers present a lower power req uirement than their RF counterparts. An optical wireless transceiver operating a t 1 Mbps consumes 150 mW, while a radio LAN transceiver consumes 1.5 W, which co rresponds to a 25 Percent extra drain on the power supply of a laptop. The power consumption of a system is strongly affected by the power emitted by the transm itter. This power should be high enough to cover the desired range of a particul ar system, as well as to supply the receiver with sufficient energy. The power a t the receiver is determined by the range of the link, the topology used the geo metry of the room where the system is operating, and the reflective properties o f its walls and ceiling. In addition, the use of an optical collimating element can minimize the power consumption at the transmitter by transforming an extende d source into a concentrated source with narrow emission angles. When this is th e case, care must be taken to comply with eye safety regulations. The use of col limated sources also allows the use of narrower receivers, which, due to their d irective nature, can present high optical gain increasing the sensitivity of the receiver and reducing the need for a high transmitted power for a given distanc e. The use of angle diversity receivers and multi spot transmitters also helps t o reduce power consumption while maintaining wide coverage. Optical Concentrator s and Power Requirements Another way of improving power consumption is through t he use of an optical concentrator at the receiver. This is possible due to the f act that an optical concentrator improves the sensitivity of the receiver, which means that a lower emitted power may be required at the transmitter (for a give n range) compared to the same system without a concentrator. To optimize the pow er consumption, it is also important to transmit only the relevant information, to use an effective signal coding, and to perform the required signal processing at low power if possible. 20

5 Simulation, Analysis and Amendments 5.1 Simulation: The circuit was simulated by the Circuit Maker Software to obtain the following plots at the transmitter. Input Wave Fig. 5.1.1 Input Waveform Output at the end of the IR LED. Fig. 5.1.2 Output waveform at the end of IR LED 21

5.2 Observation: In order to study the range of the IR Transmitter Receiver system, we supplied t he transmitter with a sinusoidal signal and observed the output wave form at the DSO. The output received at the receiver and the DSO was also observed to be si nusoidal for a range of 3 metres. The quality of the music received was exceptio nally good for a range of 1.5 metre after which it started deteriorating. An Opt ical Concentrator was then employed at the transmitting LED side. It was observe d that the volume and the quality of the music received were highly improved. 5.3 Amendments 1. Wider Line of Sight Infrared Communication is line of sight communication. Du e to this if there is an obstruction placed between the transmitter and the rece iver then the transfer of the data stops. Improvements to this headphone technol ogy will be provided by the project team, where we will use a lens in front of t he LEDs to diffuse the light to provide a wider line of sight for the infrared h eadphones to catch thereby reducing chances of losing the signal . This method of diffusing the infrared beam also means the listener needs no longer to sit dire ctly in front the infrared transmitter which plugs into your TV or other audio s ource. When it comes to TV/movie watching and untainted enjoyment of the sound i nfrared cordless headphones have a number of advantages which make them ideal fo r a comfy relaxing viewing experience. 2. Better Range Use of power amplifiers a nd an array of high power LEDs arranged at different angles will be used to incr ease the range of infrared transmission to cover more area. 3. Use Of Optical Co ncentrator By using Optical Concentrator at the Transmitting end, the IR Power g ets concentrated and a higher volume of the music and a better quality of music can be obtained. 22

6.1 RESULT: The IR Cordless headphones were successfully built and a detailed study of the W ireless IR Communication was carried out. The range of the system was increased by using array of LEDs. Also optical concentrators were used to improve the powe r ratings , the amplification and quality of the music received. Diffusers were also used successfully to increase the angular range. 6.2 FUTURE WORK In future we plan to study and work more on the IR systems.The IR systems provide a potent ial for future research work for short range communication because of its inhere nt advantages.We plan to work on increasing the bit rate transfer of the IR syst ems so that they can be used effectively in futurefor faster communication 23

7. Reference: 1. Optical Wireless Communications (IR for Wireless Connectivity) by Roberto Ram irez Iniguez, Sevia M. Idrus, Ziran Sun, (ISBN 13:978 0 8493 7209 4) Taylor & Francis Gr oup, New York (2008). 2. Farshad Arvin and Khairulmizam Samsudin,Abdul Rahman Ramli, A ShortRange Infra red Communication , 2009 International Conference on Signal Processing Systems. Di gital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICSPS.2009.88 Publication Year: 2009 , Page(s): 454 458. 3. JOSEPH M. KAHN, MEMBER, IEEE, AND JOHN R. BARRY "Wireless Infrared Communications" PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 85, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1997. 4. F.R. Gfeller, H.R. Muller, and P. Vettiger, Infrared Communication for In-Hou se Applications, presented at IEEE COMPCON 78, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 132 138 . 5. T.S. Chu and M.J. Gans, High Speed Infrared Local Wireless Communication, i n IEEE Communications Magazine, 25(8), 410, 1987. E-books: A. O. Takahashi and T. Touge, Optical Wireless Network for Office Commu nication, presented at JARECT, 1985, pp. 217228. Websites: 1. http://www.wikipedia.org 2. http://howstuffworks.com 24

8. List of figures: Fig 1.3.1 Chronology of indoor optical wireless communication research Fig. 1.4. 1 Different configurations of wireless IR links. The dotted lines represent the different FOVs Fig. 3.1.1 Infrared Spectrum Fig. 4.1.1 Channel model from transm itted signal power to generated photocurrent: (intensity modulation and direct d etection) Fig. 4.2.1 Block Diagram of system Fig.4.3.1 Infrared Transmitter Fig. 4.3.2 Infrared Receiver Fig. 5.1.1 Input Waveform Fig. 5.1.2 Output waveform at the end of IR LED 25