ECE 3EJ4

Electronic Devices & Circuits II Lecture Set 6 Oscillators

Prof. M. Jamal Deen
Professor and Senior Canada Research Chair Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering McMaster University Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada

5-1 6-1

Introduction Oscillators

5-2 6-2

Oscillators
Text - Sections 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4 Lecture notes Review frequency analysis and op-amps Review small-signal models of BJTs and FETs Practice problems related to class lectures and material
in text
Solve individually, worked examples and compare your answers with those in text Solve as many exercises as possible check with answers in text
Suggestion - 17.1, 17.2, 17.3-17.4, 17.5-17.6, 17.7, 17.8-17.9, 17.10, 17-13-17.15

Solve as many problems at end of chapter 17

Suggestion 17.1, 17.4, 17.8, 17.10, 17.15, 17.16, 17.21, 17.22, 17.23, 17.27

Some specific suggestions on exercises and problems to attempt will be provided in class during lectures
6-3

Early Circuit with Oscillator

Vintage 1929 Hartley-style transmitter

Oscillators - technique of combining gain circuit with feedback circuit Together have phase/time delay required for system to oscillate at
specific frequency
http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN1768.pdf 6-4

Simple Oscillator
0=L di 1 + Ri + i dt dt C
Series Resonant RLC circuit
R

i = exp ( t )
L

R R2 4L C = 2L

Take complex root

i(t)

R2 4L C < 0

6-5

Review - Negative Feedback

Vi ( s ) = Vs ( s ) V f ( s )
+

vi vf

A(s)

vo
RL

Vo ( s ) = A ( s ) Vi ( s )
V f ( s ) = ( s ) Vo ( s )
AV ( s ) = Vo ( s ) A(s) A(s) = = Vs ( s ) 1 + A ( s ) ( s ) 1 + L ( s )

(s)
A(s) - open-loop gain Loop gain T(s) = A(s)(s)

Negative feedback : L ( s ) > 0 Positive feedback : L ( s ) < 0

6-6

Positive Feedback - Oscillator

+ + +

A(s)
vf

vo
RL

vs

(s)
Av ( s ) = A( s) A( s) = 1 A( s)( s) 1 L ( s)

When 1 L ( jo ) = 0 Av ( s )
For no input, to produce and sustain xo, xf=xo should be sufficiently large so xo=Axf is
finite xo = Axf = A(xo) A = 1

Stability of frequency of oscillation determined by manner in which () in feedback

loop varies with frequency

Steep slope response () vs.

more stable frequency

6-7

Some Problems & Solutions

Assume that A = 1 for vs. If temperature changes, then
A < 1 A > 1 oscillations die oscillations grow

From Av ( s ) = =

A(s) 1 A( s)( s) A( s) want L ( s ) 1 1 L (s)

Need mechanism to force A = 1 at desired value of

output amplitude Use non-linear circuit for gain control Start-up A > 1 poles - RH of s-plane Stable oscillations A = 1 poles - LH of s-plane If A < 1, amplitude - detected by non-linear circuit & then loop gain until it becomes 1 Limiter circuit oscillation grows until amp. reaches level to which limiter is set Use variable R
Element whose R is controlled by output Put in feedback circuit so R determines loop gain Diodes or JFETs

j (rad/s)

(Np/s)

6-8

Limiter Circuit - Amplitude Control

Consider small vi & small vo- vA +ve, vB -ve D1 and D2 are off Input I=v1/R1 thru Rf and Voltages at nodes A and B by superposition

As vi +ve, vo -ve, vB more ve, D2 off vi +ve, vo -ve until vA = -0.7V & D1 on For VD=D1 voltage drop, using vA
expression, we get

If vi

further, vA ~ VD & more I flows through D1 and R3, but I(R2) constant Thus R3 appears // to Rf Similarly, we can derive

Removing Rf results in comparator-like I-V

6-9

Wien-bridge Oscillator
Put Vs=0
+

Vs Va
ZP

V0

R Z P ( s) 1 + R2 R1 L( s ) = 1 + 2 = R1 Z P ( s ) + Z S ( s ) 1 + Z P ( s)YS ( s )

R 1 L ( s ) = 1 + 2 R1 3 + sCR + 1 sCR
ZS

L ( j ) = Gain

1 3 + j (CR 1 CR )

Condition for oscillation From Av ( s ) =

A(s) A( s) = want L ( s ) 1 1 A( s)( s) 1 L ( s)

6-10

Amplitude Stabilization
D1, D2, R1-R4 form
amplitude control network When vo +ve, D1 on for v(R3) > VD(on) Now R4//R3 , effective loop gain is reduced

6-11

Amplitude Stabilization
i= vo v 1 vo v1 VD + R3 R4

6-12

Wien Bridge Oscillator

Wien Bridge Oscillator with limiters for amplitude control
R2 = 2 + Roots of 1- L ( s ) = 0 in RH s - plane R1

6-13

Tuned Oscillator
High-Q bandpass filter f0 Positive feedback loop with
hard limiter
Bandpass filter

Assume oscillation has started

Output of filter sinewave @ f0 Sine wave into limiter square wave of frequency f0 Square wave fed to bandpass filter which filters out harmonics and produces sinewave Peak-peak amplitude of sine wave VPP From Fourier analysis, sine wave at f0 will have amplitude 4VPP/ Purity of sine wave depends on Q of filter

V2 t V2

f0
Wave shaping circuit

V1

t
V1

Band pass filter - 2nd order active op-amp + RC Wave shaping circuit diodes as hard limiters

6-14

Active-filter Tuned Oscillator

Break the circuit at the blue line Circuit in red rectangle is Leq Equiv. circuit is shown - Leq = R2C Derive the expression for AV(s)
v3 v1

v4 v2

QR C Leq

Show v2 = 2*v1 = 2*AV(s)*v3 v2 is fed to diode pair to create square wave v3

with p-p amplitude 1.4V (for VD,on = 0.7V) v3 = 2*4VPP/= 3.57V

4
6-15

LC-tuned Oscillators

Colpitts

Hartley

o,C = 1

CC L 1 2 ; o ,H = 1 C1 + C2

( L1 + L2 ) C

6-16

Complete Circuit Colpitts Oscillator

6-17

Colpitts Oscillator
Nodal eqns for Vg & Vs
G = 1 ( RS ro ) ; C 3 = C 2 + C GS

VDD VDD vs

1 sC3 0 s [C3 + CGD ] + sL 0 = sC + g s ( C1 + C3 ) + gm + G ( 3 m)

vg (s) vs (s)

RS

RS

No excitation

=0

6-18

Colpitts Oscillator
Put real & imag parts = 0
C + C = 1 3 2 C1C3 + CGD ( C1 + C3 ) L g + G + j i( gm + G) CGD + GC3 m L =0
L

Oscillation condition set by L //CTotal Feedback set by C ratio must be large enough to meet gain requirement

6-19

VCO
VCO voltage controlled oscillator Want to vary fVCO with vinput, fo = Function(vinput) ideally linear
function Typically fo = 1/RC Let C vary with bias varactor or reverse biased pn diode Let R change with bias voltage varistor use FET or BJT to make equivalent R that depends on biasing We will look at case of BJT (try FET as exercise)

r =i(VT IC )
gm = IC = VT r

VT constant at fixed T IC = function (Vbias )

6-20

VCO
Let VCC or VEE both change with vi IC
changes, r changes However, mode of BJT may change from active to cut-off or saturation Better way use vi to control a current source keep BJT is same mode Then use current source to bias BJT and r will follow IBias

6-21

VCO Circuit
Requiv

fo =

1 2( rC)

Requiv

r = Function ( vi )
fo = 1 = G ( vi ) F ( vi ) C
6-22

LC Oscillator Negative gm
LC Oscillator VDD VDD VDD x x y y Voltage-controlled Oscillator VDD VDD

Simple topology for both circuits, determine the resistance Rxy Differential implementation - two outputs are 180 degrees out of phase very useful
for many applications driving a Gilbert cell mixer Good phase noise performance can be achieved Ibias oscillation amplitude control but it adds noise Variable capacitor (varactor) controls foscillation by adjusting Vcont Much fixed capacitance cannot be removed - lowers frequency tuning range

6-23

PLL
Basically is a feedback control system Is an electronic circuit used for frequency control or is a frequency
selective circuit Synchronize with incoming signal Maintain synchronization in presence of noise or frequency variations Configured as frequency multipliers. Demodulators, tracking generators, clock recovery circuits Has three basic components
Phase-frequency detector differences in phase/frequency in two signals Loop filter removes hf components form VCO VCO vd = Kde VCO Input LO vd Loop vC PD

Filter

6-24

PLL

6-25

PLL

6-26

PLL

6-27

PLL

6-28

Use of PLL Sample Problem

Design an 8-note keyboard following the pure tone pitch:
Pitch Fraction Freq. (Hz) C 1 520 D 9/8 585 E 5/4 650 F 4/3 693 G 3/2 780 A 5/3 867 B 15/8 975 C* 2 1040

Available components are: ONE ideal op-amp, TWO diodes, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/5 frequency dividers, PLLs, 8 touch switchers (represent the 8 keys), any resistors and capacitors with 10% accuracy, 15V DC voltage sources. The required output voltage amplitude for every frequency (Vpp/2) is 3.5V (assuming frequency dividers and PLLs are scalable components without any insertion loss).

6-29

End of Lectures on Oscillators

5-30 6-30