You are on page 1of 6

1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

LECTURE 1.1 The term telecommunication means communication at a


Introduction distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Chapter 1 Introduction Topics discussed in this section:


(Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition)
Components
Data Representation
Data Flow
1 2

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication


Objectives
• Deliver to the correct destination
• Not altered in transmission
• Deliver in a timely manner
• Small variation in packet arrival time (Jitter)
• Message can represent various types of
information
—Text (ASCII or unicode), (Binary) Number, Images,
Audio, Video
• Protocol = set of rules that govern data
communication
3 4
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
1-2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can be a
Keyboard & Monitor
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.
Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing – Task is divided among multiple devices
One-lane street & Walkie-talkie Network Criteria – Performance (Throughput & Delay),
Reliability, and Security
Physical Structures
Network Models
Telephony Categories of Networks
5 Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork 6

Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

Dedicated link between two devices

• Topology = the way in which a network is laid


out physically
—Focusing at the network level, not just link
• Mesh
• More than two devices share the same link —Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
—Capacity of the channel is shared every other device
—Spatially (Simulatanous) or temporally (Take turn) 7 —Link is not shared with any other connection 8
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices) Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

• Node 1 must connect to Critical point


n-1 other nodes
— Require n-1 links and n-1
I/O ports
• Node 2 must connect to
n-1 other nodes
• Require n(n-1) simplex
link or n(n-1)/2 duplex
link • Each device only has a dedicated point-to-point link to a
• Robust and easy to central controller (hub)
• But expensive and complicate identify fault — Each device only need 1 link and 1 I/O port
• Normally used in backbone • Dedicated capacity • Hub acts as an exchange
— Small number of devices • Secure • Still robust and easy to identify fault
9 10
• Popular in LAN

Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

• One multipoint cable acts as a backbone


— Device connects to bus by drop line and tap
• Easy to install and require less cables
• Difficult to identify fault and re-arrange after the initial • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection to
installation two other devices
— Break in the bus can stop all transmissions • Each device act as a repeater
• Easy to install, reconfigure, and identify fault
11
• Popular for long distance network 12
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

• LAN = Local Area Network


— Cover area less than 2 km
— Transmission speed between 1 – 1000 Mbps
13 — Allow resource sharing within an organization 14

Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

• Networks are usually connected


together to form an internetwork or
Internet

WAN = Wide Area Network

Samples are telephony, ATM, Frame relay 15 16


1-3 THE INTERNET Internet: Then and Now
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily • Brief history
lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the —Originated in 1969 as ARPANET to allow researcher
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a to share their findings
communication system that has brought a wealth of —Revised in 1973 to base on TCP/IP (Transmission
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use. Control Protocol and Internet Protocol)
• Today
—Complex network that consists of
• International Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Topics discussed in this section:
• National ISPs – TRUE, CS Loxinfo, TOT
A Brief History • Regional ISPs
The Internet Today (ISPs) • Local ISPs – Buddy broadband

17 18

Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet


1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols
and standards. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.

Topics discussed in this section:


Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards

19 20
Protocol Standards
• Protocol is a set of rules that govern data • Ensure connectivity between devices from
communication different manufactures
— What is communicated? —De facto standard is not approved by anyone
— How it is communicated? • But adopted through widespread use
— When it is communicated? —Normal standard that is approved by an International
• Syntax is a structure or format of the data organization
— E.g., the first 8 bits of data are address of sender • Standards organization
• Semantics is the meaning of each section in bits —Standard creation committees
— How is the pattern interpreted and what action to be taken? • ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
— E.g., does an address identify next hop or final destination —Forums: Speed up acceptance and use of technologies
• Timing —Regulatory agency: Protect public interest
— When data should be sent and how fast can they be sent? —Internet standards
• Internet draft and RFC (Request for comment)
21 22

You might also like