PR2104 Pharmaceutical Analysis I Tutorial

1. Concentration conversion Based on the information given below, prepare 100 ml of HCl, with concentrations of 0.01 M, 1% w/v, and 1ppm, respectively. Show the calculations and the steps of preparations.

2. Simple Linear Regression For the simple linear regression analysis, the definition of inverse prediction is to use a regression of y on x to make predictions of the value of x that resulted in a new observation of y. In a flame photometry experiment, the following absorbance readings were obtained after measuring 4 different concentrations: Absorbance readings Concentration (ppm) 2 1 4 2 5 3 7 3

The absorbance of an unknown sample is 5. Answer the following questions using linear regression analysis with the least square method. The calculations must be shown.

Question 1: From the data construct a calibration curve of concentration versus absorbance readings, by simple linear regression analysis using the least square method. Find the intercept, slope and concentration of the unknown sample

Question 2: From the data construct a calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration, by simple linear regression analysis using the least square method. Find the intercept, slope and concentration of the unknown sample.

Question 3: Hand draw the scatter plots of the two calibration curves. Show the 4 experimental points and the predicted value on the fitted curves, respectively. In addition, indicate which one is the inverse prediction.

3. Standard Addition To measure the concentration of nickel in a solution, the following experiment was carried out by using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The concentration of the nickel standard solution is 50 ppm. Sample solutions containing unknown amount of nickel were aliquoted into 4 10 ml. The 4 x 10 mL aliquots were then transferred into 4 pieces of 50-ml volumetric flasks and mixed respectively with: 0, 5, 10 and 15 mL of the standard nickel solution, so that the concentrations of the added nickel standards (ppm) are 0, 5, 10 and 15, after making up the volumetric flask to 50 ml with the diluents. The results were tabulated as the following: Y = Absorbance readings X = Concentrations ( ppm) 3 0 4 5 6 10 7 15

Question 1: Hand draw a scatter plot of the Y against X.

Question 2: From the data fit a linear curve (Y = aX + b) by simple linear regression by using the least square method. Find the a and b. Show your calculations.

Question 3: Given the definitions of the following parameters, prove:

Cx

b Vt a Vx

C x stock concentration of unknown

Cs stock concentration of standard V x fixed volume of unknown Vs volume of standard solution Vt total volume of solution
a b slope of straight line intercept of straight line on X-axis

Question 4: Find the nickel concentration of the unknown solution. Show your calculations.