Building services design of the Hospital

Introduction
In this project, we are proposing to construct a new hospital in this area. This will be a three story building. But we are keeping provision for future development up to five stories. This hospital is consists of many features that are very useful for the villagers. It is provided with Accident and Emergency treatment unit, X-ray room, Dental unit, Consultant unit, Childrens Ward, Female Ward, Male ward, Mandatory Ward and Delivery section, ICU and Operation Theater. In the design, special care was given to differently able people. They were provided with special Wash rooms with special facilities. These washrooms are present in each floor. Cold water supply system and Hot water supply system are the most critical services in this building. Both above ground and below ground waste water disposal systems were provided. Since this is situated in Hatton, both Air conditioning and heating required for the building. They were provided to the appropriate spaces. Electrical and telephone system is another service present in this building. This building is consists of a wet riser and sprinkler firefighting system. Smoke detectors were used as fire detectors. Refuse chute is also included to the building. Bio-gas system had introduced as an alternative power generation method. Since this area have plenty of water, no need of rain water harvesting. A Roof garden is maintained on the second floor top level. Few service ducts were provided to the building. Service lines were laid along the ceiling. Integrated system was adapted to this building. There are few more services were included in this hospital. Passive concept was taken in to the account in the design and it was design as a green building. Lot of sustainable methods had adapted to this hospital design.

Circulation
Vertical circulation Stair case Two stair cases were provided to this building. Both are identical. This is the main access for the upper floors. Visitors supposed to use stair case. Dimensions and details of the stair case are given below. Floor to floor height = 4500 mm Total width of core Length of the core = 3500 mm = 5000 mm

Length of the landing = 1500 mm Width of stair case Rise Tread = 1750 mm = 175 mm = 290 mm

Fig.1 Stair case

Lift One lift has provided for this building. It is not for visitors. It is mainly use for the patients and for differently able people. Size of the lift will be 3500 mm 2700 mm. This size was selected because it should be adequate to carry a trolley with a patient. And also Wheel chairs should be able to carry from this lift. Staff can carry their stuff from the lift. Since there is a lift, there is no ramp provided for differently able people. There is a ramp in ground floor to give access to ground floor for differently able people.

3500 mm

2700 mm

Fig.2 Arrangement of the lift

Horizontal circulation Corridors and passages were kept in 2.5 m width because they should be adequate to exchange two trolleys or two wheel chairs. In ground floor, a ramp has provided for the differently able people who can use that to enter the ground floor.

Service Ducts (Integrated system)

A Hospital has various kinds of services. Service ducts are essential to have a good services design. Few vertical service ducts were provided to this building. Some of them were for plumbing. Cold water pipes, Hot water pipes, Waste water pipes were sent through service ducts. Separate ducts were provided for electrical wires, telephone wires, network cables and other cables. Cable trays were provided through ceilings and some services lines were run through the ceiling. We are using an integrated system for wires and cables. An integrated system was also used for the plumbing. Ventilation ducts were provided for the places where they were necessary.

Fig.3 Integrated system of services under a ceiling

Fig.4 Intigrated service system through vertical ducts

Sanitary appliances
Ground floor is consists of several bathrooms for the staff and for the general public. All the wards were provided with Washrooms and adequate number of appliances was provided for them. Each floor is consists with special washroom for differently able people. They were provided with special appliances and special facilities.

Fig.5 Special arrangements for differently able people Following is the calculation to find the required number of sanitary appliances for the hospital staff. Number of beds % of staff required Number of staff required = 105 = 38% = 105 38% = 40 Assumption; Staff is consists of 15 males and 25 females. Therefore; Required number of WCs for females Required number of WCs for males Required number of Wash basins for females Required number of Wash basins for males Required number of Urinals for males =3 =1 =3 =1 =1

In the design, building was provided; One gents washroom at Administration area with 1 WC, 1 Wash basin and 1 Urinal One Ladies washroom at Administration area with 1 WC and 1 Wash basin A washroom for Doctors restroom with two WCs and a Wash basin A washroom for Nurses restroom with two WCs and a wash basin Altogether; 6 WCs, 4 Wash basins and 1 urinal Here, one sink per washrooms was provided for cleaning purpose.

Washrooms were provided for each ward, ICU and Mandatory unit with sufficient sanitary appliances. Hand railings were fixed near the appliances at the washrooms for differently able people. Hygienic effects were taken in to account when arranging the appliances and intervening ventilated space was provided in washrooms. Urinals were not provided to common washrooms in restrooms due to hygienic effect.

Cold water supply

Cold water supply is the most critical service in a building. Since there is lack of design information about Hospitals, internet was referred to find data. Total per day cold water consumption was calculated according to the gathered data. Per capita cold water consumption = 250 gal per day/ per bed = 947 l per day/ per bed Number of beds Total per day cold water demand = 105 = 105 947 = 99435 l = 99.435 m3 Cold water demand for hot water = 160 l per day/ per bed Total water demand for hot water = 160 105 = 16800 l/ day = 16.8 m3 Total per day water demand = 99.435 + 16.8 = 116.235 m3 According to the water demand, an overhead water tank was provided. Dimensions of the overhead tank as follows, Length Width Height Free board =5m =5m =5m = 0.2 m

Water height = 4.8 m There for total capacity of the tank is 120 m3

Loading units of each floor Appliance Ground floor

Amount Loading Unit total loading units

First floor
Amount Loading total Unit loading units

Second floor
Amount Loading total Unit loading units

Wash basins Sink Bathing cubical (Shower) Bib tap WC Bidet shower Water bath Total

22 5 1

3 5 3

66 25 3

20 2 10

3 5 3

60 10 30

13 4 7

3 5 3

39 20 21

9 13 13 1

5 2 1 10

45 26 13 10
188

10 10 10 1

5 2 1 10

50 20 10 10
190

5 7 7 2

5 2 1 10

25 14 7 20
146

Table.1 Loading units of each floor Calculation to find the flow rate of the urinal as follows; Capacity of the urinal Interval between usage Flow rate = 4.5 l = 20 min = 4.5 60/20 60 60 = 0.0375 l/s

Number of urinals in; Ground floor = 5 First floor =0

Second floor = 2

Assumptions; Bathing cubical are consist of a shower and a bib tap WC and bidet shower was considered separately PVC pipes were used for cold water supply Water tank is right above the male wards washroom Pipe lines coming from the tank is running through the duct at male wards washroom Pipe has a horizontal length of 0.5 m at the bottom level of the water tank Floor to floor height of the building is 4.5 m Spring water is collected to an underground sump and it is pumped to the overhead tank Showers are at the height of 2 m above from the slab top level and all other appliances are at 1 m height above the slab top level of each floor Water tank is 4.5 m above the top level of the second floor

Except the wash basins in washrooms, few more wash basins and sinks were provided for the places where they are necessary. One wash basin which is at the waiting area of ground floor is for the outside visitors and OPD patient.

Pipe sizing Required pipe sizing for each branch can be calculated and adequate diameter was selected by checking the available head of the appliances at the discharge point. Following is a specimen calculation which was done for the pipe 1 . Assumption :- Inner diameter of 50 mm PVC pipes were used. For ground floor; Total loading units = 188

Flow rate due to loading units= 2.0 l/s Flow rate from 5 urinals = 0.0375 l/s 5 = 0.1875 l/s Total design flow rate = 2.0 + 0.1875 = 2.1875 l/s For first floor; Total loading units Design flow rate For second floor; Total loading units = 146 = 190 = 2.0 l/s

Flow rate due to loading units= 1.7 l/s Flow rate from 2 urinals = 0.0375 l/s 2 = 0.075 l/s Number of; Stop valves Elbows Ts =1 =1 =1

Pipe length

= 9.0 + 0.5 = 9.5 m

Total loading units

= 404

Flow rate due to loading units= 3.5 l/s From urinals = 0.1875 + 0.075 = 0.2625 l/s Total design flow rate = 3.5 + 0.2625 = 3.7625 l/s Loss of head Head loss due to the pipe = 0.065 m/m run = 0.065 9.5 = 0.6175 m Head loss of stop valve Head loss due to elbows = 1.6 m = 2.3 0.065 = 0.1495 m Head loss due to Ts = 3.5 0.065 = 0.2275 m Total head loss of the pipe 1 = 0.6175 + 0.1495 + 0.2275 = 2.5945 m

Fig.6 Cold water pipe line system

Fig.7 Water tank and pumps arrangement Alternative pump has provided to make sure the continuous water supply even in a break down of the main pump. Water which is at under ground sump is pumped to the elevated tank. Key = Stop valve = Pump = Ball valve WC BS = Water closet = Bidet shower BC = Bathing cubical B = Water Bath

BT = Bib tap S = Sink

WB = Wash basin

Assumption :- Bathing cubical is consists of a shower and a bib tap.

Table.2 Pipe size calculation for cold water pipe system

Pipe diameter for each pipe in the cold water system

Pipe number 1 2 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 3 3-1 4 5 5-1 5-2 5-3 6 6-1 6-2 7 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 9 9-1 9-2 9-3

Outer diameter (mm) 54 42 35 35 35 35 35 42 35 54 42 35 35 35 42 35 35 42 42 35 35 35 42 35 35 35

Table.3 Pipe size estimation for cold water system All the other pipes which are connecting appliances are of 28 mm outer diameter.

Hot water supply

Hot water demand Peak demand Number of beds Total demand = 160 l/day/per bed = 30 l/hr = 105 = 105 160 = 16800 l/day

In this hospital, only the necessary appliances are provided with hot water. Mainly the selected wash basins, selected sinks, bathing cubicles and water baths were connected to hot water supply system. (i.e. wash basins in ward washrooms, washrooms in other important units, sinks in operation theater and ICU.etc.) Ground floors public washrooms were not connected to the hot water system because they may not use in night time when the environment is cold. It is not necessary and also uneconomical. (This hospital is situated in Hatton where the night temperature is low) Hot water will generate using boilers. These boilers will be function with bio-gas. Detail of the bio-gas supply unit will be discussed later. Electrical backup system for the boilers were connected to keep continuation of hot water supply is low or dropped down. Per person hot water demand Hot water cylinder capacity = 35 l/day = 35 105 = 3675 l/day = 3.675 m3 /day We cannot store the amount of total hot water demand in a cylinder because it will cause a massive energy loss while storage and the water will not in adequate temperature all over the day. So we are planning to do the boiling throughout the day. So we do not need cylinder of 16.8 m3. So, about 4 m3 cylinder will be adequate.

Fig.8 Hot water pipe line system

Vent pipe

Water tank To appliances

Cylinder

Drain valve Safe valve Boiler

Fig.9 Hot Water supply system

In this case, solar water heaters were come in to the seen as an alternative. But doing it in large scale is expensive. Hatton area is not much experience lot of solar heat. So it is not economically feasible. Bio-gas can reduce the cost because we can get it free. And it also gives solution for the solid waste disposal.

Required flow rate (Hot water) for several appliances Wash basin Water bath Shower Sink = 0.08 l/s = 0.15 l/s = 0.20 l/s = 0.15 l/s

Cold water supply for the heating was taken from the main water tank. Insulated copper pipes were used for the system. Total amount of loading units at; Ground floor First floor Second floor Total loading units = 32.5 = 91 = 68 = 191.5

Assumption:- For hot water system, loading units were assumed as follows; Wash basin Water bath Sink Shower Bib tap = 1.5 = 10 =3 =3 =3

Table.4 Pipe size calculation for hot water pipe system

Pipe diameter for each pipe in the hot water system

Pipe number 1 2 2-1 3 4-1 4-2 5 6 7

Outer diameter 42 28 28 35 35 35 35 42 22

Table.5 Pipe size estimation for hot water system

Outer diameter of 22 mm pipes were used for the other part of the pipe network. They were used to connect appliances to the main pipe lines.

Waste water disposal system

Above ground waste water disposal system Special system of waste water disposal method was used in this hospital. Gray water is collecting separately and sends to a treatment plant before dispose them to ground. Black water was directed to a bio-gas generating unit to generate bio-gas. Three services ducts were included in this building for plumbing. Three main waste water disposal pipe lines coming through these ducts were connected to a main line at ground level which goes to their destinations. Here the main black water line was directed to the bio-gas unit and the main gray water pipe line was directed to the waste water treatment plant.

Discharge units of appliances

9l WC Sink Wash basin Water bath Shower Bib tap

= WC = 14 =S = 14

= WB = 2 =B = 18

= SH = 2 = BT = 2

Assumption :- Bathing cubical (BC) is consists of a shower and a bib tap. Therefore discharge unit of a bathing cubical is 4.

Above ground gray waste water disposal system

Fig.10 Above ground waste water system

Gray water disposal system through duct 1 (D1)

D1-1

D1-2 Second floor level

D1-8 D1-3 D1-4 First floor level

D1-9 D1-5 D1-7 D1-6

Ground floor level

D1-10

D1-11

Fig.11 Gray water disposal pipe line system through duct 1 (D1)

Pipe number

Discharge unit of appliances WC Sink Wash Water basin bath

Shower Bib tap

Total Urinal discharge units

Pipe size (inner dia.) (mm) 63 76 76

Second Floor D1-1 D1-2 D1-8 -

42 = 8 414= 42 = 56 8

181= 18

32 = 6 12 = 2

32 = 6 12 = 2

20 86 20+86 = 106

First floor D1-3 D1-4 D1-9

214= 210= 28 20 22 = 4

82 = 16 -

82 = 16 -

80 4

76 50

84+106 = 89 190

Ground floor D1-5 D1-6 D1-7 D1-10 D1-11 -

52 = 10 52 = 10 514= 22 = 70 4

52 = 10

10 10 84 190+10= 200 200+10+ 84 =294

50 50 76 89 100

Table.6 Pipe size estimation of gray water pipes through duct 1

Gray water disposal system through duct 2 (D2)

D2-1

D2-2 Second floor level

D2-3

D2-4

D2-5 First floor level

D2-6

D2-7 Ground floor level

D2-8

D2-9

From D3

D2-10

Fig.12 Gray water disposal pipe line system through duct 2 (D2)

Pipe number

Discharge unit of appliances WC Sink Wash Water basin bath

Shower Bib tap

Total Urinal discharge units

Pipe size (inner dia.) (mm) 50 63 63

Second Floor D2-1 D2-2 D2-3 -

23 = 6 21 = 2

22 = 4 22 = 4

6 10 6+10 = 16

First floor D2-4 D2-5 D2-6

23= 6 22 = 4

22 = 4

22 = 4

6 12 18+16 = 34

50 63 76

Ground floor D2-7 D2-9 D2-8 -

22 = 4

4 4+34 = 38 6 76 6+6+38+ 76= 126

50 76 50

32 = 6 32 = 6

From duct 3 (D3) D2-10

89

Table.7 Pipe size estimation of gray water pipes through duct 2

Gray water disposal system through duct 3 (D3)

D3-1

D3-2 Second floor level

D3-3

D3-4 D3-5 First floor level

D3-6

D3-7

Ground floor level

D3-8 D3-9

Fig.13 Gray water disposal pipe line system through duct 3 (D3)

Pipe number

Discharge unit of appliances WC Sink Wash Water basin bath

Shower Bib tap

Total Urinal discharge units

Pipe size (inner dia.) (mm) 63 50 63

Second Floor D3-1 D3-2 D3-3 -

22 = 4

118= 18 -

21 = 2

21 = 2

18 8 18+8 = 26

First floor D3-4 D3-5 D3-6

21 = 2

118= 18 -

21 = 2

21 = 2

18 6 24+26= 50

63 50 76

Ground floor D3-7 D3-8 D3-9 -

118= 18

18 18+50= 68 8+68 = 76

50 76 76

22 = 4

21 = 2

21 = 2

Table.7 Pipe size estimation of gray water pipes through duct 3

Higher provision for discharge pipes were given so that to avoid blocks and to increase the efficiency of flow.

Size of the discharge pipe of each appliance (inner diameter) Wash basin Sink Water bath Bathing cubical = 38 mm = 50 mm = 63 mm = 63 mm

(Shower and bib tap)

Total discharge units of main discharge pipe = 294+126+76 = 496 Therefore proposed pipe size = 125 mm

Assumption:- 85% of consumption will be discharge as gray water. Consume will be take place in 18 hrs duration per day. Discharge = 99.43585% /186060 = 1.30410-3m3/s = 1.304 l/s From Chezzys equation; V = Cmi Considering half-filled conditions and assuming the self-cleansing velocity is 1.1 m/s

Fig.14 Section of a half filled pipe m = A/ = (d2/4) / (d/2) = d/4

Assume the peak flow is 6 time higher than average flow: Peak flow = 1.304 6 = 7.824 l/s Considering; Q 7.82410-3 d = AV = (d/2)20.9 = 0.1488 m

Therefore d = 125 mm pipe is not adequate. So we can use d = 150 mm pipe as the main horizontal discharge pipe.

= d/4 = 150/4 = 37.5 mm

Considering; V = Cmi , C = 55 1.1 i = 550.0375i = 4/374 = 0.01067 Can use the slope of the pipe as 1: 90

Gray water treatment and disposal This gray water was directed to a treatment plant and after treating they will be discharge to a soakage pit.

Above ground black water disposal system

Black water disposal system through duct 1 (D1)

D1-1B

D1-2B

Second floor level

D1-3B D1-4B D1-5B First floor level

D1-6B D1-7B D1-8B Ground floor level

D1-9B

Fig.15 Black water disposal system through duct 1 (D1)

Pipe Second floor D1-1B D1-2B D1-3B First floor D1-4B D1-5B D1-6B Ground floor D1-7B D1-8B D1-9B

Discharge units WC 414 = 56

Urinal 22 = 4 -

Total discharge units 4 56 4+56 = 60

Inner diameter of the pipe (mm) 50 89 89

314 = 42 414 = 56

42 56 42+56+60=158

89 89 100

914 = 126

24 = 8 -

8 126 134+158= 292

50 100 150

Table.7 Pipe size estimation of black water pipes through duct 1

Black water disposal system through duct 2 (D2)

D2-1B

Second floor level

D2-2B

D2-3B First floor level

D2-4B

D2-5B

D2-6B D2-7B

Ground floor level From D3

Fig.16 Black water disposal system through duct 2 (D2)

Pipe Second floor D2-1B D2-2B First floor D2-3B D2-4B Ground floor D2-5B D2-6B From D3 D2-7B

Discharge units WC 214 = 28

Urinal -

Total discharge units 28 28

Inner diameter of the pipe (mm) 89 89

214 = 28

28 28+28 = 56

89 89

214 =28 214 =28

28 28 42 56+56+42=164

89 89 125

Table.8 Pipe size estimation of black water pipes through duct 2

Black water disposal system through duct 2 (D2)

D3-1B

Second floor level

D3-2B

D3-3B First floor level

D4-1B

D3-5B D3-6B

Ground floor level

Fig.17 Black water disposal system through duct 3 (D3)

Pipe Second floor D3-1B D3-2B First floor D3-3B D3-4B Ground floor D3-5B D3-6B

Discharge units WC 114 = 14

Urinal -

Total discharge units 14 14

Inner diameter of the pipe (mm) 89 89

114 = 14

14 14+14 = 28

89 89

114 =14 214 =28

14 14 =28 = 42

89 100

Table.9 Pipe size estimation of black water pipes through duct 3

Higher provisions were allowed for diameter of the pipes to make sure that solids will not block the pipes and to obtain the half fill condition. It also increases the efficiency of the flow.

Total discharge units

= 292+42+112 = 446

Therefore, 150 mm diameter pipe was provided as the main black water disposal pipe. This is laid on the ground. Assumptions : Total amount of the black water discharge per day is equal to 15% of the usage Pipes are in half filled condition Self-cleansing velocity of the black water is 0.9 m/s Water demand will be occur during 18 hr period per day Peak demand is six times the average demand

Black water discharge

= 99.43515% / 186060 = 2.30210-4m3/s

Peak discharge

= 2.30210-4 6 = 1.381210-3m3/s

Considering, Q= AV; 1.381210-3 d = d20.9/4 = 0.0442 mm

Therefore d=150 mm pipe is adequate. Considering, m = A/; m = d/4 =0.15/4 m From Chezzys equation, 0.9 i = 0.0375 m V = Cmi , C=55 = 550.0375i = 7.93410-4

Provided slope for the pipe is 1:125 This pipe was directed to bio-gas unit.

Below ground waste water disposal system

Below ground black water disposal system All the black water is directed to a bio-gas unit. It will be work as a below ground black water disposal system.

Below ground gray water disposal system All the Gray water was directed to a gray water treatment plant. After treating, they will be discharge to the ground. This system will be acting as the below ground gray water disposal system.

Further details of the bio-gas unit and water treatment plant will be discussed later.

Fire Security system

Fire security system is consisting of two elements. They are fire detecting and firefighting. In this building, both fire detecting and firefighting systems were installed.

Fire detecting system We have provided heat detectors as the fire detectors. Since this area has less temperature, smoke detectors will be more effective over heat detectors. They were connected to fire alarms.

Fig.18 Smoke detectors Fire alarms were installed in wards and other necessary areas. If smoke enters the unit, particles attach to the ions slowing their movement. This reduction in current flow actuates an electronic relay circuit to operate an alarm.

Fire fighting system

Fig.19 Wet riser

Fig.20 Landing valve

A wet riser was provided to the building. Plumbing for wet riser was laid through service ducts. Hoses were provided in each floor. Except the wet riser, portable fire fighters (Foam) were installed at necessary places. Especially we provided them for small fire and for the places where using water is not much appropriate.

Fig.21 Portable fire fighters

Public administration system and Security Camera system

Public administration system A public administration system was installed in this hospital. All the wards and the necessary places were provided with speakers. The controlling unit was installed in administration area. All the announcements can be passing through this system. Cables for this system were laid through service ducts.

Fig.22 Wall mounted Speaker

Security Camera system Security cameras were mounted in the entrance, wards and other necessary positions in the hospital for security purpose. Control unit was situated in administration area. Cables for this system were laid through service ducts.

Fig.23 Security Camera

Lighting system
Illumination level and required lamps Lighting is another critical service of a hospital. Adequate light with appropriate Illumination level should be provided. Followings are the required Illumination levels according to EN 12464-1 (2002)

Area

Illumination level Em (lx)

Corridor 200 washrooms 200 Store room 100 Office 500 Staff room 300 Wards 300 Delivery room General lighting 300 Examination area 1000 Emergency treatment unit 500 Operation theater Theater 1000 Recovery area 500 ICU general 300 Examination and treatment area 1000 Dental unit General 500 At the patient 1000 Pharmacy 500 Table.10 Illumination level of different areas

Table.11 Data of different types of lamps

Assumption:- use 80 W Fluorescent lamp which has 7375 luminous. Number of lamps Where; E A F U M = Illumination level = Area = luminous per lamp = Utilization factor = Maintenance factor = EA/ FUM

Here, U = 0.5 and M = 0.8 Specimen calculation to find the required number of lamps for front lobby, stair case and lobby in the ground floor as follow; Area = 737.5 = 248.5 m2 Illumination level Required number of lamps = 200 lx = EA/FUM = 200248.5/73750.50.8 = 16.85 17 lamps were required.

Assumption:Average illumination level at, Delivery room = (1000 + 300)/2 = 650 lx ICU = (1000 + 300)/2 = 650 lx Dental unit = (1000 + 500) = 750 lx

Name of the area

Illumination level (lx)

Area (m2)

Number of lamps 17 4 12 6 7 2 3 10 4 2 1 7 4 8 9 96

Ground floor Front lobby, Stair case and lift 200 Corridors 200 Administration area 500 Rest rooms 300 Washrooms and cleaning room 200 Services room and store room 100 Consultant room 300 Emergency treatment unit 500 OPD 500 Medical record room 300 Pharmacy 500 Back lobby and stair case 200 X-ray room 300 Dental unit 750 Around the hospital 100 Total number of lamps required for ground floor First floor Corridors, lobbies, lift and staircase 200 Children ward 300 Female ward 300 Washrooms 200 Mandatory ward 300 Delivery section 650 Total number of lamps required for First floor

262.5 50 67.5 56.5 84.5 31.5 28 56 24 15 6.25 93 35 28 252

208.25 115 214 82 72 59.5

15 12 22 6 8 14 77

Second floor Corridors, lobbies, lift and staircase 200 135.25 Male ward 300 115 General ward 300 131.5 Operation theater 1000 40 Recovery area and lobby 500 25 Washrooms 200 70 ICU 650 112 Store room 100 48 Total number of lamps required for First floor Table.12 Estimation of number of lamps per several areas

10 12 14 14 5 5 25 2 87

Total number of lamps required

= 96 + 77 + 87 = 260

Energy requirement for lighting

= 260 80 W = 20.8 kW

In hospitals, special kind of lamps and lightings are using in Operation theaters, ICU and Dental units. High intensity lighting systems are useful for examine patients in operation theaters and dental units.

(i)

(ii)

Fig.24 Interior lighting of (i)Operation theater and (ii)ICU

Alternative lighting method- LED lighting system LED lamps are proposed to use in this hospital as alternative energy conservation method.

Advantages of LED lighting system long service life low maintenance costs low power consumption minimum operating costs vibration and impact-proof compact size high colour stability efficient control thanks to simple control system low heat generation

Fig.25 LED luminaries Static and dynamic light

Energy Consumption

Fig.26 Energy usage of a Hospital

Equipment Energy (kW) MI (Cyclotron) 100 Cathlab 105 MRI 75 CT 64 PET & PET CT 72 Surgery mobile C arm 8 CSSD (Central Sterilization supply dept.) 96 OT equipment 1.6 ICCU equipment 1.6 X-ray (Radiography, Fluoroscopy) 52 Mammography 12 Ultra sound 4 Healthcare IT work station 1.6 Table.13 Energy consumption for equipment

Assuming the energy requirement for lighting is 15% of the total energy consumption; Energy requirement for lighting Energy requirement for Cooking = 20.8 kW = 20.85.6/15 = 7.77 kW Energy requirement for refrigeration = 20.82.2/15 = 3.05 kW Energy requirement for office equipment = 20.86/15 = 8.32 kW Energy requirement for miscellaneous = 20.813.4/15 = 18.58 kW Energy requirement for ventilation = 20.82.6/15 = 3.61 kW