BIOLOGY 1

2nd Quarter
Origin of Life Core Concept 1: Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation states that life can arise from nonliving matter o John Needham proposed SG in mid1700s. Heated a beaker full of gravy with a cork. Maggots appeared. DISCLAIMER: Beaker may not have been heated enough. Core Concept 2: Biogenesis Biogenesis states that life comes from only life o Fransesco Redi proposed SG in 1668, Italian physician. Had both covered and uncovered jars. Maggots appeared in the uncovered jars. Maggots did not appear in the covered jars. Proved that maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. o Lazzaro Spallanzani decided to improve Needhams experiment. o

Boiled to flasks of gravy. Sealed one flask and did not seal the other.

Microorganisms appeared in the unsealed one.

Proved that the microorganisms produced were offspring of the microorganism that entered the flask.

Louis Pasteur decided to settle the argument between B and SG in the mid-1800s. Designed a flask with a long curved neck for boiled broth. Microorganisms in the air did not make it through the curved neck. Proved that the broth remained free of organisms as long as it has no contact with the microorganisms in the air.

History of the Earth o 4.6 BYA temp, volcanic activity, earthquakes, meteor showers

Early atmosphere H20, CO, CO2, H2, N2, NH3, CH4

Synthesis of amino acids and other organic compounds found in living organisms today 2. Abiotic synthesis of polymers Fox: Produced proteinoids from clay and organic monomers 3. Abiotic synthesis of protobionts Ability to maintain an internal chemical environment different from the surroundings 4. Origin of Genetic Info First genes may have been abiotically produced RNA 1968 Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel: RNA is lifes first information storage system G. Cairns-Smith and K. Bernal: Amino Acids and nucleotides stick to repeating structures of clay crystals Cell Theory Anton van Leeuwenhoek made first microscope Robert Hooke coined the term cell Robert Brown discovered the nucleus Matthias Schleiden All plants are made of cells.

3.5 BYA Earliest evidence of microfossils outlines of ancient prokaryotes, similar to modern bacteria First cells: prokaryotes, heterotrophs, anaerobes

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1,5 BYA First eukaryotes First multicellular organisms 650 MYA

Trends in Evolution Cells: unicellular multicellular Nutrition: heterotrophs autotrophs Reproduction: asexual sexual

Core Concept 3: 4-Stage Chemical Evolution 1. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers 1920s Oparin and Haldene: Conditions on primitive Earth favored chemical equations that synthesized organic compounds from inorganic compounds 1953 Miller and Urey: Demostrated Abiotic

Theodor Schwann All animals are made of cells.

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Ribosomes site of protein synthesis ER assembly of components of CM and storage of enzymes and chemicals

Rudolf Virchow All cells arise from preexisting cells.

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of life. 3. Cells come only from other cells.

Golgi Apparatus protein/molecule modification, packing, distribution

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Chloroplast site of photosynthesis Vacuoles stores materials Mitochondria site of cellular respiration Nucleus contains DNA, information control center

Cell Structure and Function Three Basic Structures: o o o o Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates entry or exit of substances o o Middle Lamella Primary Cell Wall Secondary Cell Wall Cell wall protects and supports the cell Nucleus contains DNA, information control center o Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Chromosomes Cytoplasm area between nucleus and cell membrane o o o o

Organelles

Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Chromosomes Cytoskeleton supports cell structure and cell movement Flagella drives cell movement

Protein Factories: Ribosomes Manufacturers and Shippers: ER & GA Clean-up Crew: Lysosomes Storage Tanks Vacuoles Power Stations: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Framework: Cytoskeleton Microscopy

Microscopy study of objects or organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

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Mirror Stage clips Revolving nosepiece Illuminator

Microscope an instrument that gives enlarged images of the object under study o o Compound microscope Electron Microscope

The Biology of Disease Core Concept 1: Disease Disease any change that interferes with the normal functioning of the body Core Concept 2: Germ Theory of Disease Germ Theory of Disease an infectious disease is caused by a certain disease o Robert Koch German Bacteriologist o Louis Pasteur French Chemist Core Concept 3: Pathogens Pathogen microorganism causing a certain disease; can destroy body cells and tissues; can produce poisons/toxins that kill cells or interfere with their functions o Viruses noncellular particles invading living cells; causes AIDS, polio, smallpox, measles, colds, etc.

Compound microscope two-way lens system; concave brighter, plane darker

Computations o Theoretical magnification = ocular x objective o Diameter = (LPO diam)(LPO mag) = (HPO diam)(HPO mag) o Cell size diamter / # of cells spanning the diameter

Parts of the microscope: o o o o o o o o o Eyepiece LPO HPO Stage Base Fine Focus Coarse Adjustment Knob Neck Iris Diaphragm

Bacteria unicellular prokaryotes; causes pneumonia, strep throat, acne, tuberculosis, cholera

must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. o The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. o The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. o The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent. Lyme Disease o Who: Allen Steere of Yale University

Protists any eukaryote that is NOT a plant, an animal or a fungus; causes malaria, amoebic dysentery

Fungi eukaryotic heterotrophs with chitinous CWs; causes ringworm, athletes foot, histoplasmosis

Worms parasitic animals; causes tapeworm, schistomiasis

Infectious Disease disease caused by the entrance of a microorganism to the body

Core Concept 4: Kochs Postulates Kochs Postulates set of rules that is used to find a specific pathogen causing a disease o The microorganism

Where: town of Lyme, state of Connecticut

and developed similar symptoms to those of children Kochs Postulate 4 o Steere recovered B. burgdorferi from sick mice CONCLUSION: B. burgdorferi is the pathogen causing Lyme disease Core Concept 5: Modes of Infection Food and Water-borne tapeworms, amoebasis Airborne droplets of pathogens expelled into the air Contact common colds, STDs Carriers/Vectors mosquitoes, tsetse fly o Vector an organism that transmits a certain disease Viruses Discovery of Viruses Tobacco Mosaic Disease disease of the plants causing it to have patch-like patterns Adolf Meyer tried to find the cause of Tobacco Mosaic Disease; stated that the bacteria is too small to be seen even under the microscope

Observations: 39 children + several adults Similar to juvenile arthritis Started in summer or early fall; began as an insect bite followed by expanding skin rash

Kochs Postulate 1 o Skin rash linked to the bite of a deer tick o Found spiral-shaped bacterium in the ticks, Borrelia burgodorferi o Steere found B. burgodferi in patients with Lyme disease. o HYPOTHESIS: B. burgdorferi causes Lyme disease Kochs Postulate 2 o B. Burgdorferi was grown in pure culture Kochs Postulate 3 o B. Burgdorferi was injected onto mice,

Dmitri Ivanowsky stated that the bacteria is so small, it could penetrate the filter or it produces toxin that is able to pass through the filter

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Polyhedral Helical Binal Head contains DNA molecule Tail used to inject the viral DNA into the host cell

Structure of Bacteriophages:

Martinus Beijerinck disproved Ivanowskis conclusion; stated that the infectious agent is capable of reproduction and much smaller and simpler than bacteria

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Tail Fibers used to attach to host Bacteriphage bacteriaeaters Nucleic Acid SNA or RNA, but not both Internal protein Non-living Non-cellular Can only reproduce in host cell Cause many common illnesses Ubiquitous Alive when in a host cell, considered dormant and dies when not in a cell

Wendell Stanley stated that a virus can only reproduce in its host, cannot be killed by bacteria and is much smaller and simpler than bacteria

Properties of Viruses

Definition and Structure of the Virus Virus non-cellular particles made of genetic material that invade living cells Virion complete virus particle Structure of a Virus: o Nucleic Acid Core contains virus genetic material o Capsid protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid o Lipid Envelope lipid bilayer of the virus that may conatin spikes Shape of a Virus: (determined by its capsid or nucleic acid)

Virus Classification Viruses may have: (depends on the nature and function of the virus) o o o o Double-stranded RNA Double-stranded DNA Single-stranded DNA, or Single-stranded RNA Size 5 to 300 nm Host specificity depends on:

Specific attachment sites on the host cells called receptors o

information not related to parasitism Virus-First: Hypothesis in which viruses were the first organisms on Earth and they led to the formation of the 3 domains of life Virus Reproduction o o o o o Lyctic Cycle culminates in the death of a host cell Attachment Penetration Synthesis of Viral Genomes Assembly Release Lysogenic Cycle reproduction without destroying the host o o o o o Attachment Penetration Prophage Reproduction Spontaneous Induction

Availability of cellular factors required for viral multiplication in the host cells

Vaccination and Gene Therapy Vaccination discovered by Edward Jenner; exposing the body to a milder version of a virus may help it modify for a stronger sickness. Gene Therapy process used to cure genetic diseases where modified viruses are injected into a person and goes to the defective part of the DNA and attaches itself there so it can replace it with healthier ones. Origin of Viruses: o o Scientist cant find the origin because: Viruses do not form fossils Three Main Hypotheses: Progressive: Hypothesis in which a membrane of a cell exits it and enters another o Regressive: Hypothesis in which viruses were once complex until their parasitism caused them to lose genetic