1300 Mathformulas

1300 Math Formulas
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Preface
q ~ ~ ~ K f ~
~ ~ ~~ ~~ I
I ~ I ~ ~~K q
~ ~I ~I ~
k pI ^~I dI qI j~
~ a~I sI ^~ dI `~I
a~ b~I pI ~ m~ qK
q ~ I I ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~I
~ ~ ~ ~ K
ii
Contents
1 krj_bo pbqp
NKN
p f 1
NKO
p k 5
NKP
_~ f 7
NKQ
` k 8
2 îdb_o^
OKN
c~ c~ 12
OKO
m c~ 13
OKP
m 14
OKQ
o 15
OKR
i~ 16
OKS
b~ 18
OKT
f~ 19
OKU
` f c~ 22
3 dbljbqov
PKN
o q~ 24
PKO
f q~ 27
PKP
b~~ q~ 28
PKQ
p~ q~ 29
PKR
p~ 33
PKS
o~ 34
PKT
m~~~ 35
PKU
o 36
PKV
q~ 37
PKNM f q~ 38
PKNN f q~ f ` 40
PKNO q~ f ` 41
iii
PKNP
PKNQ
PKNR
PKNS
PKNT
PKNU
PKNV
PKOM
PKON
PKOO
PKOP
PKOQ
PKOR
PKOS
PKOT
PKOU
PKOV
PKPM
PKPN
PKPO
PKPP
PKPQ
PKPR
PKPS
PKPT
PKPU
PKPV
PKQM
h 42
` n~~~ 43
q~~ n~~~ 45
d~ n~~~ 46
o~ e~ 47
o~ m 48
` 50
p ~ ` 53
p ~ ` 54
` 55
o~~ m~~ 56
m 57
o~ q~ 58
o~ m~ 59
c ~ o~ m~ 61
o~~ o t 62
m~ p 63
o `~ ` 66
o `~ ` ~ l m~ c~ 68
o `~ ` 69
c ~ o `~ ` 70
p 72
p~ `~ 72
p~ p 73
p~ p 74
p~ t 75
b 76
`~ q 78
4 qofdlkljbqov
QKN
o~~ ~ a j~ ^ 80
QKO
a ~ d~ q c 81
QKP
p q c 86
QKQ
q c ` ^ 87
QKR
j f~ c~ 88
iv
QKS
QKT
QKU
QKV
QKNM
QKNN
QKNO
QKNP
QKNQ
QKNR
QKNS
QKNT
QKNU
QKNV
QKOM
QKON
o c~ 89
m q c 90
o~ q c 90
^ ~ p~ c~ 91
a ^ c~ 92
j ^ c~ 93
e~ ^ c~ 94
e~ ^ q~ f 94
q~ q b m 95
q~ q b p 97
m q c 98
d~ f q c 99
m~ s~ f q c 102
o~ f q c 103
q b~ 106
o~ e c 106
5 j^qof`bp ^ka abqbojfk^kqp

RKN
a~ 107
RKO
m a~ 109
RKP
j~ 110
RKQ
l~ j~ 111
RKR
p i~ b~ 114
6 sb`qlop
SKN
s `~ 118
SKO
s ^ 120
SKP
s p~ 122
SKQ
p~ s 122
SKR
p~~ m 123
SKS
s m 125
SKT
q m 127
7 ^kîvqf` dbljbqov
TKN
l -a~ `~ p 130
TKO
TKP
TKQ
TKR
TKS
TKT
TKU
TKV
TKNM
TKNN
TKNO
q -a~ `~ p 131
p~ i m~ 139
` 149
b 152
e~ 154
m~~~ 158
q -a~ `~ p 161
m~ 165
p~ i p~ 175
n~ p~ 180
p 189
8 afccbobkqfî `î`rirp
UKN
c ~ q d~ 191
UKO
i c 208
UKP
a ~ m a~ 209
UKQ
q~ a~ 211
UKR
e l a~ 215
UKS
^~ a~ 217
UKT
a~ 221
UKU
j~~ c 222
UKV
a~ l~ 225
9 fkqbdoî `î`rirp
VKN
f f~ 227
VKO
f~ o~~ c 228
VKP
f~ f~~ c 231
VKQ
f~ q c 237
VKR
f~ e c 241
VKS
f~ b~ ~ i~ c 242
VKT
o c~ 243
VKU
a f~ 247
VKV
f f~ 253
VKNM a f~ 257
VKNN q f~ 269
vi
VKNO
VKNP
i f~ 275
p~ f~ 285
10 afccbobkqfî bnr^qflkp
NMKN c l l~ a~ b~ 295
NMKO p l l~ a~ b~ 298
NMKP p m~~ a~ b~ 302
11 pbofbp
NNKN ^ p 304
NNKO d p 305
NNKP p c p 305
NNKQ f p 307
NNKR m ` p 307
NNKS ` q 308
NNKT ^~ p 310
NNKU m p 311
NNKV a~ ~ f~ m p 312
NNKNM q~ ~ j~~ p 313
NNKNN m p b~ p c 314
NNKNO _~ p 316
NNKNP c p 316
12 mol_^_fifqv
NOKN m~ ~ `~ 318
NOKO m~ c~ 319
vii
Chapter 1
Number Sets
1.1 Set Identities

pW Î _I `
r~ W f
` W ^
m W ^ _
b W
r W ^ _
f W ^ _
a W ^ y _
1.
^f
2.
^^
3.
^ = _ ^ _ ~ _ ^ .
4.
b p
^
5.
r p
` = ^ _ = { ^ _}
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
Figure 1.
6.
`~
^_ = _^
7.
^~
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) `
8.
f p
` = ^ _ = { ^ ~ _}
Figure 2.
9.
`~
^_ = _^
10.
^~
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) `
11.
a
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) (^ ` ) I
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) (^ ` ) K
12.
f
^^ = Î
^^= ^
13.
a~
^ = I
^f= f
14.
f
^ = ^ I
^f= ^
15.
`
^ = { f ^}
16.
` f ~ r
^ ^ = f I
^ ^ =
17.
a j~ i~
(^ _ ) = ^ _ I
(^ _ ) = ^ _
18.
a p
` = _ y ^ = { _ ~ ^}
Figure 3.
19.
_ y ^ = _ y (^ _ )
20.
_ y ^ = _ ^
21.
^y^=
22.
^ y _ = ^ ^ _ = .
Figure 4.
23.
(^ y _) ` = (^ `) y (_ `)
24.
^ = f y ^
25.
`~~ m
` = ^ _ = {( I ) ^ ~ _}
1.2 Sets of Numbers

k~~ W k
t W kM
fW w
m W w +
k~ W w
o~~ W n
o~ W o
` W `
26.
k~~ k
` W k = {NI OI PI K} K
27.
t k
` ~ W k M = {MI NI OI PI K} K
28.
f
t ~ ~ W
w + = k = {NI OI PI K}I
w = {KI PI OI N} I
w = w {M} w + = {KI PI OI NI MI NI OI PI K} K
29.
o~~ k
o~ ~ ~W
~
n = = ~ ~ w ~ w ~ M K
30.
f~~ k
k~ ~ ~ ~K
31.
o~ k
r ~~ ~ ~~ W oK
32.
` k
` = { + o ~ o}I
~~ K
33.
kwno`
Figure 5.
1.3 Basic Identities

o~ W ~I I
34.
^ f
~+M=~
35.
^ f
~ + ( ~ ) = M
36.
`~ ^
~ += +~
37.
^~ ^
(~ + ) + = ~ + ( + )
38.
a p~
~ = ~ + ( )
39.
j~ f
~ N = ~
40.
j~ f
N
~ =NI ~ M
~
41.
j~ q M
~ M = M
42.
`~ j~
~ = ~
43.
^~ j~
(~ ) = ~ ( )
44.
a i~
~ ( + ) = ~ + ~
45.
a a
~
N
= ~
1.4 Complex Numbers

k~~ W
f~~ W
` W
o~ ~W ~I
f~~ ~W I
j ~ W I N I O
^ ~ W I N I O
46.
N =
O = N
P =
Q = N
R =
S = N
T =
U = N
47.
= ~ +
48.
` m~
Q +N =
Q + O = N
Q + P =
Q = N
Figure 6.
49.
(~ + ) + ( + ) = (~ + ) + ( + )
50.
(~ + ) ( + ) = (~ ) + ( )
51.
(~ + )( + ) = (~ ) + (~ + )
52.
~ + ~ + ~
=
+
+ O + O O + O
53.
`~ ` k
|||||||
~ + = ~
54.
~ = I =
Figure 7.
55.
m~ m~ ` k
~ + = ( + )
56.
j ~ ^ ~ ` k
f ~ + ~ I
= ~ O + O EFI
= ~~ E~FK
~
57.
m m~ o~
N O = N ( N + N ) O ( O + O )
= NO [(N + O ) + (N + O )]
58.
`~ k m~ o~
|||||||||||||||||||||
( + ) = [( ) + ( )]
59.
f ~ ` k m~ o~
N
N
= [( ) + ( )]
( + )
10
60.
n m~ o~
N N ( N + N ) N
=
= [(N O ) + (N O )]
O O ( O + O ) O
61.
m ~ ` k
= [( + )] = [() + ()]
62.
c~ a j
( + ) = () + ()
63.
k o ~ ` k
+ O
+ O
= ( + ) =
+
I
= MI NI OI KI N K
64.
b c~
= +
11
Chapter 2
Algebra
2.1 Factoring Formulas

o~ W ~I I
k~~ W
65.
~ O O = (~ + )(~ )
66.
~ P P = (~ )(~ O + ~ + O )
67.
~ P + P = (~ + )(~ O ~ + O )
68.
~ Q Q = (~ O O )(~ O + O ) = (~ )(~ + )(~ O + O )
69.
~ R R = (~ )(~ Q + ~ P + ~ O O + ~P + Q )
70.
~ R + R = (~ + )(~ Q ~ P + ~ O O ~P + Q )
71.
f I
~ + = (~ + )(~ N ~ O + ~ P O K ~ O + N ) K
72.
f I
~ = (~ )(~ N + ~ O + ~ P O + K + ~O + N ) I
12
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
~ + = (~ + )(~ N ~ O + ~ P O K + ~O N ) K
2.2 Product Formulas

o~ W ~I I
t W I
73.
(~ )O = ~ O O~ + O
74.
(~ + )O = ~ O + O~ + O
75.
(~ )P = ~ P P~ O + P~O P
76.
(~ + )P = ~ P + P~ O + P~O + P
77.
(~ )Q = ~ Q Q~ P + S~ O O Q~P + Q
78.
(~ + )Q = ~ Q + Q~ P + S~ OO + Q~P + Q
79.
80.
81.
_~ c~
(~ + ) = ` M~ + `N~ N + ` O~ OO + K + ` N~N + ` I
>
~ ~ K
` =
> ( )>
(~ + + )O = ~ O + O + O + O~ + O~ + O
(~ + + + K + + )O = ~ O + O + O + K + O + O +
+ O(~ + ~ + K + ~ + ~ + + K + + + K + )
13
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.3 Powers
_~ E ~ FW ~I
m E~~ FW I
82.
~ ~ = ~ +
83.
~
= ~
84.
(~) = ~
85.
~
~
=
86.
(~ )
87.
~M = N I ~ M
88.
~N = N
89.
~ =
90.
= ~
N
~
~ = ~
14
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.4 Roots
_~W ~I
m E~~ FW I
~ I M E = O I k F
91.
~ = ~
92.
~ = ~
93.
~ ~
=
I M

94.
~ ~ ~
=
=
I MK
95.
(~ )
96.
( ~)
= ~
=~
97.
~ =
98.
~ =~
99.
100.
~ = ~
( ~)
= ~
15
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
101.
N ~ N
=
I ~ MK
~
~
~ + ~O
~ ~O
O
O
102.
~ =
103.
N
~m
=
~
~
2.5 Logarithms
m ~ W I I ~I I
k~~ W
104. a i~
= ~ ~ = ~ I ~ > M I ~ N K
105. ~ N = M
106. ~ ~ = N
~ > N
107. ~ M =
+ ~ < N
108. ~ ( ) = ~ + ~
109. ~
= ~ ~
16
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
110. ~ ( ) = ~
111. ~ =
N
~
112. ~ =

= ~ I > M I N K
~
113. ~ =
N
~
114. = ~ ~
115. i~ _~ NM
NM =
116. k~~ i~
= I
N
= N + = OKTNUOUNUOUK

117. =
118. =
N
= MKQPQOVQ
NM
N
= OKPMORUR

17
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.6 Equations
o~ W ~I I I I I I
pW N I O I N I O I P
119. i~ b~ l s~~
~ + = M I = K
~
120. n~~ b~
O Q~
~ + + = M I NI O =
K
O~
O
121. a~
a = O Q~
122. s c~
f O + + = M I
N + O =
K
N
O
123. ~ O + = M I N = M I O = K
~
124. ~ O + = M I NI O =
K
~
125. ` b~K `~~ c~K

P + + = M I
18
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N = + I OI P =
N
( + ) P ( + ) I
O
O
=P

+ + I =P + K
O
O
O P
O P
2.7 Inequalities
s~~W I I
~ I I I
I I
o~ W
~N I ~ O I ~ P I KI ~
a~W aI a I a I a
126. f~I f~ k~ ~ d~
f~
~
f~ k~
[~I ]
~<
(~I ]
~<
[~I )
~<<
(~I )
< I
< <I
<
~<I
~
~<<I
>~
( I ]
( I )
[~I )
(~I )
19
d~
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
127. f ~ > I < ~ K

128. f ~ > I ~ > M ~ < M K
129. f ~ > I ~ + > + K
130. f ~ > I ~ > K
131. f ~ > ~ > I ~ + > + K
132. f ~ > ~ > I ~ > K
133. f ~ > ~ > M I ~ > K
134. f ~ > ~ > M I
~
> K

135. f ~ > ~ < M I ~ < K

136. f ~ > ~ < M I
~
< K

137. f M < ~ < ~ > M I ~ < K

138. f M < ~ < ~ < M I ~ > K
139. f M < ~ < I
140.
~ < K
~+
I
O
~ > M I > M X ~ ~ ~ ~ = K
~
N
141. ~ + O I ~ > M X ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = N K
~
20
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
142.
~N~ O K~
~N + ~ O + K + ~
I ~N I ~ O I KI ~ > M K
143. f ~ + > M ~ ~ > M I > K

~
144. f ~ + > M ~ ~ < M I < K

~
145. ~ O + + > M
~>M
~<M
< N I > O
N < < O
N < I > N
< <
a>M
a=M
a<M
21
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
146.
~+ ~ +
147. f < ~ I ~ < < ~ I ~ > M K

148. f > ~ I < ~ ~ > ~ I ~ > M K
149. f O < ~ I < ~ I ~ > M K
150. f O > ~ I > ~ I ~ > M K
151. f
152.
( )
> M I
( )
( ) ( ) > M
K
( ) M
( ) ( ) < M
( )
K
< M I
( )
( ) M
2.8 Compound Interest Formulas

c ~W ^
f~ W `
^~ ~ W
k ~ W
k ~W
153. d~ ` f c~

^ = ` N +

22
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
154. p ` f c~
f ~I
~ W
^ = `(N + ) K
155. ` ` f
f ~ E FI
^ = ` K
23
Chapter 3
Geometry
3.1 Right Triangle

i ~ ~W ~I
eW
^W
j~W ~ I I
^W I
o~ W o
o~ W
^~W p
Figure 8.
156. + = VM
24
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
157. =
~
=
158. =
159. ~ =
~
=
160. =
= ~
~
161. =
162. =
=
~
163. m~~ q
~ O + O = O
164. ~ O = I O = I
~ ~ ~ ~ I I K
Figure 9.
25
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
165. O = I
~ ~K
~O
O
I O = ~ O I
Q
Q
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K
166. O~ = O
Figure 10.
167. = I
O
~ K
168. o =
=
O
169. =
~ +
~
=
O
~ + +
170. ~ =
26
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
171. p =
~
=
O
O
3.2 Isosceles Triangle

_~W ~
iW
_~ ~W
s ~W
^ ~W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 11.
172. = VM
~O
173. =
Q
O
27
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
174. i = ~ + O
175. p =
~ O
=
O
O
3.3 Equilateral Triangle

p ~ ~~ ~W ~
^W
o~ W o
o~ W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 12.
176. =
~ P
O
28
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~ P
O
177. o = =
P
P
~ P o
N
178. = =
=
S
O
P
179. i = P~
180. p =
~ ~ O P
=
O
Q
3.4 Scalene Triangle

E^ ~ ~F
p ~ ~W ~I I
~ ++
pW =
O
^ ~ ~W I I
^ ~I I W ~ I I
j~ ~I I W ~ I I
_ ~ I I W ~ I I
o~ W o
o~ W
^~W p
29
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 13.
181. + + = NUM
182. ~ + > I
+ >~ I
~+>K
183.
~ <I
<~ I
~ <K
184. j
~
= I ~ K
O
Figure 14.
30
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
185. i~ `
~ O = O + O O I
O = ~ O + O O~ I
O = ~ O + O O~ K
186. i~ p
~
=
=
= Oo I

o ~ K
187. o =
~
~ ~
=
=
=
=
=
=
O O O O ~ O O Qp
188. O =
( ~ )( )( ) I
N N
N
N
= +
+ K
~
=
O
( )( ) I
( ~ )
I
=
O
=
O
( )( ) K
( ~ )
189.
O
( ~ )( )( ) I
~
O
( ~ )( )( ) I
=
O
( ~ )( )( ) K
=
190. ~ =
31
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
191. ~ = = I
= ~ = I
= ~ = K
O + O ~ O
I
O
Q
O
O
~ + O
I
O =
O
Q
O
O
~ + O
O
K
=
O
Q
192. O~ =
Figure 15.
O
O
O
193. ^j = ~ I _j = I `j = EcKNRFK
P
P
P
Q( ~ )
I
( + )O
Q~( )
O =
I
(~ + )O
Q~( )
O =
K
(~ + )O
194. O~ =
32
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~ ~
=
=
I
O
O
O
~ ~
I
=
=
p=
O
O
O
p = ( ~ )( )( ) Ee c~FI
p = I
~
p=
I
Qo
p = Oo O I
p = O ~ ~ ~ K
O
O
O
195. p =
3.5 Square
p ~ ~W ~
a~~W
o~ W o
o~ W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 16.
33
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
196. = ~ O
197. o =
~ O
=
O
O
198. =
~
O
199. i = Q~
200. p = ~ O
3.6 Rectangle
p ~ ~W ~I
a~~W
o~ W o
mW i
^~W p
Figure 17.
201. = ~ O + O
34
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
202. o =
203. i = O(~ + )
204. p = ~
3.7 Parallelogram
p ~ ~~~W ~I
a~~W N I O
` ~W I
^ ~~W
^W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 18.
205. + = NUM
206. NO + OO = O(~ O + O )
35
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
207. = =
208. i = O(~ + )
209. p = ~ = ~ I
N
p = N O K
O
3.8 Rhombus
p ~ W ~
a~~W N I O
` ~W I
^W e
o~ W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 19.
36
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
210. + = NUM
211. NO + OO = Q~ O
212. = ~ =
213. =
N O
O~
N O ~
=
=
O
Q~
O
214. i = Q~
215. p = ~ = ~ O I
N
p = N O K
O
3.9 Trapezoid
_~ ~ ~W ~I
jW
^W
^~W p
37
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 20.
216. =
~+
O
217. p =
~+
=
O
3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid

_~ ~ ~W ~I
iW
jW
^W
a~~W
o~ W o
^~W p
38
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 21.
218. =
~+
O
219. = ~ + O
220. = O
221. o =
222. p =
N
( ~ )O
Q
~ + O
(O ~ + )(O + ~ )
~+
=
O
39
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with

Inscribed Circle
_~ ~ ~W ~I
iW
jW
^W
a~~W
o~ W o
o~ W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 22.
223. ~ + = O
224. =
~+
=
O
225. O = O + O
40
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
226. =
~
=
O
O
227. o =
~+ ~
O

=
=
=
+S+
O + O =
N+
~
U
~ O
O Q O
228. i = O(~ + ) = Q
229. p =
(~ + ) ~ = = = i
~+
=
O
O
O
3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle

_~ ~ ~W ~I
i~~ W I
jW
^W
a~~W N I O
^ ~~W
o~ W
o~ W o
mW i
^~W p
41
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 23.
230. ~ + = +
231. =
~+ +
=
O
O
232. i = O(~ + ) = O( + )
+
~+
=
= I
O
O
N
p = N O K
O
233. p =
3.13 Kite
p ~ W ~I
a~~W N I O
^W I I
mW i
^~W p
42
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 24.
234. + + O = PSM
235. i = O(~ + )
236. p =
N O
O
3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral

p ~ ~~~W ~I I I
a~~W N I O
^ ~~W
f~ ~W I I I
o~ W o
mW i
pW
^~W p
43
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 25.
237. + = + = NUM
238. m q
~ + = N O
239. i = ~ + + +
240. o =
N
Q
(~ + )(~ + )(~ + ) I
( ~ )( )( )( )
i
K
O
N
241. p = N O I
O
p = ( ~ )( )( )( ) I
i
= K
O
44
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral

p ~ ~~~W ~I I I
a~~W N I O
^ ~~W
o~ W
mW i
pW
^~W p
Figure 26.
242. ~ + = +
243. i = ~ + + + = O(~ + ) = O( + )
NO OO (~ ) (~ + )
I
O
i
= K
O
O
244. =
45
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
245. p = = N O
O
3.16 General Quadrilateral

p ~ ~~~W ~I I I
a~~W N I O
^ ~~W
f~ ~W I I I
mW i
^~W p
Figure 27.
246. + + + = PSM
247. i = ~ + + +
46
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
248. p = N O
O
3.17 Regular Hexagon

pW ~
f~ ~W
p~ W
o~ W
o~ W o
mW i
pW
^~W p
Figure 28.
249. = NOM
250. = =
~ P
O
47
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
251. o = ~
252. i = S~
~OP P
I
O
i
= K
O
253. p = =
3.18 Regular Polygon

pW ~
k W
f~ ~W
p~ W
o~ W
o~ W o
mW i
pW
^~W p
48
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 29.
254. =
O
NUM
O
255. =
O
NUM
O
~
256. o =
257. = =
O ~
= oO
~O
Q
258. i = ~
259. p =
O
o O
I
p = = o O
~O
I
Q
49
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
i
K
O
3.19 Circle
o~W o
a~W
`W ~
p~ W I
q~ W
`~ ~W
f ~W
mW i
^~W p
260. ~ = Oo
Figure 30.
50
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
261. ~N~ O = NO
Figure 31.
262. N = N
Figure 32.
263. O = N
51
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 33.
264. =
Figure 34.
265. i = Oo =
266. p = o O =
O io
=
Q
O
52
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.20 Sector of a Circle

o~ ~ W o
^ W
`~ ~ E ~~FW
`~ ~ E FW
mW i
^~W p
Figure 35.
267. = o
268. =
o
NUM
269. i = + Oo
o o O o O
270. p =
=
=
O
O
PSM
53
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.21 Segment of a Circle

o~ ~ W o
^ W
`W ~
`~ ~ E ~~FW
`~ ~ E FW
e W
mW i
^~W p
Figure 36.
271. ~ = O Oo O
272. = o
N
Qo O ~ O I < o
O
273. i = + ~
54
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
O
O
N
[o ~(o )] = o = o ( ) I
O
O NUM
O
O
p ~ K
P
274. p =
3.22 Cube
bW ~
a~~W
o~ W
o~ W
p~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 37.
275. = ~ P
276. =
~
O
55
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
277. o =
~ P
O
278. p = S~ O
279. s = ~ P
3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped

bW ~I I
a~~W
p~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 38.
280. = ~ O + O + O
281. p = O(~ + ~ + )
282. s = ~
56
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.24 Prism
i~~ W
eW
i~~ ~~W p i
^~ ~W p_
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 39.
283. p = p i + Op_ K
284. i~~ ^~ ~ o m
p i = (~ N + ~ O + ~ P + K + ~ )
285. i~~ ^~ ~ l m
p i = I
K
57
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
286. s = p_
287. `~~D m
d ~~ ~K f
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
~~ I ~ ~K
3.25 Regular Tetrahedron

q~ W ~
eW
^~ ~W p_
p~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 40.
288. =
O
~
P
58
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
289. p_ =
P~ O
Q
290. p = P~ O
~P
N
291. s = p_ =
K
P
S O
3.26 Regular Pyramid

p ~W ~
i~~ W
eW
p~ W
k W
p ~W
o~ ~W
^~ ~W p_
i~~ ~ ~~W pi
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
59
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 41.
292. = O
293. =
~O
Q
O
~
QO O
N
N
294. p i = ~ = ~ QO ~ O =
Q
O
295. p_ =
296. p = p_ + p i
N
N
297. s = p_ =
P
P
60
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

~N I ~ O I ~ P IKI ~
_~ ~ W
N I O I P IKI
eW
p~ W
^~ ~W pN I pO
i~~ ~ ~~W p i
m ~W mN I mO
p~ ~W
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 42.
298.
N O P
= = =K= = =
~N ~ O ~ P
~ ~
61
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
299.
pO
= O
pN
300. p i =
(mN + mO )
O
301. p = p i + pN + pO
302. s =
pN + pNpO + pO
P
303. s =
O
pN pN
N+ + O
N
+
+
=
P ~ ~ P
3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge

p ~W ~I
q W
eW
i~~ ~ ~~W p i
^~ ~W p_
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
62
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 43.
304. p i =
N
(~ + ) QO + O + O + (~ )O
O
305. p_ = ~
306. p = p_ + p i
307. s =
(O~ + )
S
3.29 Platonic Solids

bW ~
o~ W
o~ W o
p~ ~~W p
sW s
63
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
308. c m~ p
q ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ K
k
s
q~
Q
`
U
l~
S
f~
NO
a~
OM
k
b
S
NO
NO
PM
PM
Octahedron
Figure 44.
309. =
~ S
S
310. o =
~ O
O
64
k
c~
Q
S
U
OM
NO
p
PKOR
PKOO
PKOT
PKOT
PKOT
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
311. p = O~ O P
312. s =
~P O
P
Icosahedron
Figure 45.
313. =
~ P P+ R
NO
314. o =
~
O R+ R
Q
315. p = R~ O P
R~ P P + R
316. s =
NO
65
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Dodecahedron
Figure 46.
317. =
~ NM OR + NN R
O
318. o =
~ P N+ R
Q
319. p = P~ O R R + O R
320. s =
~ P NR + T R
Q
3.30 Right Circular Cylinder

o~ ~W o
a~ ~W
66
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
eW e
i~~ ~ ~~W p i
^~ ~W p_
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 47.
321. p i = Ooe
322. p = p i + Op_ = Oo(e + o ) = e +

O
323. s = p_ e = o O e
67
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with

an Oblique Plane Face
o~ ~W o
q ~ ~ W N
q ~ W O
i~~ ~ ~~W p i
^~ ~ ~W p_
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 48.
324. p i = o(N + O )
O
325. p_ = o + o o + N
O
O
68
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N O
O
326. p = p i + p_ = o N + O + o + o +

O
327. s =
o O
(N + O )
O
3.32 Right Circular Cone

o~ ~W o
a~ ~W
eW e
p~ W
i~~ ~ ~~W pi
^~ ~W p_
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 49.
69
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
328. e = O o O
329. p i = o =
330. p_ = o O
N
331. p = p i + p_ = o ( + o ) = +
O
O
N
N
332. s = p_ e = o O e
P
P
3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

o~ ~W oI
eW e
p~ W
p~ ~W
^~ ~W pN I pO
i~~ ~ ~~W p i
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
70
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 50.
333. e = O (o )
334.
o
=
335.
pO o O
= O = O
pN
336. p i = (o + )
337. p = pN + pO + p i = o O + O + (o + )
338. s =
pN + pNpO + pO
P
O
pN o o pN
339. s =
N+ + O
N + + =
P P
71
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.34 Sphere
o~W o
a~W
p~ ~~W p
sW s
Figure 51.
340. p = Qo O
Q
N
N
341. s = o P e = P = po
P
S
P
3.35 Spherical Cap

o~ W o
o~ ~W
eW
^~ ~ ~W p_
^~ ~ ~W p`
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
72
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 52.
O + O
342. o =
O
343. p_ = O
344. p` = ( O + O )
345. p = p_ + p` = ( O + O O ) = (Oo + O )
346. s =
(Po ) = (P O + O )
S
S
3.36 Spherical Sector

o~ W o
o~ ~ ~ ~W
eW
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
73
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 53.
347. p = o(O + )
O
348. s = o O
P
kW q ~ ~ ~
~ K
3.37 Spherical Segment

o~ W o
o~ ~W N I O
eW
^~ ~ ~W pp
^~ ~ ~W pN I pO
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
74
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 54.
349. pp = Oo
350. p = pp + pN + pO = (Oo + NO + OO )
N
351. s = (PNO + POO + O )
S
3.38 Spherical Wedge

o~W o
a~ ~ W
a~ ~ ~~W
^~ ~ W p i
q~ ~ ~~W p
sW s
75
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 55.
352. p i =
o O
= Oo O
VM
353. p = o O +
354. s =
o O
= o O + Oo O
VM
oP
O
= oP
OTM
P
3.39 Ellipsoid
p-~W ~I I
sW s
76
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Figure 56.
Q
355. s = ~
P
Prolate Spheroid
p-~W ~I I E ~ > F
p~ ~~W p
sW s
~ ~
356. p = O +
I
~ O O
K
~
Q
357. s = O~
P
77
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Oblate Spheroid
p-~W ~I I E ~ < F
p~ ~~W p
sW s

~ ~
~ I
358. p = O +
L ~
O ~ O
K
Q
359. s = O~
P
3.40 Circular Torus

j~ ~W o
j ~W
p~ ~~W p
sW s
78
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Picture 57.
360. p = QOo
361. s = OOo O
79
Chapter 4
Trigonometry
^W I
o~ E~ ~ FW I
t W
4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles

362. N ~ =
NUM
RTNT DQR?
363. N =
~ MKMNTQRP ~
NUM
364. N D =
~ MKMMMOVN ~
NUM SM
365. N ? =
~ MKMMMMMR ~
NUM PSMM
366.
^
EF
^
E~~F
PM
QR
SM
VM
NUM
OTM
PSM
P
O
80
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric

Functions
Figure 58.
367. =
368. =
369. ~ =
370. =
81
371. =
372. =
373. p c
= I N N K
Figure 59.
374. ` c
= I N N K
82
Figure 60.
375. q~ c
= ~ I (O + N) I ~ K
O
Figure 61.
83
376. `~ c
= I I K
Figure 62.
377. p~ c
= I (O + N) K
O
84
Figure 63.
378. `~ c
= I K
Figure 64.
85
4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

379.
n~~
f
ff
fff
fs
H
H
380.
Figure 65.
86
q~
H
H
4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common

Angles
381.
~
M
M
PM
S
QR
Q
SM
P
VM
O
O
NOM
P
NUM
P
OTM
O
PSM
O
~
M
N
P
O
O
P
O

N
P
O
O
O
N
O
N
P
O
P

M
N
O
P
O
M
N
O
N

N
O
P
O
O
O
N
P
O
P
87
382.
~
NR
NO
S O
Q
S+ O
Q
O P
O+ P
R+O R
NU
NM
R N
Q
NM + O R
Q
RO R
R
PS
NM O R
Q
R +N
Q
NM O R
R +N
NM O R
RQ
P
NM
R +N
Q
NM O R
Q
R +N
NM O R
R +N
TO
O
R
NM + O R
Q
R N
Q
R+O R
RO R
R
TR
R
NO
S+ O
Q
S O
Q
O+ P
O P
4.5 Most Important Formulas

383. O + O = N
384. O ~ O = N
385. O O = N
386. ~ =
88
NM O R
R +N
387. =
388. ~ = N
389. =
390. =
4.6 Reduction Formulas

391.
VM
VM +
NUM
NUM +
OTM
OTM +
PSM
PSM +

+
+
+

+

+
+

+
+
+
89
~
~
+

~
+ ~
+

~
+ ~

+ ~
~

+
+ ~
~

+
4.7 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions

392. ( O ) = I O PSM K
393. ( O ) = I O PSM K
394. ~( ) = ~ I NUM K
395. ( ) = I NUM K
4.8 Relations between Trigonometric

Functions
396. = N O =
O
=
N + ~ O
O
N
(N O ) = O O N
O
O Q
O ~
397. = N O =
O
=
N + ~ O
O
N
(N + O ) = O O N
O
O
N ~ O
398. ~ =

O
N O
= O N =
=

N + O
O
90
N O
O
=
=
N + O
O
N + ~
O
O ~
399. =

N + O
O
= O N =
=

O
N O
N ~ O
N + O
O
=
=
N O
O ~
O
N
O
400. =
= N + ~ O =

N ~ O
O
N + ~ O
N
401. =
= N + O =

O ~
O
N + ~ O
4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas

402. ( + ) = +
403. ( ) =
404. ( + ) =
405. ( ) = +
91
406. ~( + ) =
~ + ~
N ~ ~
407. ~( ) =
~ ~
N + ~ ~
408. ( + ) =
N ~ ~
~ + ~
409. ( ) =
N + ~ ~
~ ~
4.10 Double Angle Formulas

410. O = O
411. O = O O = N O O = O O N
412. ~ O =
O ~
O
=
O
N ~ ~
O N ~
413. O =
=
O
O
92
4.11 Multiple Angle Formulas

414. P = P Q P = P O P
415. Q = Q U P
416. R = R OM P + NS R
417. P = Q P P = P P O
418. Q = U Q U O + N
419. R = NS R OM P + R
420. ~ P =
P ~ ~ P
N P ~ O
Q ~ Q ~ P
421. ~ Q =
N S ~ O + ~ Q
422. ~ R =
~ R NM ~ P + R ~
N NM ~ O + R ~ Q
423. P =
P P
P O N
424. Q =
N S ~ O + ~ Q
Q ~ Q ~ P
93
425. R =
N NM ~ O + R ~ Q
~ R NM ~ P + R ~
4.12 Half Angle Formulas

426.
N
=
O
O
427.
N +
=
O
O
428. ~
N

N
=
=
=
=
O
N + N +

429.
N +

N +
=
=
=
= +
O
N N

4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities
O
430. =
N + ~ O
O
O ~
94
O
431. =
O
N + ~
O
N ~ O
O
432. ~ =
N ~ O
O
O ~
O
433. =
O ~
O
N ~ O
4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric

Expressions to Product
434. + = O
O
O
435. = O
O
O
436. + = O
O
O
437. = O
O
O
95
438. ~ + ~ =
( + )

439. ~ ~ =
( )

440. + =
( + )

441. =
( )

442. + = O = O +
Q
443. = O = O +
Q
444. ~ + =
( )

445. ~ =
( + )

446. N + = O O
447. N = O O
96

448. N + = O O
Q O

449. N = O O
Q O
4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric

Expressions to Sum
450. =
( ) ( + )
O
451. =
( ) + ( + )
O
452. =
( ) + ( + )
O
453. ~ ~ =
~ + ~
+
454. =
+
~ + ~
455. ~ =
~ +
+ ~
97
4.16 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

456. O =
N O
O
457. P =
P P
Q
458. Q =
Q Q O + P
U
459. R =
NM R P + R
NS
460. S =
NM NR O + S Q S
PO
461. O =
N + O
O
462. P =
P + P
Q
463. Q =
Q + Q O + P
U
464. R =
NM + R P + R
NS
465. S =
NM + NR O + S Q + S
PO
98
4.17 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
466. f p c
= ~ I N N I
~ K
O
O
Figure 66.
467. f ` c
= ~ I N N I M ~ K
99
Figure 67.
468. f q~ c
= ~~ I I
< ~~ < K
O
O
Figure 68.
100
469. f `~ c
= ~ I I M < ~ < K
Figure 69.
470. f p~ c

= ~ I ( I N] [NI )I ~ MI I K
O O
Figure 70.
101
471. f `~ c

= ~ I ( I N] [NI )I ~ I M MI K
O O
Figure 71.
4.18 Principal Values of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
472.
~
~
~
~
M
M
VM
N
O
PM
NOM
N
O
PM
SM
O
O
O
QR
QR
P
QR
SM
NPR
NRM
102
P
O
SM
PM
N
VM
NUM
N
VM
M
473.
P
P
~~
PM
QR
SM
PM
VM
SM
QR
PM
NOM
P
P
4.19 Relations between Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
474. ~( ) = ~
475. ~ =
~
O
476. ~ = ~ N O I M N K
477. ~ = ~ N O I N M K
478. ~ = ~~
O
I < NK
479. ~ = ~
N O
I M < NK
480. ~ = ~
N O
I N < M K
481. ~( ) = ~
103
N
QR
NPR
P
SM
NRM
482. ~ =
~
O
483. ~ = ~ N O I M N K
484. ~ = ~ N O I N M K
485. ~ = ~~
N O
I M < NK
N O
I N < M K
486. ~ = + ~~
487. ~ = ~
N O
I N NK
488. ~~( ) = ~~
489. ~~ =
~
O
490. ~~ = ~
491. ~~ = ~
492. ~~ = ~
N+ O
N
N+ O
I MK
N
N+ O
I MK
104
493. ~~ =
N
~~ I > M K
N
494. ~~ = ~~ I < M K
O
495. ~~ = ~
N
I >MK
N
496. ~~ = ~ I < M K
497. ~ ( ) = ~
498. ~ =
~~
O
499. ~ = ~
N
N+ O
N
500. ~ = ~
501. ~ = ~
502. ~ = ~~
I >MK
N+ O
I <MK
N+ O
N
I > MK
503. ~ = + ~~
N
I <MK
105
4.20 Trigonometric Equations

t W
504. = ~ I = ( N) ~ ~ +
505. = ~ I = ~ ~ + O
506. ~ = ~ I = ~~ ~ +
507. = ~ I = ~ ~ +
4.21 Relations to Hyperbolic Functions

f~~ W
508. ( ) =
509. ~( ) = ~
510. ( ) =
511. ( ) =
512. ( ) =
106
Chapter 5
Matrices and Determinants
j~W Î _I `
b ~ ~W ~ I I ~ I I
a~ ~ ~W ^
j ~ ~ W j
`~ ~ ~ W `
q~ ~ ~W ^ q I ^
^ ~ ~W ~ ^
q~ ~ ~W ^
f ~ ~W ^ N
o~ W
o~ ~~W
k~~ W I
5.1 Determinants
513. p l a~
~ N
^ = N
= ~ N O ~ O N
~ O O
107
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
514. q l a~
~NN ~NO ~NP
^ = ~ ON ~ OO ~ OP = ~NN~ OO~ PP + ~NO~ OP~ PN + ~ NP~ ON~ PO
~ PN ~ PO ~ PP
~NN~ OP~ PO ~NO~ ON~ PP ~ NP~ OO~ PN
515. p~ o E^ oF
Figure 72.
516. k- l a~
~NN ~NO K ~N K ~N
~ ON ~ OO K ~ O K ~ O
K K K K K K
^ =
~ N ~ O K ~ K ~
K K K K K K
~ N ~ O K ~ K ~
517. j
q j ~~ ~ -
~ ^ ( N) - ~
~ ^ - ~ - K
108
518. `~
+
` = ( N) j
519. i~~ b~ - l a~
i~~ ~ -
^ = ~ ` I = NI OI KI K
=N
i~~ ~ -
^ = ~ ` I = NI OI KI K
=N
5.2 Properties of Determinants

520. q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ K
~N ~ O ~N N
=
N O ~ O O
521. f E F ~ ~I
~ ~K
~N N
~ O
= O
~ O O
~N N
522. f E F ~ ~I ~
~ K
~N ~N
=M
~O ~O
109
523. f ~ E F ~
~ ~I ~ ~
~K
~ N N
~ N
= N
~ O O
~ O O
524. f ~ E F ~ ~ E
~F ~
~ E FI ~ ~
~K
~N + N N ~N N
=
~ O + O O ~ O O
5.3 Matrices
525. a
^ ~ ^ ~ ~~ ~~ E F ~ K
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N
~
~ OO K ~ O
ON
^ = ~ =
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
[ ]
526. p~ ~ ~ ~ K
[ ]
527. ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ I KK
~ ~ ~~K
[ ]
528. ^ ~ ~ ~ - ~ = ~ K
110
529. a~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~~K
530. r ~ ~ ~~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~ K q ~
fK
531. ^ ~ ~ ~ K
5.4 Operations with Matrices

532. q ~ ^ ~ _ ~ ~ I ~ I ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~K
533. q ~ ^ ~ _ ~ ~ E ~F I ~
I ~ ~ ~ K f
~NN ~NO K ~N
~
~ OO K ~ O
I
^ = ~ = ON
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
NN NO K N
OO K O
I
_ = = ON
M
M
M
N O K
[ ]
[ ]
111
~NO + NO K ~ N + N
~NN + NN
~ +
~ OO + OO K ~ O + O
ON
ON
K
^+_=
M
M
M
~ N + N ~ O + O K ~ +
[ ]
534. f ~ ~~I ~ ^ = ~ ~ ~I
~NN ~NO K ~N
~
~ OO K ~ O
ON
K
^ = ~ =
M
M
M
~ N ~ O K ~
[ ]
535. j~ q j~
q ~ ~
~
K
f
~NN
~
^ = ~ = ON
M
~ N
NN
_ = = ON
M
[ ]
[ ]
~NO
~ OO
M
~O
NO
OO
M
O
K ~N
K ~ O
I
M
K ~
K N
K O
I
M
112
NN NO K N
OO K O
ON
I
^_ = ` =
M
M
M
N O K
= ~ NN + ~ O O + K + ~ = ~
E = NI OI KI X = NI OI KI FK
=N
[ ]
~ NN
^ = ~ =
~ ON
~ NO
~ OO
N
~ NP
I _ = [ ] = O I
~ OP
P
~ NO
~
^_ = NN
~ ON ~ OO

~ NP N ~ NNN
=
~ OP O ~ ONN
P
~ NO O
~ OO O
~ NP P
K
~ OP P
536. q~ ~ j~
f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~K
f ^ ~ ~I ~ ^ q
^K
537. q ~ ^ ~ ^^ q = f K
538. f ~ ^_ I
(^_ )q = _ q ^ q K
113
539. ^ j~
f ^ ~ ~ ~I ~I ~ ^ I
~ ~ ~ ` ^W
[ ]
~ ^ = ` K
q
540. q~ ~ j~
f ^ ~ ~ ~I ~I ^ I
~ ~~W
^ = ~NN + ~ OO + K + ~ K
541. f ~ j~
f ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
^ I ^ N
~ ^
K
^ N =
^
542. f ~ ^_ I
(^_)N = _ N^ N K
543. f ^ ~ ~ ~I u ~
~
û = u I
~ ~ ~~ ~
^ f = M K
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations

s~~W I I I N I O I K
o~ W ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I N I ~ NN I ~ NO I K
114
a~W aI a I a I a
j~W Î _I u
~ + N = N
I
544. N
~ O + O = O
a
a
E`~ FI
= I =
a
a
~ N
a= N
= ~NO ~ O N I
~ O O
N
a = N
= NO O N I
O O
~ N
a = N
= ~N O ~ ON K
~ O O
545. f a M I ~ ~ W
a
a
K
= I =
a
a
f a = M ~ a M E a M FI ~
K
f a = a = a = M I ~ ~
K
~N + N + N = N
546. ~ O + O + O = O I
~ + + =
P
P
P
P
a
a
a
I =
I = E`~ FI
a
a
a
115
~N
a = ~O
~P
O I a = O
O I
~N
~N
a = ~ O
~P
O
P
O I a = ~ O
P
~P
O
P
O K
P
547. f a M I ~ ~ W
a
a
a
I = K
= I =
a
a
a
f a = M ~ a M E a M a M FI
~ K
f a = a = a = a = M I ~
~ K
548. j~ c ~ p i~ b~
r
q ~ ~
~NN N + ~ NO O + K + ~N = N
~ + ~ + K + ~ =
ON N OO O
O
O
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
~ N N + ~ O O + K + ~ =
~ ~
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N N N

~ ON ~ OO K ~ O O O
=
I
M
M
M M M

~

N ~ O K ~
KK
û = _I
116
~ NN
~
^ = ON
M
~
N
~ NO K ~ N
N
N

~ OO K ~ O
O
O
=
=
u
_
I
I
M
M K
M
M

~ O K ~

549. p ~ p i~ b~
u = ^ N _ I
^ N ^K
117
Chapter 6
Vectors
r r r r
sW I I I I ^_ I
r r
s W I I
r r r
r W I I
r
k W M
r
`~ W uN I vN I wN
r
`~ W u O I vO I wO
p~~W I
a W I I
^ W
6.1 Vector Coordinates

550. r s
r
= (NI MI M) I
r
= (MI NI M) I
r
= (MI MI N) I
r r r
= = = NK
r
r
r
r
551. = ^_ = ( N M ) + ( N M ) + ( N M )
118
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 73.
552.
r
= ^_ =
( N M )O + (N M )O + (N M )O
r
r
553. f ^_ = I _^ = K
Figure 74.
r
554. u = I
r
v = I
r
w = K
119
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 75.
r
r
555. f (uI v I w ) = N (uN I vN I wN ) I
u = uN I v = vN I w = wN K
6.2 Vector Addition

r r r
556. = +
Figure 76.
120
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 77.
r
r r r r
557. = N + O + P + K +
Figure 78.
558. `~ i~
r r r r
+ =+
559. ^~ i~
(r + r ) + r = r + (r + r )
r r
560. + = (uN + u O I vN + vO I wN + wO )
121
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
6.3 Vector Subtraction

r r r r r r
561. = + = K
Figure 79.
Figure 80.
r r r
r
562. = + ( )
r r r
563. = M = (MI MI M )
564.
r
M =M
r r
565. = (uN u O I vN vO I wN w O ) I
6.4 Scaling Vectors

r
r
566. =
122
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 81.
567.
r
r
=
r
568. = (uI v I w )
r r
569. =
570.
( + ) r = r + r
r
r
r
571. ( ) = ( ) = ( )
r r
r
r
572. ( + ) = +
6.5 Scalar Product

r
r
573. p~~ m s ~
r r r r
= I
r
r
~ ~ K
123
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 82.
574. p~~ m `~ c
r
r
f = (uN I vN I wN ) I = (u O I vO I w O ) I
r r
= uNu O + vNvO + wNwO K
575. ^ _ q s
r
r
f = (uN I vN I wN ) I = (u O I vO I w O ) I
uNu O + vNvO + wNw O
K
=
O
O
O
O
O
O
uN + vN + wN u O + vO + w O
576. `~ m
r r r r
=
577. ^~ m
(r ) (r ) = r r
578. a m
r r r r r r r
( + ) = +
r r
r r
579. = M I ~ ~ E = FK
O
r r
580. > M M < < K
O
124
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
r r
581. < M < < K
O
r r r r
582.
r r r r
r r
583. = I ~ ~~ E = M FK
r
584. f = (uN I vN I wN ) I
r r r
rO
O
O
O
= O = = uN + vN + wN K
r r r r r r
585. = = = N
r r r r r r
586. = = = M
6.6 Vector Product

r
r
587. s m s ~
r r r
= I
r r r
= I M X
O
r r
r r

~ X
r r r
s I I ~ -~ K
125
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 83.
wN
wO
r r r
588. = = u N
uO
vN
vO
r r r v
589. = = N
vO
wN
u
I N
wO
uO
wN uN
I
wO uO
r r r r
590. p = = EcKUPF
591. ^ _ q s EcKUPF
r r

= r r
592. k~ m
r r
r r
= ( )
593. ^~ m
(r ) (r ) = r r
126
vN
vO
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
594. a m
r r r r r r r
( + ) = +
r r r r
r
595. = M ~ ~ ~~ E = M FK
r r r r r r r
596. = = = M
r r r r r r r r r
597. = I = I =
6.7 Triple Product

598. p~~ q m
[r rr ] = r (r r ) = r (r r ) = r (r r )
599.
[r rr ] = [r r r ] = [rr r ] = [rr r ] = [r rr ] = [r r r ]
r r r
rr r
600. ( ) = [ ]
601. p~~ q m `~ c
uN vN wN
r r r
( ) = u O vO w O I
uP vP wP
r
r
r
= (uN I vN I wN ) I = (u O I vO I w O ) I = (uP I vP I wP ) K
602. s m~~
r r r
s = ( )
127
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
Figure 84.
603. s m~
Nr r r
s = ( )
S
Figure 85.
r r r
r r
r
604. f ( ) = M I I I ~ ~ ~
r
r
r
I = + ~~ ~ K
r r r
r r
r
605. f ( ) M I I I ~ ~ ~
K
128
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
606. s q m
r r r
r r r r r r
( ) = ( ) ( )
129
Chapter 7
Analytic Geometry
7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System

m ~W M I N I O I M I N I O
o~ W
a~ W
607. a~ _ q m
= ^_ = O N = N O
Figure 86.
608. a ~ i p o~
+ O
^`
I =
M = N
I N K
N+
`_
Figure 87.
130
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
609. j ~ i p
+ O
I =NK
M = N
O
7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System

m ~W M I N I O I M I N I O
m~ ~W I
o~ W
m ~ W ~I I I
a~ W
^~W p
610. a~ _ q m
= ^_ =
( O N )O + ( O N )O
Figure 88.
131
611. a ~ i p o~
+ O
+ O
M = N
I M = N
I
N+
N+
^`
=
I N K
`_
Figure 89.
132
Figure 90.
612. j ~ i p
+ O
+ O
I M = N
I =NK
M = N
O
O
613. ` Ef j~F ~ q~
+ O + P
+ O + P
M = N
I M = N
I
P
P
^( N I N ) I _( O I O ) I ~ `( P I P ) ~
~ ^_` K
133
Figure 91.
614. f Ef ^ _F ~ q~
~ + O + P
~ + O + P
M = N
I M = N
I
~ ++
~ ++
~ = _` I = `^ I = ^_ K
Figure 92.
134
615. ` Ef p m~
_F ~ q~
NO + NO N N
N NO + NO N
M =
OO + OO
PO + PO
N
O O
P
O N
P N
N N
O N
P N
I M =
O
P
OO + OO N
PO + PO N
N
O O
P
Figure 93.
135
N N
O N
P N
616. l Ef ^F ~ q~
N O P + NO N
NO + O P N N
M =
O
P
P N + OO N
N O + PO N
N
O
P
N N
O N
P N
I M =
OO + P N
PO + N O
N
O
P
O N
P N
N N
O N
P N
Figure 94.
617. ^~ ~ q~
N N N
N
N O N
p = ( ) O O N = ( )
O
O P N
P P N
136
O N
P N
618. ^~ ~ n~~~
N
p = ( ) [( N O )( N + O ) + ( O P )( O + P ) +
O
+ ( P Q )( P + Q ) + ( Q N )( Q + N )]
Figure 95.
kW f ~ SNTI SNU EHF EF

~ ~ ~ ~~K
619. a~ _ q m m~ `~
= ^_ = NO + OO ONO ( O N )
137
Figure 96.
620. ` o~~ `~ m~ `~
= I = K
Figure 97.
621. ` m~ `~ o~~ `~
= O + O I ~ = K
138
7.3 Straight Line in Plane

m ~W uI vI I M I N I M I N I ~N I ~ O I
o~ W I ~I I I I Î _I Ì ^N I ^ O I
^W I
^ W
r
k~ W
r r r
m W I ~ I
622. d~ b~ ~ p~ i
^ + _ + ` = M
623. k~ s ~ p~ i
r
q (Î _ ) ~ ^ + _ + ` = M K
Figure 98.
624. b b~ ~ p~ i Ep-f cF
= + K
139
q ~ = ~ K
Figure 99.
625. d~ ~ i
N
= ~ = O
O N
Figure 100.
140
626. b~ ~ i d ~ m ~ d~
= M + ( M ) I
~I m( M I M ) ~ K
Figure 101.
627. b~ ~ i q~ m~ q q m
N
N
=
O N O N
N
N N N = M K
O O N
141
Figure 102.
628. f c

+ =N
~
Figure 103.
142
629. k~ c
+ = M
Figure 104.
630. m a c
N N
=
I
u
v
(uI v ) ~ mN ( N I N )
K
143
Figure 105.
631. s~ i
=~
632. e~ i
=
633. s b~ ~ p~ i
r r r
= ~ + I
l ~I
u ~ ~~ I
r
~ ~ ^ I
r
~ I ~~ I
~ ~~I
r
= lu ~ u K
144
Figure 106.
634. p~ i m~~ c
= ~N + N
I
= ~ O + O
( I ) ~ ~ ~ I
(~N I ~ O ) ~ ~ ~ I
(N I O ) ~ ~ ~ ~~ I
~ ~~K
145
Figure 107.
635. a~ c ~ m q ~ i
q ~ m(~ I )
^ + _ + ` = M
^~ + _ + `
=
K
Ô + _O
Figure 108.
146
636. m~~ i
q = N + N ~ = O + O ~ ~~
N = O K
q ^N + _N + `N = M ~ ^ O + _O + ` O = M ~
~~
^N _N
=
K
^ O _O
Figure 109.
637. m~ i
q = N + N ~ = O + O ~ ~
N
O =
I ~I N O = N K
N
q ^N + _N + `N = M ~ ^ O + _ O + ` O = M ~
~
^N^ O + _N_ O = M K
147
Figure 110.
638. ^ _ q i
N
~ = O
I
N + N O
^N^ O + _N_ O
K
=
^NO + _NO ^ OO + _ OO
148
Figure 111.
639. f q i
f ^N + _N + `N = M ~ ^ O + _ O + ` O = M I ~ ~
^N` O + ^ O`N
`N_ O + ` O_N
K
M =
I M =
^N_ O ^ O_N
^N_ O ^ O_N
7.4 Circle
o~W o
` W (~ I )
m ~W I I N I N I
o~ W Î _I Ì aI bI cI
149
640. b~ ~ ` ` ~ l Ep~~
cF
O + O = oO
Figure 112.
641. b~ ~ ` ` ~ ^ m (~I )
( ~ )O + ( )O = o O
Figure 113.
150
642. q m c
O + O N
NO + NO
N N
+
+
O
P
O N
P N
O
O
O
P
O
O
O
P
=M
Figure 114.
643. m~~ c
= o
I M O K
= o
644. d~ c
^ O + ^ O + a + b + c = M E^ I aO + b O > Q ^c FK
q ~ ~ (~ I ) I
a
b
~=
I =
K
O^
O^
q ~
151
o=
aO + b O Q ^c
K
O^
7.5 Ellipse
p~ ~W ~
p ~W
cW cN ( I M) I cO (I M)
a~ W O
bW
o~ W Î _I Ì aI bI cI
mW i
^~W p
645. b~ ~ b Ep~~ cF
O O
+ =N
~ O O
Figure 115.
152
646. N + O = O~ I
N I O ~ ~ ~ m( I )
K
Figure 116.
647. ~ O = O + O
648. b
= <N
~
649. b~ a
~
~O
= =
650. m~~ c
= ~
I M O K
153
651. d~ c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I
_ O Q ^` < M K
652. d~ c ^ m~~ `~ ^
^ O + ` O + a + b + c = M I
^` > M K
653. `
i = Q~b( ) I
b ~
K
654. ^~ c~ `
i = NKR(~ + ) ~ I
i = O(~ O + O ) K
655. p = ~
7.6 Hyperbola
q~ ~W ~
`~ ~W
cW cN ( I M) I cO (I M)
a~ W O
bW
^W I
o~ W Î _I Ì aI bI cI I
154
656. b~ ~ e~ Ep~~ cF
O O
=N
~ O O
Figure 117.
657.
N O = O~ I
N I O ~ ~ ~ m( I )
~ K
155
Figure 118.
658. b~ ^
=
~
659. O = ~ O + O
660. b
= >N
~
661. b~ a
~
~O
= =
156
662. m~~ b~ o _~ ~ e~
= ~
I M O K
=
663. d~ c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I
_ O Q ^` > M K
664. d~ c ^ m~~ `~ ^
^ O + ` O + a + b + c = M I
^` < M K
665. ^ c
O
= I
Q
= I = K
Q
f ~ I ~ ~ ~ = M ~
=MK
157
Figure 119.
7.7 Parabola
c~ ~~W
cW c
sW j( M I M )
o~ W Î _I Ì aI bI cI I ~I I
666. b~ ~ m~~~ Ep~~ cF
O = O
158
Figure 120.
b~
= I
O
`~

c I M I
O
`~
j(MI M) K
667. d~ c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I
_ O Q ^` = M K
N
K
O~
b~
668. = ~ O I =
159
= I
O
`~

c MI I
O
`~
j(MI M) K
Figure 121.
669. d~ cI ^ m~~ -~
^ O + a + b + c = M EÎ b FI
N
= ~ O + + I = K
O~
b~
= M I
O
`~
160
c M I M + I
O
`~
Q~ O
M = I M = ~ OM + M + =
K
O~
Q~
Figure 122.
7.8 Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

m ~W M I M I M I N I N I N I
o~ W
a~ W
^~W p
sW s
161
670. a~ _ q m
= ^_ =
( O N )O + ( O N )O + ( O N )O
Figure 123.
671. a ~ i p o~
+ O
+ O
+ O
I M = N
I M = N
I
M = N
N+
N+
N+
^`
=
I N K
`_
162
Figure 124.
Figure 125.
163
672. j ~ i p
+ O
+ O
+
I M = N O I = N K
M = N
I M = N
O
O
O
673. ^~ ~ q~
q ~~ ~ ~ mN ( N I N I N ) I
mO ( O I O I O ) I ~ mP ( P I P I P )
p=
N
O
N N
O N + O
O N + O
O N K
N
P
N N
N N
N
674. s ~ q~
q ~ ~ mN ( N I N I N ) I
mO ( O I O I O ) I mP ( P I P I P ) I ~ mQ ( Q I Q I Q )
N N N N
O
P
Q
O N
I
P N
Q N
N Q
N
s = O Q
S
P Q
N Q
N Q
O Q
P Q
O Q K
P Q
s=
N O
S P
Q
kW t EHF EF ~ ~
~ K
164
Figure 126.
7.9 Plane
m ~W I I I M I M I M I N I N I N I
o~ W Î _I Ì aI ^N I ^ O I ~I I I ~N I ~ O I I I I
r r r
k~ W I N I O
a W I I
a~ ~W
675. d~ b~ ~ m~
^ + _ + ` + a = M
165
676. k~ s ~ m~
r
q (Î _I ` ) ~ ~
^ + _ + ` + a = M K
Figure 127.
677. m~~ `~ b~ ~ m~
^ + _ + ` + a = M
f
f
f
f
^ = M I ~ ~~ -~K
_ = M I ~ ~~ -~K
` = M I ~ ~~ -~K
a = M I ~ K
f ^ = _ = M I ~ ~~ -~K
f _ = ` = M I ~ ~~ -~K
f ^ = ` = M I ~ ~~ -~K
166
678. m a c
^( M ) + _( M ) + `( M ) = M I
m( M I M I M ) ~I ~ (Î _I ` ) ~ ~K
Figure 128.
679. f c

+ + =N
~
167
Figure 129.
680. q m c
P P P
N P N P N P = M I
O P O P O P
N
N N N N
=MK
O O O N
P P P N
168
Figure 130.
681. k~ c
+ + = M I
~ ~
~ I ~ I I ~
~ ~ ~K
169
Figure 131.
682. m~~ c
= N + ~N + ~ O
= N + N + O I
= + +
N
N
O
( I I ) ~ ~ ~
I m( N I N I N ) ~I
(~N I N I N ) ~ (~ O I O I O ) ~ ~~ ~K
170
Figure 132.
683. a~ ^ _ q m~
f ~ ~
^N + _N + `N + aN = M I
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M I
~ ~
r r
N O
^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O
= r r =
K
N O
^NO + _NO + `NO ^ OO + _ OO + ` OO
171
Figure 133.
684. m~~ m~
q ~ ^N + _N + `N + aN = M ~
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M ~ ~~
^N _N `N
=
=
K
Ô _O Ò
685. m~ m~
q ~ ^N + _N + `N + aN = M ~
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M ~ ~
^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O = M K
686. b~ ~ m~ q m( N I N I N ) ~ m~~ q
s (~N I N I N ) ~ (~ O I O I O ) EcKNPOF
172
N
~N
~O
N N
N
N = M
O
O
687. b~ ~ m~ q mN ( N I N I N ) ~ mO ( O I O I O ) I
~ m~~ q s (~ I I )
N N N
O N
~
O N O N = M
Figure 134.
688. a~ c ~ m q ~ m~
q ~ mN ( N I N I N ) ~
^ + _ + ` + a = M
173
^ N + _ N + `N + a
Ô + _O + Ò
Figure 135.
689. f q m~
f ~ ^N + _N + `N + aN = M ~
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M I ~

= N + ~
= N + I
= +
N
N N N
=
=
I
174
~=
_N
_O
aN
aO
aN
aO
aN
aO
N =
N =
N =
`N
`
I = N
Ò
Ò
^N
^
I = N
Ô
Ô
_N
I
_O
`N
a _N
N
Ò
aO _ O
I
O
O
~ + + O
^N
a `N
~ N
Ô
aO ` O
I
O
O
~ + + O
_N
a ^N
N
_O
aO ^ O
K
O
O
~ + + O
7.10 Straight Line in Space

m ~W I I I N I N I N I
a W I I
o~ W Î _I Ì aI ~I I I ~N I ~ O I I
r r r
a ~ W I N I O
r
k~ ~ ~W
^ W
690. m a c b~ ~ i
N N N
=
=
I
~
mN ( N I N I N ) I ~ (~ I I )
K
175
Figure 136.
691. q m c
N
N
N
=
=
O N O N O N
Figure 137.
176
692. m~~ c
= N +
= N + I
= +
N
mN ( N I N I N ) ~ I
I I ~
I ~~ ~ ~ K
Figure 138.
693. ^ _ q p~ i
r r

~N~ O + NO + N O
= r N rO =
O
N O
~N + NO + NO ~ OO + OO + OO
177
Figure 139.
694. m~~ i
q ~ ~~
r r
N O I
~N N N
= = K
~ O O O
695. m~ i
q ~ ~~
r r
N O = M I
~N~ O + NO + N O = M K
696. f q i
N N N
q
=
=
~
~N
N
N
178
O O O
=
=

~O
O
O
O N O N O N
~N
N
N = M K
~O
O
O
697. m~~ i ~ m~
N N N
q ~
=
=
~ ~
~
^ + _ + ` + a = M ~ ~~
r r
= M I
^~ + _ + ` = M K
Figure 140.
179
698. m~ i ~ m~
N N N
q ~
=
=
~ ~
~
^ + _ + ` + a = M ~ ~
r r
I
^ _ `
= = K
~
Figure 141.
7.11 Quadric Surfaces

m ~ ~ ~W I I
o~ W Î _I Ì ~I I I N I O I P I
180
699. d~ n~~ b~
^ O + _ O + ` O + Oc + Od + Oe + Om + On + Oo + a = M
700. `~~ n~ p~
`~
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
NM
NN
NO
NP
NQ
NR
NS
NT
o~EF
P
P
P
P
P
P
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
N
N
N
N
o~EbF
Q
Q
Q
Q
P
P
Q
Q
P
P
P
O
O
P
O
O
N
<M
>M
>M
<M
<M
>M

p~
p~
a
a
a
p~
p~
a
p~
p~
a
a
p~
q p~
o~ b
f~~ b
e N p
e O p
o~ n~ `
f~~ n~ `
b m~~
e m~~
o~ b `
f~~ b `
e `
o~ f m~
f~~ f m~
m~~ `
o~ m~~ m~
f~~ m~~ m~
` m~
e
^ e n m
^ e d
e _ c n
I = (b ) I
= e _ c I b =
d c ` o
d c `
m n o a
N I O I P ~ ~I
^
e
d
e
_
c =MK
d
c
`
181
701. o~ b E`~ NF
O O O
+ + =N
~ O O O
Figure 142.
702. f~~ b E`~ OF

O O O
+ + = N
~ O O O
703. e N p E`~ PF
O O O
+ =N
~ O O O
182
Figure 143.
704. e O p E`~ QF
O O O
+ = N
~ O O O
Figure 144.
183
705. o~ n~ ` E`~ RF
O O O
+ =M
~ O O O
Figure 145.
706. f~~ n~ ` E`~ SF

O O O
+ + =M
~ O O O
707. b m~~ E`~ TF
O O
+ = M
~ O O
184
Figure 146.
708. e m~~ E`~ UF

O O
= M
~ O O
Figure 147.
185
709. o~ b ` E`~ VF
O O
+ =N
~ O O
Figure 148.
710. f~~ b ` E`~ NMF

O O
+ = N
~ O O
711. e ` E`~ NNF
O O
=N
~ O O
186
Figure 149.
712. o~ f m~ E`~ NOF

O O
=M
~ O O
713. f~~ f m~ E`~ NPF
O O
+ =M
~ O O
714. m~~ ` E`~ NQF
O
=M
~O
187
Figure 150.
715. o~ m~~ m~ E`~ NRF

O
=N
~O
716. f~~ m~~ m~ E`~ NSF
O
= N
~O
717. ` m~ E`~ NTF
O = M
188
7.12 Sphere
o~ ~ W o
m ~W I I I N I N I N I
` ~ W (~ I I )
o~ W Î aI bI cI j
718. b~ ~ p ` ~ l Ep~~
cF
O + O + O = oO
Figure 151.
719. b~ ~ ` ` ~ ^ m (~ I I )
( ~ )O + ( )O + ( )O = o O
720. a~ c
( N )( O ) + ( N )( O ) + ( N )( O ) = M I
189
mN ( N I N I N ) I mO ( O I O I O ) ~ ~ ~K
721. c m c
O + O + O
NO + NO + NO N
OO + OO + OO O
PO + PO + PO P
OQ + OQ + OQ Q
N
O
N N
O N = M
P
Q
P N
Q N
722. d~ c
^ O + ^ O + ^ O + a + b + c + j = M E^ FK
q ~ ~ (~ I I ) I
a
b
c
~=
I =
I =
K
O^
O^
O^
q ~
aO + b O + c O Q ^ O j
o=
K
O^
190
Chapter 8
Differential Calculus
cW I I I I
^ E ~~FW
o~ W ~I I I
k~~ W
^W
f W N
8.1 Functions and Their Graphs

723. b c
( ) = ( )
724. l c
( ) = ( )
725. m c
( + q ) = ( )
726. f c
= ( ) ~ I = ( ) = N ( )
K
191
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Figure 152.
727. ` c
= ( ) I = ( ) I = ( ( )) ~ K
728. i~ c
= ~ + I o I ~ = ~ I
-K
192
Figure 153.
729. n~~ c
= O I o K
Figure 154.
193
730. = ~ O + + I o K
Figure 155.
731. ` c
= P I o K
194
Figure 156.
732. = ~ P + O + + I o K
195
Figure 157.
733. m c
= I k K
196
Figure 158.
Figure 159.
197
734. p~ o c
= I [MI ) K
Figure 160.
735. b~ c
= ~ I ~ > M I ~ NI
= ~ = I = OKTNUOUNUOUQSK
Figure 161.
198
736. i~ c
= ~ I (MI ) I ~ > M I ~ N I
= ~ = I > M K
Figure 162.
737. e p c

I o K
= I =
O
199
Figure 163.
738. e ` c
+
I o K
= I =
O
Figure 164.
200
739. e q~ c

=
I o K
= ~ I = ~ =
+
Figure 165.
740. e `~ c
+
=
I o I M K
= I = =

201
Figure 166.
741. e p~ c
N
O
= I = =
= I o K
+
Figure 167.
202
742. e `~ c
N
O
= I o I M K
= I = =

Figure 168.
743. f e p c
= ~ I o K
203
Figure 169.
744. f e ` c
= ~ I [NI ) K
Figure 170.
745. f e q~ c
= ~~ I ( NI N) K
204
Figure 171.
746. f e `~ c
= ~ I ( I N) (NI ) K
205
Figure 172.
747. f e p~ c
= ~ I (MI N] K
206
Figure 173.
748. f e `~ c
= ~ I o I M K
Figure 174.
207
8.2 Limits of Functions

cW ( ) I ( )
^W
o~ ~W ~I
749. [ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( )
~
750. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( )
~
751. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( )
~
( )
( )
= ~
I ( ) M K
~ ( )
~
( )
752.
753. [ ( )] = ( )
~
754. ( ( )) = ( )
~
755. ( ) = (~ ) I ( ) ~ = ~ K
~

=N
M
756.
757.
M
~
=N
N
=N
M
758.
208
~ N
=N
M
759.
(N + )
=N
M
760.
N
761. N + =

762. N + =

763. ~ = N
M
8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative

cW I I I I
f ~~W
o~ ~W
^W
( + ) ( )

=
=
M
M
764. ( ) =
209
Figure 175.
765.
= ~
766.
( + )
=
+
767.
( )
=
768.
( )
769. m o
( )
=
+
210
770. n o
=
O

771. `~ o
= (( )) I = ( ) I

=
K

772. a~ f c
N
=
I
( ) ( ) K
773. o~ o
N
= O

774. i~ a~
= ( ) I = ( ) I
= ( ) [ ( )] K
8.4 Table of Derivatives

f ~~W
o~ ~W Ì ~I I
k~~ W
211
775.
(` ) = M
776.
( ) = N
777.
(~ + ) = ~
778.
(~ O + + ) = ~ +
779.

(
) = N
780.
(
) = +N
781.
N
N
= O

782.
( ) = O N
783.
( )=
784.
( ) = N
785.
( ~ ) = N I ~ > M I ~ N K
~
212
786.

(
~ ) = ~ ~ I ~ > M I ~ N K
787.

(
) =
788.
( ) =
789.
( ) =
790.
(~ ) = NO = O

791.
( ) = NO = O

792.
( ) = ~
793.
( ) =
794.
(~ ) = N O
795.
(~ ) = N O
796.
(~~ ) = N O
N+
213
797.
(~ ) = N O
N+
798.
(~ ) = NO
799.
(~ ) = NO
800.
( ) =
801.
( ) =
802.
(~ ) = N O = O

803.
( ) = N O = O

804.
( ) = ~
805.
( ) =
806.
(~ ) = NO
+N
807.
(~ ) = ON
214
808.
(~~ ) = N O I < N K
809.
(~ ) = ON I > N K
810.
(
+
) = N
8.5 Higher Order Derivatives

cW I I I
f ~~W
k~~ W
811. p ~
O

= ( ) = =
= O

812. e-l ~

( )
= = ( ) = ( ( N) )
813.
( + )( ) = ( ) + ( )
814.
( )( ) = ( ) ( )
815. i c~
( ) = + O +
215
( ) = + P + P +
( )( ) = ( ) + (N) + ( N) (O) + K + ( )
N O
816.
( )( ) = (>)>
817.
( )( ) = >
818.
N
(
N) ( N)>
( ~ ) =
819.
N
( )( ) = ( N) ( N)>
820.
(~ )( ) = ~
821.
( )( ) =
822.
(~ )( ) = ~
823.
( )( ) = +
824.
( )( ) = +
( )
216
8.6 Applications of Derivative

cW I I
m ~ W
sW
^~W
f ~~W
qW
k~~ W
825. s ~ ^~
= ( ) ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ I
= = ( ) ~~ I
= = = ( ) ~~ ~~
K
826. q~ i
M = ( M )( M )
217
Figure 176.
827. k~ i
N
( M ) Ec NTSF
M =
( M )
828. f~ ~ a~ cK
f ( M ) > M I EF ~ ~ M K Ec NTTI < N I
O < FI
f ( M ) < M I EF ~ ~ M K Ec NTTI
N < < O FI
f ( M ) I ~K
218
Figure 177.
829. i~ ~
^ EF ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~
~ ~ N ~
( N ) ( ) ~ ~ EcKNTTFK
^ EF ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~
~ ~ O ~
( O ) ( ) ~ ~ EcKNTTFK
830. `~ m
^ ~ EF ~ M ~
( M ) ~ K
831. c a~ q i~ b~K
f EF ~ E ( ) > M F ~ ~
(~I N ] ~ EF ~ E ( ) < M F ~
~ [ N I ) I EF ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N
EcKNTTFK
219
832. f EF ~ E ( ) < M F ~ ~
(~I O ] ~ EF ~ E ( ) > M F ~
~ [ O I ) I EF ~ ~ ~ ~ O K
EcKNTTFK
833. p a~ q i~ b~K
f ( N ) = M ~ ( N ) < M I EF ~ ~ ~ ~
~ N K
f ( O ) = M ~ ( O ) > M I EF ~ ~ ~
~ O K EcKNTTF
834. `~K
EF ~ ~ ~ M ~ ( )
~ ~ M EcKNTTI P < FK
EF ~ ~ ~ M ~ ( )
~ ~ M K EcKNTTI < P FK
835. p a~ q `~K
f ( M ) > M I EF ~ ~ ~ M K
f ( M ) < M I EF ~ ~ ~ M K
f ( ) I ~K
836. f m
f ( P ) ~ ( ) ~ ~ = P I
( P I ( P )) ~ ~
( ) K f ( P ) ~ I ( P ) = M
EcKNTTFK
837. ie~ o
M
( )
( )
=
( ) = ( ) = K
( )
( )

220
8.7 Differential
cW I I
f ~~W
a~ ~ W ( ) I ( )
o~ ~W `
a~ = ( ) W
a~ W
p~ ~ W
p~ ~ W
838. =
839. ( + ) = ( ) + ( )
Figure 178.
221
840. p~ `~
= ( + ) ( )
841. ( + ) = +
842. ( ) =
843. (` ) = `
844. ( ) = +

845. =
O
8.8 Multivariable Functions

c ~~W ( I ) I ( I ) I ( I ) I ( I )
^W I I
p~ ~ I I I W I I K
846. c l m~~ a~
q ~~ ~
= E~
= FI
q ~~ ~
= E~
= FK
222
847. p l m~~ a~
O
= I
=
O
O
=
= I
O
O
= I
=

O
=
= K

f ~ ~ I
O
O
=
K

848. `~ o
f ( I ) = (( I )) E ~ ~~ FI

= (( I )) I
= (( I )) K

f ( ) = ( ( )I ( )) I ( ) =

+
K

f = ( (I )I (I )) I

=
+
K
+
=
I

849. p~ `~
223
850. i~ j~~ ~ j~
( I ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( M I M ) ( I ) ( M I M )
~ ( I ) ( M I M ) K
( I ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ( M I M ) ( I ) ( M I M )
~ ( I ) ( M I M ) K
851. p~~ m

=MK
=

i~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ K
852. p~ m
^ ~~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
853. p a~ q p~~ m

i ( M I M ) ~ ~~ E
=
= M FK

( M I M ) ( M I M )
K
a=
( M I M ) ( M I M )
f
f
f
f
a > M I ( M I M ) > M I ( M I M ) ~ ~ ~K
a > M I ( M I M ) < M I ( M I M ) ~ ~ ~~K
a < M I ( M I M ) ~ ~ K
a = M I ~K
854. q~ m~
q ~ ~ ~ ~ = ( I )
~ ( M I M I M )
M = ( M I M )( M ) + ( M I M )( M ) K
224
855. k~ p~
q ~ ~ ~ = ( I ) ~
( M I M I M )
M
M
M
=
=
K
( M I M ) ( M I M )
N
8.9 Differential Operators

r r r
r ~ ~ ~W I I
p~~ E~~ FW ( I I ) I ( N I O I KI )
d~ ~ ~~ W ~ I
a~ ~W
r
s E FW c (mI nI o )
r
r
a ~ W c I c
r
r
` ~ W c I c
i~~~ ~W O
856. d~ ~ p~~ c

~ = = I I I

K
~ = =
I
IKI

N O
857. a~ a~

= + + I
225

r
( I I ) I O + O + O = N K
858. a ~ s c
r
r m n o
+
+
c = c =

859. ` ~ s c
r
r
r
r
c = c =

m n
o n r m o r n m r
+
=
860. i~~~ l~
O O O
O = O + O + O
r
r
861. c = c M
862. (~ ) = ( ) M
863. (~ ) = ( ) = O
( )
r
r
r
r
r
864. c = ~ c Oc = c Oc
226
Chapter 9
Integral Calculus
cW I I I
f ~~W I I
f ~ ~ W ( ) I ( ) I
a~ ~ W ( ) I ( ) I c( ) I
o~ ~W Ì ~I I I I
k~~ W I I I
9.1 Indefinite Integral

865.
( ) = c( ) + ` c( ) = ( ) K
866.
( ( ) ) = ( )
867.
( ) = ( )
868.
[ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( )
869.
[ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( )
870.
(~ ) = ~ c(~ ) + `
227
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
871.
(~ + ) = ~ c(~ + ) + `
872.
N
( ) ( ) = O ( ) + `
873.
( ) = ( ) + `
( )
874. j p
( ) = (( ))( ) = ( ) K
875. f~ m~
= I
( ) I ( ) ~ ~ K
9.2 Integrals of Rational Functions

876.
~ = ~ + `
877.
878.
O
=
P
+`
P
879.
+N
+ ` I N K
+N
O
+`
O
228
880.
+N
(
~ + )
(~ + ) = ~( + N) + ` I N K
881.
882.
~ + = ~ ~ + + `
883.
+ = +
884.
( + ~ )( + ) = ~ + ~ + ` I ~ K
885.
~ + = (~ + ~ ~ + ) + `
886.
O
N N
O
O
~ + = P O (~ + ) O~(~ + ) + ~ ~ + + `
887.
(~ + ) = ~
888.
(~ + ) = ~ + ~
889.
(~ + )
= + `
~ +
~
+ + `
O
+
~ +
+`
~ +
+`
N
~
~ + +
+`
O

~ +
229
890.
~O
O
N
+`
=
+
O
~
(~ + )O P
~ +
891.
(~ + )
892.
893.
894.
895.
896.
N+
897.
898.
899.
~ +
N
N ~ +
+ O
+`
~ (~ + ) ~
N N
+`
=
N O +N
N N+
=
+`
O N
N ~+
+`
=
O
O~ ~
N
+`
=
O
O~ + ~
~
= ~ N + `
N
= ~ N + `
O
~
~
+
N
= ( O + ~ O ) + `
O
+~
O

N
+ ` I ~ > M K
~~
~
~
230
~
N
O + + `
900.
~ +
901.
N
=
(~ + O ) O~ ~ + O + `
902.
N
~ +
=
+`
O O

O~ ~
O~ + O Q~
N
903. O
=
+Ì
~ + +
O Q~ O~ + + O Q~
O Q~ > M K
904.
O~ +
O
=
+` I
~~
+ +
Q~ O
Q~ O
O Q~ < M K
9.3 Integrals of Irrational Functions

905.
O
~ + + `
=
~ + ~
906.
~ + =
907.
O(~ O)
=
~ + + `
P~ O
~ +
P
O
(~ + ) O + `
P~
231
908.
909.
910.
~ + =
P
O(P~ O)
(~ + ) O + `
O
NR~
~ + ~
=
+Ì
~ + + ~
~ +
~
~ > M K
( + )
~ +
N
~~
=
+Ì
~
~ +
~
~ < M K
( + )
911.
~ +
N
(~ + )( + )
=
+
~
~ ( + ) + (~ + ) + ` I ~ > M K
912.
~ +
N
=
+
913.
~ ( + )
~
~~
+ ` I E ~ < M I > M FK
(~ + )
~
O
~ + =
914.
915.
(~ + )( + )
O(U~ O NO~ + NRO O )

NMRP
(~ + )P + `
O
O(U~ O Q~ + PO O )
=
~ + + `
NRP
~ +
N
~ + ~
=
+Ì ~ >MK
~ +
~
~ + + ~
232
O
~ +
=
~~
+Ì ~ <MK
~
~ +
~
916.
917.
~
=
+
918.
~+
= (~ + )( ) (~ + )~
+`
~+
919.
N+
= N O + ~ + `
N
920.
( ~ )( ~ ) = O ~
921.
922.
(~ )( + ) + (~ + )~
924.
~
+`
~
O
~ + O +
Q
O Q~
O
+
~
+`
U P
O + Q~
~ + O =
~ O + +
~ > MK
923.
+
+`
~+
~ + +
O
O + ~ O =
N
O~ + + O ~ (~ O + + ) + ` I
~
N
O~ + O
~
Q~ + ` I ~ < M K
Q~
~
O O ~O
+ ~ + + O + ~ O + `
O
O
233
925.
926.
O + ~ O =
O + ~ O =
927.
928.
929.
930.
931.
932.
933.
934.
N O O PO
( + ~ ) + `
P
(
O O + ~ O ) O + ~ O
U
~Q
+ O + ~ O + `
U
O + ~O
O + ~O
+ + O + ~ O + `
O
+~
O
= + O + ~ O + `
O + ~O
= O + ~ O + ~
+`
~ + O + ~O
+~
O
O
O + ~O
= O + ~O + `
O O ~O
+ ~ + O + ~ O + `
O
O
=
+`
O + ~O ~ ~ + O + ~O
O ~ O =
O O ~O
~ + O ~ O + `
O
O
O ~ O =
N O O PO
( ~ ) + `
P
234
O ~O
~
= O ~ O + ~ ~ + `
936.
O ~O
O ~O
=
+ + O ~ O + `
O
937.
938.
935.
~
O
= + O ~ O + `
~
O
= O ~O + `
O O ~O
=
~ + + O ~ O + `
O
O
O
O
~
939.
940.
941.
( + ~ )
942.
( ~ )
N
~
= ~ + `
~
~
O
O ~O
~
O
943.
944.
O ~O
~O ) O
P
N ~
+`
~ +~
N +~
+`
~ ~
O ~O
+`
~O
~O O ~O
+`
235
945.
~ O ) O =
P
(
O O R~ O ) O ~ O +
U
P~ Q
+
+ O ~ O + `
U
O
~O
~ O + ~ + `
O
~
O
946.
947.
O
O
~ =
948.
O
O
O
~ =
~ O O =
P
N O
(
~ O ) O + `
P
~Q
(
O O ~ O ) ~ O O + ~ + `
U
U
~
~O O
= ~ O O + ~
+`
~ + ~O O
950.
~O O
~O O
~ + `
O
951.
952.
953.
949.
954.
= ~ + `
N O
~O O
~
O
O
~O O
+`
~
= ~O O + `
O
~O
~ O + ~ + `
O
O
~
236
955.
( + ~ )
956.
( ~ )
~O O
~O O
957.
( + )
958.
( + )
~O O
~
O
N ~
+`
O ~+
N ~+
+`
O ~
N
O ~ O
~
O
+ ~ O
+Ì >~ K
~ ( + )
+
~
O
~ O O + ~ O +
<~ K
959.
960.
(~
961.
(~
~O O
O ) O =
P
=
O
~O O
+`
~O
O
P~ Q
(
R~ O O ) ~ O O +
~ + `
U
U
~
~O ~O O
+`
9.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

962.
= + `
963.
= + `
237
+ Ì
N
O + `
O Q
N
+ O + `
O Q
964.
965.
966.
967.
968.
= = ~ O + `
969.
= = ~ O + Q + `
970.
971.
972.
973.
974.
= Q O + `
N
N
P
= P + ` = P + `
NO
Q
P
N
N
P
= P + ` = P + + `
P
NO
Q
= O = + `
= O = ~ + `
= P =
= P =
+ ~ + `
O
O O
O

N

+ ~ +
+`
O
O O
O Q
238
N
= P + `
P
975.
976.
977.
978.
~ = + `
979.
980.
O

= ~ O + Q + `
981.
982.
= + `
983.
N
= P + `
P
O =
N
Q + `
U PO

N
+ ` = + `
=
O
= ~ + `

N
+ ` = + `
=
O
= ~ + + `
984.

O
985.
986.
= ~ + `
= + `
239
N

=
+ ~ + + `

O Q
987.
988.
989.
990.
= O( + )
+ ~ + `

O
= ~ + `
O
( + )
( )
+Ì
O( )
( )
+Ì
O( )
O O K
991.
( + )
= O( + )
O O K
992.
( + )
= O( + )
O O K
993.
~ = + `
994.
= + `
995.
+N
+`
+N
+N
996. =
+`
+N
240
( )
+Ì
O( )
997.
~ = ~ +
N O + `
998.
~ = ~
N O + `
999.
~~ = ~~ O (
N
+ N) + `
N
1000. ~ = ~ + ( O + N) + `
O
9.5 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

1001. = + `
1002. = + `
1003. ~ = + `
1004. = + `
1005. O = ~ + `
1006. O = + `
1007. ~ = + `
241
1008. = + `
9.6 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
1009. = + `
~
1010. ~ =
+`
~
1011. ~ =
~
+`
~
1012. ~ =
~
(~ N) + `
~O
1013. = + `
1014.
= + `

N
1015. = +N
+`
O
+ N ( + N)
1016. ~ =
~ ~
+`
~ O + O
242
1017. ~ =
~ + ~
+`
~ O + O
9.7 Reduction Formulas

1018. =
1019.
N
N
+
I N K

( N) N N N
1020. =
1021.
1022. =
1023.
N
N
N
O
I NK
N
( N) N O
N
N
N +
O
+
I NK
N
( N) N O
+N N
1024. =
+
N
+
O
1025. =
N +N
+
243
N
O
1026. ~ =
N
~ N + ~ O I N K
N
1027. =
N
N + O I N K
N
O ~ O
1028. =
+
O I N K
N
N
N
N
1029. = N +
O
1030.
1031. =
1032.
+
I NK
N
( N) N O
N
N
N +
O
+
I NK
N
( N) N O
1033. =
+N N
+
N
O
+
1034. =
N +N
+
244
N
O
1035. ~ =
N
~ N ~ O I N K
N
1036. =
N
N O I N K
N
O ~ O
1037. =
+
O I N K
N
N
1038. =
O O
+
O I N K
N
N
1039. =
1040.
+N
N
+N
+N
+
I N K

( N) N N
1041. = N
1042. = N
1043. = N
1044. = + N
1045. = N
245
1046. N =
+N
N
+N
N
+N
+ N N O
1047. N =
+N
N
+N
N +
+N
+ N N O
1048. ~ N =
N
+N
+N
~ N
+N
+ N N+ O
1049.
=
~ + ~ ~ ~ +
1050.
(~
1051.
1052.
+~
NK
O~
( N)( Q~ )(~ O + + )
+ + )
O(O P)~
I NK
O
O
( N)( Q~ ) (~ + + )N
O( N)~ O ( O + ~
O N
O P
O( N)~ O
O( N)~ O ( O ~ O )
O P
I NK
O
O( N)~ ( O ~ O )N
~
246
+ ~O )
9.8 Definite Integral
a ~ ~ W ( ) I ( ) I
o~ W
( )
=N
p~ ~W
^~W c( ) I d( )
i ~W ~I I I
1053. ( ) =
~
( )
~ M =N
= N I N K
Figure 179.
247
1054. N = ~
~
1055. ( ) = ( )
1056.
1057.
[ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( )
[ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( )
~
1058. ( ) = M
~
1059. ( ) = ( )
1060. ( ) = ( ) + ( ) ~ < < K
1061. ( ) M ( ) M [~ I ] K
~
1062. ( ) M ( ) M [~ I ] K
~
248
1063. c~~ q `~
( ) = c( )
= c() c(~ ) c( ) = ( ) K
1064. j p
f = ( ) I
( ) = (( ))( ) I
= N (~ ) I = N () K
1065. f~ m~
= ( ) ~
~
1066. q~~ o
N
~
(
)
(
)
O
( )
=
+
+
~
O
=N
249
Figure 180.
1067. p o
~
~ ( ) = P [ ( M ) + Q ( N ) + O ( O ) + Q ( P ) +
+ O ( Q ) + K + Q ( N ) + ( )] I
~
= ~ +
I = MI NI OI KI K
250
Figure 181.
1068. ^~ r ~ `
p = ( ) = c() c(~ ) I
~
c( ) = ( ) K
251
Figure 182.
1069. ^~ _ q `
p = [ ( ) ( )] = c() d() c(~ ) + d(~ ) I

~
c( ) = ( ) I d( ) = ( ) K
252
Figure 183.
9.9 Improper Integral
1070. q ~
( ) ~ ~ ~
~
~ I
( ) ~
~ [~ I ] K
1071. f ( ) ~ [~ I ) I
( ) = ( ) K
~
253
Figure 184.
1072. f ( ) ~ ( I ] I
( ) = ( ) K
Figure 185.
254
k W q ~ NMTNI NMTO ~
~ ~ X ~ ~
K
1073.
( ) = ( ) + ( )
Figure 186.
f ~ I ~
~ I ~
( )
X K
1074. `~ q
i ( ) ~ ( )
~ [~ I ) K p ~ M ( ) ( ) ~
[~I ) K
255
f ( ) I ( ) ~
I
f ( )
~
I ( ) ~ K
~
1075. ^ `
( ) I ~ ( ) ~-
K
1076. a f~
i ( ) ~ ~
[~I ) ~ = K q
( ) =
~
M +
( )
~
Figure 187.
256
1077. i ( ) ~ ~ ~
~ [~ I ] (~ I ) K q

( ) = ( ) + ( ) K
~
M +
M +
Figure 188.
9.10 Double Integral

c ~~W ( I ) I (I ) I
a ~W
( I ) I ( I ) I
o
o~ W
( I )
=N =N
p~ ~W I
o ~W oI p
m~ ~W I
257
^~W ^
p~ ~~W p
s ~ W s
j~ ~ ~~W
aW ( I )
c W j I j
j ~W f I f I fM
`~ ~ ~W n
`~ W ( I )
`~ ~W I
^~ ~ W
1078. a a f~
q ~ ~ ~ [~I ] [I ]

( I )^ =
[~ I ][ I ]
( I )
~ M
~ M =N =N
I ~
( N I ) N I I ~ = N I = N K
Figure 189.
258
q ~ ~ ~ o
( I )^ = ( I )^ I
o
[~ I ][ I ]
~ [~I ] [I ] ~ oI
( I ) = ( I ) ( I ) o ~ ( I ) = M K
Figure 190.
1079.
[ ( I ) + ( I )]^ = ( I )^ + ( I )^
o
1080.
[ ( I ) ( I )]^ = ( I )^ ( I )^
o
1081.
( I )^ = ( I )^ I
o
~ ~K
1082. f ( I ) ( I ) oI
( I )^ ( I )^ K
o
1083. f ( I ) M o ~ p o I
259
( I )^ ( I )^ K
p
Figure 191.
1084. f ( I ) M o ~ o ~ p ~ -~
( I )^ = ( I )^ + ( I )^ K
o p
e o p o ~ pK
Figure 192.
260
1085. f~ f~ ~ c q
( )
( I )^ = ( ) ( I )
o
~ fI
o = {( I ) ~ I ( ) ( )} K
Figure 193.
( )
( I )^ = ( I )
o
( )
~ ffI
o = {( I ) ( ) ( )I } K
261
Figure 194.
1086. a f~ o~~ o
f o ~~ [~I ] [I ] I

( I ) K
(
)
(
)
=
=
o
~
f ~ ~ ~ ( I ) ~ ~ ( )( ) ~
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
=
=
o
o
~
1087. `~ s~~
( I )
( I ) = [ (I )I (I )] (I ) I
o

( I )
=
M ~~ ~ (I )

~ ( I ) (I ) I ~ p ~ o
262
~ = (I ) I = (I ) oK
1088. m~ `~
= I = K
Figure 195.
1089. a f~ m~ `~
q a~ m~ `~
( I )
=
= K
(I )
i o ~ W
M () () I I O K
q
( )
( I ) = ( I ) K
o
( )
263
Figure 196.
f o ~ ~
M ~ I I O I
( I ) = ( I ) K
o
Figure 197.
264
1090. ^~ ~ o
( )
^ = E ~ f FK
~ ( )
Figure 198.
( )
^ = E ~ ff FK
( )
Figure 199.
265
1091. s ~ p
s = ( I )^ K
o
Figure 200.
f o ~ f = ~ I = I = ( ) I
= ( ) I
( )
s = ( I )^ = ( I ) K
o
~ ( )
f o ~ ff = I = I = ( ) I
= ( ) I
( )
s = ( I )^ = ( I ) K
o
( )
266
f ( I ) ( I ) ~ oI
N = ( I ) ~ O = ( I ) o

s = [ ( I ) ( I )]^ K
o
1092. ^~ ~ s m~ `~
f p ~ -~ = I = I
= () I = () I
( )
^ = ^ = I
p
( )
s = (I ) K
p
Figure 201.
1093. p~ ^~
p =
o

N + +

O
267
1094. j~ ~ i~~
= ( I )^ I
o
~~ ~ o ~ ~
~ EIF ( I ) K
1095. j
q ~~ ~ -~ ~
j = ( I )^ K
o
q ~~ ~ -~
j = ( I )^ K
o
q ~ ~ -~
f = O( I )^ K
o
q ~ ~ -~
f = O( I )^ K
o
q ~ ~
fM = ( O + O )( I )^ K
o
1096. ` j~
N
= ( I )^ =
=
o
( I )^
o
( I )^
o
268
( I )^
j
N
= = ( I )^ =
o
( I )^
1097. `~ ~ m~
n = ( I )^ I
o
~ ~ ~ o ~
~ ~ ~ EIF ( I ) K
1098. ^~ ~ c
N
= ( I )^ I
po
p = ^ K
o
9.11 Triple Integral

c ~~W ( I I ) I ( I I ) I
q ~W
( I I )s I ( I I )s I
d
o~ W
( I I )
=N =N =N
p~ ~W I I
i ~W ~I I I I I
o ~W dI qI p
`~ ~W I I
p~ ~W I I
s ~ W s
269
j~ ~ W
aW ( I I )
`~ ~W I I
c W j I j I j
j ~W f I f I f I f I f I f I fM
1099. a q f~
q ~ ~ ~~ [~I ] [I ] [I ]

( I I )s =
[~ I ][ I ][ I ]
)
)
( I I )
~ M
~ M =N =N =N
~ M
I I ~~
( N I ) N I ( N I ) I ~ = N I
= N I = N K
1100.
[ ( I I ) + ( I I )]s = ( I I )s + ( I I )s
d
1101.
[ ( I I ) ( I I )]s = ( I I )s ( I I )s
d
1102.
( I I )s = ( I I )s I
d
~ ~K
1103. f ( I I ) M ~ d ~ q ~ ~ ~
I
( I I )s = ( I I )s + ( I I )s K
dq
e d q d ~ qK
270
1104. b~~ q f~ o~ f~
f d ( I I ) ~
( I ) oI N ( I ) O ( I ) I
O ( I )
(
)
(
)
=
I
o ( I )
d
N
o d -~K
f d ( I I ) ~
~ I N ( ) O ( )I N ( I ) O ( I ) I
O ( ) O ( I )

( I I ) = ( I I )

~

N ( ) N ( I )
1105. q f~ m~~
f d ~ ~~ [~ I ] [I ] [I ] I

K
(
)
(
)
=
d
~

f ~ ~ ~ ( I I ) ~
~ ( ) ( ) ( ) ~
( ) K
(
)
(
)
(
)
~

1106. `~ s~~
( I I ) =
d
= [ (I I )I (I I )I (I I )]
p
271
( I I )
I
(I I )

( I I )
=
M ~~
(I I )

~~ ( I I ) (I I ) I ~ p ~ d ~ = (I I ) I
= (I I )
= (I I ) dK
1107. q f~ `~ `~
q ~ ~ ~
( I I )
=
= K
(I I )
i d ~ W
( I ) o I N ( I ) O ( I ) I
o d -~K q
( I I ) = ( I I )
d
O ( I )
(
)
( I )
o ( I )
N
e p ~ d ~ ~K
=
1108. q f~ p~ `~
q a~ p~ `~
( I I )
=
= O
(I I )
( I I ) =
d
272
= ( I I ) O I
p
p ~ d ~ ~K q ~ ~ M O I ~
~ M K
Figure 202.
1109. s ~ p
s =
d
1110. s `~ `~
s =
p ( I I )
1111. s p~ `~
s = O
p ( I I )
273
1112. j~ ~ p
= ( I I )s I
d
~ d ~ ~
~ ( I I ) ( I I ) K
1113. ` j~ ~ p
j
j
j
I = I =
I
=
j = ( I I ) s I
d
j = ( I I ) s I
d
j = ( I I ) s
d
~ ~ ~ ~ = M I
= M I = M I I ( I I ) K
1114. j f~ ~ -~ E = M FI -~
E = M FI ~ -~ E = M F
f = O( I I ) s I
d
f = O( I I ) s I
d
f = O( I I ) s K
d
1115. j f~ ~ -~I -~I ~ -~

f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s I
d
f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s I
d
274
f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s K
d
1116. m~ j f~
fM = f + f + f = ( O + O + O )( I I ) s
d
9.12 Line Integral

p~~ W c( I I ) I c( I ) I ( )
p~~ ~W ( I I )
`W Ì `N I ` O
i ~W ~I I I
m~~W I
m~ ~W I
r
s W c (mI nI o )
r
m W ( )
r r r r
r W I I I
^~ W p
i ~ W i
j~ ~ W
aW ( I I ) I ( I )
`~ ~W I I
c W j I j I j
j ~W f I f I f
s ~ W s
tW t
r
j~ W _
`W f
b W
j~ W
275
1117. i f~ ~ p~~ c
r r
i ~ ` = ( ) I
M p I ~ ~ ~~ c `K
q
p
r
c( ( )) = c( I I ) = c I
M
~ ~K
c = c + c
1118.
`N ` O
`N
Ò
Figure 203.
r r
1119. f ` ~~ = ( ) I
I
c( I I ) = c( ( )I ( )I ( )) ( ( )) + (( )) + (( )) K
O
1120. f ` ~ -~ ~
= ( ) I ~ I
c( I ) = c( I ( )) N + ( ( )) K
O
1121. i f~ p~~ c m~ `~
276

` c( I ) = c( I ) + I
` ~ EF K
O
1122. i f~ s c
r r
i ~ ` = ( ) I
M p K q
r
r
= = ( I I )
~ K
Figure 204.
r
i ~ c (mI nI o ) `K
r
q ~ c ~
`
p
m + n + o = (m + n + o ) K
`
277
1123. m i f~ s c
r r
r r
c
-` ~K
r
r
r
r
(c ) = (c ) = (c ) + (c ) I
r
`N ` O
`N
Ò
` `N ~ ` O K
r
1124. f ` ~~ ( ) = ( )I ( )I ( ) I
I
m + n + o =
`
= m( ( )I ( )I ( )) + n( ( )I ( )I ( )) + o( ( )I ( )I ( ))
1125. f ` -~ ~ ~ = ( ) I
m
n
+
=
`
~ m( I ( )) + n( I ( )) K
1126. d q
n m
o = ` m + n I
r
r
r
c = m( I ) + n( I ) ~ m n
~~ ~
I
~

~ oI ~ I
`K
278
1127. ^~ ~ o o _ ` `
N
p = =
O`
o
1128. m~ f i f~
r
r
r
r
q ~ ~ c = m + n + o
~ ~ I ~ mI nI ~ o ~
~ ~ aI ~ ~~
= ( I I ) E~ ~~ ~F a ~
r
=nI
c = ~ I
=oK
=mI
q
rr r
c( ) = m + n + o = (_) (^ ) K
`
1129. q ~ `~ c
r
^ c = ~ ~ ~ ~
r
r
r
r
K q ~ ~ c = m + n + o
~ ~
r
r
r
r
c =
=MK

m n o
f ~ ~ -~ ~
m + n = (_) (^ ) I
`
~ ~
~
m n
=
K

279
1130. i ~ `
r
O
O
O
i = =
( ) = + + I

` ~ ~ r
( ) I K
f ` -~I
r
O
O

( ) = + K
i = =

`
f ` ~ ~ = ( ) ~ (~ ) I
i=
~

N + K

1131. i ~ ` m~ `~

i = + O I

` ~ = () I
~ ~K
1132. j~ ~ t
= ( I I ) I
`
( I I ) ~ K
f ` ~ ~~
r
( ) = ( )I ( )I ( ) I ~ ~
~
280
= ( ( )I ( )I ( ))

+ + K

f ` ~ -~I ~
= ( I ) I
`
= ( ( )I ( ))

+ E ~~ FK

1133. ` j~ ~ t
j
j
j
I = I =
I
=
j = ( I I ) I
`
j = ( I I ) I
`
j = ( I I ) K
`
1134. j f~
q ~ ~ -~I -~I ~ -~
~ ~
f = ( O + O )( I I ) I
`
f = ( O + O )( I I ) I
`
f = ( O + O )( I I ) K
`
281
1135. ^~ ~ o _ ~ ` `
N
p = = = K
O`
`
`
Figure 205.
f ` ~~
r
( ) = ( )I ( ) I ~~ ~ ~~ ~
N

p = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) K
1136. s ~ p c o~ ~ ` `
~ -~
s = O = O = O + O
O`
`
`
282
Figure 206.
1137. t
r
t ~ c ~ ~ ~
` ~
r r
t = c I
`
r
r
c ~ I
~ K
Figure 207.
283
f ~ ~ ` -~I
r r
t = c = m + n I
`
f ~ ~ ` ~ ~~ E ~
FI ~ ~~
t = m( ( )I ( )I ( )) + n( ( )I ( )I ( )) + o( ( )I ( )I ( )) I
r
f ~ c ~ ~ ( I I ) ~ ~~
~ I ~
^ _ ~ ~
t = (_ ) (^ ) K
1138. ^ i~
r r
_
= Mf K
`
r
q ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~
` ~ ~ f ~~
~K
Figure 208.
284
1139. c~~~ i~
r r
= b =
q EF ~ ~
` ~ ~ ~ ~
~ K
Figure 209.
9.13 Surface Integral

p~~ W ( I I ) I ( I )
r
r
m W (I ) I ( I I )
r r r
r W I I
p~W p
r
s W c (mI nI o )
r
r
a ~ W c = c
285
r
r
` ~ W c = c
r
s ~ ~W p
r
k~ ~W
p~ ~~W ^
j~ ~ ~W
aW ( I I )
`~ ~W I I
c W j I j I j
j ~W f I f I f I f I f I f
s ~ W s
r
cW c
d~~~ ~W d
rr
c W ( )
c W
r
mW ( )
j~ I W
p~ ~W n
`~ W ( I )
r
j~ W b
1140. p~ f~ ~ p~~ c
i ~ ~ p
r
r
r
r
(I ) = (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I
(I ) ~ ~ a(I ) ~K
q ~ ~ ~ ~~ ( I I )
~ p ~
r
r

(
)
(
(
)
(
)
(
)
)
=
I
p
a( I )
r
r
~
~
~~ ~
286
r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I
r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I )

r
r

~
K

1141. f ~ p ~ = ( I )
( I ) ~ ~ ~ a( I ) I
( I I )p = ( ) ( I I ( I ))
p
a I

N + + K

O
r
1142. p~ f~ s c c p~ p
f p ~I
r
r
r
r
(
)
c
p
=
c
( I I ) p
p
r
r
r

= c( (I )I (I )I (I )) K

a( I )
f p ~I
r
r
r
r
c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p
p
r
r
r

= c( (I )I (I )I (I )) K

a( I )
r r
p = p ~ ~K a
~ ~~ ~~ K
r
r
~
~
q ~~ ~
287
r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I

r
r
r
r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) K

1143. f ~ p ~ = ( I ) I
( I ) ~ ~ ~ a( I ) I
f p ~I KK -
~ I
r
r
r
r
(
)
c
p
=
c
( I I ) p
p
r
r r r

(
)
c
+ I
a( I )
f p ~I KK -
~ ~I
r
r
r
r
c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p
r
r r r
K
= c( I I ) +
a( I )
1144.
(c )p = m + n + o
r r
= (m + n + o )p I
p
m( I I ) I n( I I ) I o( I I ) ~
r
c K
I I ~ ~
r
~ ~ -~I -~I ~ -~I K
288
1145. f ~ p ~~
r
( (I )I (I )I (I )) I ~ ~ ~
~
m n

p

p
a( I )

(I ) ~ ~ a(I )
~K
( )
r r
c p = m + n + o =
1146. a q
r r
r
c
p
=
c
s I
r
c( I I ) = m( I I )I n( I I )I o( I I )
~ mI nI ~ o ~
~~ ~I
r m n o
c =
+
+

r
r
c I ~ c K q
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~K
1147. a q `~ c
m n o
K
+
+
=
+
m
n
o
+
p
d
1148. p q
r r
r r
c
c
p I
289
r
c( I I ) = m( I I )I n( I I )I o( I I )
~ mI nI ~ o ~
~~ ~I
r
r
r
o n r m o r n m r
+
c=
=

+

m n o
r
r
c I ~ c K
q
~ ~ ~ ~
~ K
1149. p q `~ c
m + n + o
`
o n
n m
m o
+
=

+

p
1150. p~ ^~
^ = p
p
1151. f ~ p ~~
r
r
r
r
(I ) = (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I
~ ~~
r
r

I
^ =

a( I )
r
a(I ) ~ ~ (I )
K
290
1152. f p ( I ) I ~ ~~
O

^ = N + + I

a( I )
a( I ) ~ p ~K
O
1153. j~ ~ p~
= ( I I )p I
p
( I I ) ~ ~~ E FK
1154. ` j~ ~ p
j
j
j
I = I =
I
=
j = ( I I )p I
p
j = ( I I )p I
p
j = ( I I )p
p
~ ~ ~ ~ = M I
= M I = M I K ( I I ) K
1155. j f~ ~ -~ E = M FI -~
E = M FI ~ -~ E = M F
f = O( I I )p I
p
f = O( I I )p I
p
291
f = O( I I )p K
p
1156. j f~ ~ -~I -~I ~ -~

f = ( O + O )( I I )p I
p
f = ( O + O )( I I )p I
p
f = ( O + O )( I I )p K
p
1157. s ~ p _ ~ ` p~
s=
N
+ +
P
p
1158. d~~~ c
r
r
c = d ( I I ) P p I
~ ~ ~ ~ M I M I M ~I
r
= M I M I M I
( I I ) I
~ d ~~~ ~K
1159. m c
r
r r
c = ( )p I
p
r
( ) ~ ~ p
r
K
1160. c c E~ ~ pF
r r r
= ( ) p I
p
292
r r
( ) K
1161. j~ c E~ ~ pF
r r r
= ( ) p I
p
r
r
c = I K
1162. p~ `~
n = ( I )p I
p
( I ) ~ ~ K
1163. d~ i~
q ~ ~ ~
~ n ~
r r n
= b p = I
M
p
I
r
b ~ I
c
M = UIUR NM NO
~K
293
Chapter 10
Differential Equations
c ~~W I I I I I I dI eI I
^ E ~~FW I
c ~~W ( I ) I j( I ) I k( I )
c ~W I I & I
I
Of
p ~W I && I O I
O

m~~ ~W
I
I
O
k~~ W
m~~ W N I
o~ W I I Ì `N I ` O I I I I
o ~~ ~W N I O
qW
q~W qI p
m~ W m( )
j~ ~ W
p ~ W
a~ ~ W
^ ~W ^
cW
a~ W
m~ ~ ~W
^~ ~W
m W i
294
CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
^~ ~W
`W f
o~W o
f~W i
`~~~W `
10.1 First Order Ordinary Differential

Equations
1164. i~ b~
+ ( ) = ( ) K
q ~
( )( ) + ` I
=
( )
( ) = ( ) K
1165. p~~ b~
= ( I ) = ( )( )
q ~
( ) = ( ) + ` I
e( ) = d( ) + ` K
295
1166. e b~
= ( I ) I
( I ) I ~
( I ) = ( I ) K
q ~ ~
q =
E = F ~ ~~
+ = (NI ) K
1167. _ b~
+ ( ) = ( ) K
q = N ~ ~ ~
+ (N )( ) = (N )( ) K
1168. o~ b~
= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) O
f ~ ~~ N I ~ ~ ~
N
=
I ~ ~ ~
N
= [( ) + O N( )] ( ) K
296
1169. b~ ~ k~ b~
q ~
j( I ) + k( I ) = M
~ ~
j k
=
I

~ ~ K
q ~
j( I ) + k( I ) = ` K
1170. o~~ a~
= I
( ) ~ ~~ ~ I
~ ~K
q
( ) = M I M = (M) ~ ~K
1171. k i~ `
q
= (q p ) I
q( ) ~ ~ ~ I p
~ I ~ ~K
q
q( ) = p + (qM p) I
qM = q(M) ~ ~ ~
= M K
297
1172. m~ a~ Ei jF
m
m
= m N I
j
m( ) ~ ~ I ~ ~I
j ~ ~K
q ~ ~
jmM
m( ) =
I mM = m(M) ~ mM + (j mM )
~ ~ = M K
10.2 Second Order Ordinary Differential

Equations
1173. e i~ b~ `~ `
+ + = M K
q ~~ ~
O + + = M K
f N ~ O ~ ~ ~~
~I ~
= `N N + ` O O I
`N ~ ` O ~ ~ ~K
f N = O = I ~
O
= (`N + ` O )
f N ~ O ~ W
298
N = + I O = I
Q O
= I =
I
O
O
~
= (`N + ` O ) K
1174. f i~ b~ `~
`
+ + = ( ) K
q ~
= + I
~ ~~ ~
~ ~ ~~ ~ E NNTPFK
f ~
( ) = (mN ( ) + mN ( ) ) I
~~
= (oN ( ) + o O ( ) ) I
~ oN ( ) ~ o O ( ) ~
K
f + ~ ~~ ~I
= M I
f + ~ I = N I
f + ~ I = O K
1175. a~ b~ j
= ( I ) K
p = K q ~ ~
= ( I ) I
~ ~ ~K
299
1176. a~ b~ j
= ( I ) K
p = K p

=
=
= I

= ( I ) I
~ ~ ~K
1177. c r~ s~
q ~ j~ ~ p ~
&& + = M I
~ I
I
~ ~ K
q ~
= ^ (M ) I
^ ~ ~I
M ~~ I q =
~ ~ ~K
q ~ ~ ~ K
1178. c a~ s~
&& + & + = M I
~ K
q ~ P ~ ~ W
300
O
I
M
`~ NK O > Q E~F
( ) = ^ N + _ O I
N =
O Q
+ O Q
I O =
K
O
O
`~ OK O = Q E~ ~F
( ) = (^ + _ ) I
=
K
O
`~ PK O < Q E~F
( ) =
^ ( ) I
= Q O K
1179. p m
O
+ =MI
O i
~~ ~I i
I ~~ ~K
q ~ ~ ~
i
( ) = ~
I q = O
K
i
1180. oi` `
Of
f N
i O + o + f = s( ) = b M ( ) I
301
f ~ oi` ~ ~ ~
s( ) = b M ( ) K
q ~
f( ) = `N N + ` O O + ^ ( ) I
Qi
o oO
` I
NI O =
Oi
b M
^=
I
O
N
O
O O
i + o
`
N
i
= ~~
I
o o`
`N I ` O ~ ~ ~ K
10.3. Some Partial Differential Equations

1181. q i~~ b~
O O
+
=M
O O
~ ~ ( I ) ~ ~ -~K m~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K
1182. q e~ b~
O O
+
=
O O
302
~ ~ ( I ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
K q ~ ~ ~ ~~K
1183. q t~ b~
O O O
+
=
O O O
~ ~ ( I ) ~ ~
~ ~ K q ~ ~
~ K
303
Chapter 11
Series
11.1 Arithmetic Series

f~ W ~N
k W ~
a W
k W
p W p
1184. ~ = ~ N + = ~ O + O = K = ~N + ( N)
1185. ~N + ~ = ~ O + ~ N = K = ~ + ~ +N
1186. ~ =
~ N + ~ +N
O
1187. p =
~N + ~
O~ + ( N)
= N
O
O
304
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
11.2 Geometric Series

f~ W ~N
k W ~
` ~W
k W
p W p
p W p
1188. ~ = ~ N = ~N N
1189. ~N ~ = ~ O ~ N = K = ~ ~ +N
1190. ~ = ~ N ~ +N
~ ~N ~N ( N)
=
1191. p =
N
N
~N

N
c < N I p ~ K
1192. p = p =
11.3 Some Finite Series

k W
305
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1193. N + O + P + K + =
( + N)
O
1194. O + Q + S + K + O = ( + N)
1195. N + P + R + K + (O N) = O
1196. + ( + N) + ( + O) + K + ( + N) =
1197. NO + OO + PO + K + O =
(O + N)
O
( + N)(O + N)
S
( + N)
1198. NP + OP + PP + K + P =
O
(Q O N)
1199. N + P + R + K + (O N) =
P
O
1200. NP + PP + RP + K + (O N) = O (O O N)
P
N N N
N
1201. N + + + + K + + K = O
O Q U
O
1202.
N
N
N
N
+
+
+K+
+K = N
N O O P P Q
( + N)
1203. N +
N N N
N
+ + +K+
+K =
( N)>
N> O> P>
306
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
11.4 Infinite Series

pW {~ }
c W ~N
k W ~
1204. f p
~
=N
= ~N + ~ O + K + ~ + K
1205. k m~~ p
p = ~ = ~N + ~ O + K + ~
=N
1206. ` f p
~
=N
= i I p = i

1207. k q q
~
=N
I ~ = M K
f ~ M I K
11.5 Properties of Convergent Series
` pW
~ = ^ I
=N
o~ W
307
=N
=_
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
=N
=N
=N
1208. (~ + ) = ~ + = ^ + _
1209.
~
=N
= ~ = ^ K
=N
11.6 Convergence Tests

1210. q `~ q
~ ~
=N
=N
=N
~ M < ~ ~ K
~
=N
~
=N
~ K
=N
~ K
1211. q i `~ q
~ ~
=N
=N
~ ~ ~ ~ -
~ K
~
< ~ ~ ~

=N
=N
~
f = M ~ ~

=N
=N
~ K
f M <
308
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
~
=

~ K
f
~
=N
~
=N
1212. -
=N
> N ~
M < NK
1213. q f~ q
i ( ) ~ I I ~
~ ~ N K q
() = (N) + (O) + (P) + K + () + K

=N
( ) I ~
N
( ) ~ K
N
1214. q o~ q
~
=N
~ K
~ +N
< N
~
~
=N
~ +N
> N ~ K
~
=N
~
f +N = N ~ ~ ~
~
=N
~ X
K
309
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1215. q o q
=N
~ K
f ~ < N
f ~ > N
f ~ = N
=N
=N
=N
~ I
~ ~ K
11.7 Alternating Series

1216. q ^~ p q Ei qF
i {~ } ~ ~
~ +N < ~ ~ K
~ = M K
q ~~
( N) ~
=N
( N)
=N
K
1217. ^ `
~
=N
~
=N
310
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
~
=N
~ -
K
1218. `~ `
~
=N
~ K
11.8 Power Series

o~ W I M
m W
=M
~ ( )
=M
t W
o~ `W o
1219. m p
~
=M
= ~ M + ~N + ~ O O + K + ~ + K
1220. m p ( M )
~ ( )
=M
= ~ M + ~ N ( M ) + ~ O ( M ) + K + ~ ( M ) + K
O
1221. f~ `
q ~
( ) = ~ ( M ) ~ ~
=M
311
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1222. o~ `
f ~ ( M oI M + o )
o M I o ~ ~ K f
~
~
N
o = K
o =
~
~
+N
11.9 Differentiation and Integration of Power

Series
` W ( )
m W
~
=M
t W
o~ `W o
1223. a~ m p
i ( ) = ~ = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K < o K
=M
qI < o I ( ) I ~ ( )
~
( ) = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K
= ~N + O~ O + P~ P O + K = ~ N K
=N
312
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1224. f~ m p
i ( ) = ~ = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K < o K
=M
qI < o I ~ ( ) ~
( ) = ~ + ~ + ~ + K
O
= ~ M + ~N
O
P
+N
+ ~O + K = ~
+`K
O
P
+N
=M
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series

t W
a~ W ( )
o~ W o
1225. q~ p
( ) = ( ) (~ )
=M
( )
( ~ )
>
= (~ ) + (~ )( ~ ) +
(~ )( ~ ) + o
>
(~ )( ~ )
+K
O>
1226. q o~ ^ HN q
+N
( +N) ( )( ~ )
o =
I ~<< K
( + N)>
1227. j~~ p
313
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
( ) = ( ) (M )
=M
(M ) O
( ) (M )
= (M ) + (M ) +
+K+
+ o
>
O>
>
11.11 Power Series Expansions for Some

Functions
t W
o~ W
1228. = N + +
1229. ~ = N +
O P
+
+K+
+K
O> P>
>
( ~ ) + K
~ ( ~ ) ( ~ )
+
+
+K+
N>
O>
P>
>
O
( N) +N K I N < N K
O P Q
1230. (N + ) = + + K +
O P
Q
+N
1231.
N+
P R T
= O + + + + K I < N K
N
P
R
T
N N N P N N R
+
1232. = O
+
K I > M K
+
+
+
N
P
N
R
1233. = N
( N) O K
O Q S
+ +K+
(O )>
O> Q> S>
314
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
( N) O+N K
P R T
1234. = + + K +
(O + N)>
P> R> T>
1235. ~ = +
1236. =
P O R NT T SO V
+
+
+
+KI < K
O
P NR
PNR OUPR
N P O R O T
+ +
+
+ K I < K
P QR VQR QTOR
1237. ~ = +
<NK
1238. ~ =
P N P R
N P RK (O N) O +N
+
+K+
+KI
OP O Q R
O Q SK (O )(O + N)

P N P R
N P RK (O N) O +N
+
+
+K+
+ K I
O
OP OQ R
O Q SK (O )(O + N)
<NK
1239. ~~ =
( N) O+N K I N K
P R T
+ +K+
P
R T
O + N
1240. = N +
O Q S
O
+
+
+K+
+K
(O )>
O> Q> S>
1241. = +
P R T
O +N
+
+
+K+
+K
(O + N)>
P> R> T>
315
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
11.12 Binomial Series

t W I
o~ W
`~W `
1242. (N + ) = N + `N + ` O O + K + ` + K +
1243. ` =
( N)K[ ( N)]
I <NK
>
1244.
N
= N + O P + K I < N K
N+
1245.
N
= N+ + O + P + KI < N K
N
1246. N + = N +
O N P P N P R Q
+KI NK
O OQ OQ S OQ SU
1247. P N + = N +
N O O N O R P N O R U Q
+KI NK
P PS
PSV
P S V NO
11.13 Fourier Series

f~ W ( )
c W ~ M I ~ I
t W
316
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
~
1248. ( ) = M + (~ + )
O
=N
N
1249. ~ = ( )

1250. =
N
( )

317
Chapter 12
Probability
12.1 Permutations and Combinations

m~W m
`~W `
t W I
1251. c~~
> = N O PK( O)( N)
M> = N
1252. m = >
1253. m =
>
( )>
1254. _~ `
>
` = =
> ( )>
1255. ` = `
1256. ` + ` +N = +N ` +N
318
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1257. ` M + `N + ` O + K + ` = O
1258. m~~ q~
o M
o N
o O
o P
o Q
o R
o S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
P
Q
R
N
N
P
S
NM
NR
N
Q
NM
OM
NR
12.2 Probability Formulas

bW Î _
m~W m
o~ ~~W uI vI w
s~ ~ ~~W I I
b ~ uW
^ ~ W
p~~ ~W
s~~W O
a W ( ) I ( )
1259. m~ ~ b
m( ^ ) = I
I
~ K
319
N
R
N
S
1260. o~ m~ s~
M m(^ ) N
1261. `~ b
m( ^ ) = N
1262. f b
m( ^ ) = M
1263. `
m(^ ) = N m(^ )
1264. f b
m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) I
m(_ L ^ ) = m(_ )
1265. ^ o f b
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ )
1266. j~ o f b
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) m(_ )
1267. d~ ^ o
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) m(^ _ ) I
^ _ ^ ~ _I
^ _ ^ ~ _K
1268. `~ m~
m(^ _ )
m( ^ L _ ) =
m(_ )
1269. m(^ _ ) = m(_ ) m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) m(_ L ^ )
320
1270. i~ q~ m~
m(^ ) = m(_ )m(^ L _ ) I

=N
_ ~ ~ K
1271. _~ q
m(^ L _ ) m(_ )
m(_ L ^ ) =
m(^ )
1272. _~ c~
m(_ ) m(^ L _ )
m(_ L ^ ) =
I
m(_ ) m(^ L _ )
=N
_ ~ ~ EFI
^ ~ I
m(_ ) ~ ~I
m(_ L ^ ) ~ ~K
1273. i~ i~ k
p
m M ~ I

m < N ~ I

p ~ ~~I
K
1274. ` f~
s(u )
m( u ) O I
s(u ) ~~ uK
321
1275. k~ a c
( ) O
N
O
( ) =
O I
O
~ ~~ K
1276. p~~ k~ a c
O
N O
( ) =
O
^~ ~ = M I ~ = N K
Figure 210.
1277. p~~ w s~
u
w=
1278. `~ k~ a c
N
c( ) =
( ) O
OO
322
~ ~~ I
~ ~~ ~K

1279. m( < u < ) = c
c
I

u ~ ~ ~~I
c ~ ~ I
m( < u < ) ~ ~K
1280. m( u < ) = Oc I
u ~ ~ ~~I
c ~ ~ K
1281. `~ a c
c( ) = m(u < ) = ( ) I
~ ~~ ~K
1282. _ q~ m
= I O = I
~ I
~ ~ I
~ ~I = N K
1283. _~ a c

(I I ) = I
323
= I O = I
( ) = ( + ) I
~ I
~ I
~ ~I = N K
1284. d a
m(q = ) = N I
N
= I O = O I
q I
I
~ ~ ~ I
~ ~I = N K
1285. m a

m(u = ) I = I
>
O
=I = I
~ I
K
1286. a c
m(~ u ) = ( )
~
1287. ` r a
~+
N
I =
I
=
~
O
324
K
1288. b~ a c
( ) = I = I O = O
I ~ ~K
1289. b~ a c
c( ) = N I
I ~ ~K
1290. b s~ a o~ s~~
= b(u ) = I
=N
~ ~~ I ~K
1291. b s~ ` o~ s~~
= b(u ) = ( )
1292. m b~
b(u + v ) = b(u ) + b(v ) I
b(u v ) = b(u ) b(v ) I
b(u ) = b(u ) I
b(uv ) = b(u ) b(v ) I
~ ~K
1293. b(u O ) = s(u ) + O I
= b(u ) ~I
s(u ) ~~K
325
1294. j~ f~
b(u )
m(u > )
I
~K
1295. s~~ a o~ s~~
O = s(u ) = b (u ) = ( ) I
O
=N
~ ~~ I
~K
1296. s~~ ` o~ s~~
] ( ) ( )
= s(u ) = b (u ) =
O
1297. m s~~
s(u + v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I
s(u v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I
s(u + ) = s(u ) I
s(u ) = O s(u ) I
~ ~K
1298. p~~ a~
a(u ) = s(u ) = b (u )
1299. `~~
(uI v ) = b[(u (u ))(v (v ))] = b(uv ) (u )(v ) I
u ~ ~~I
s(u ) ~~ uI
~ u vK
326
1300. `~
(uI v )
I
(uI v ) =
s(u )s(v )
s(u ) ~~ uI
s(v ) ~~ vK
327

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5 j^qof`bp ^ka abqbojfk^kqp

1.1 Set Identities

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.2 Sets of Numbers

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.3 Basic Identities

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.4 Complex Numbers

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

2.1 Factoring Formulas

~ Q Q = (~ O O )(~ O + O ) = (~ )(~ + )(~ O + O )

2.2 Product Formulas

125. ` b~K `~~ c~K

127. f ~ > I < ~ K

135. f ~ > ~ < M I ~ < K

137. f M < ~ < ~ > M I ~ < K

143. f ~ + > M ~ ~ > M I > K

144. f ~ + > M ~ ~ < M I < K

147. f < ~ I ~ < < ~ I ~ > M K

2.8 Compound Interest Formulas

3.1 Right Triangle

3.2 Isosceles Triangle

3.3 Equilateral Triangle

3.4 Scalene Triangle

3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid

3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with

3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle

3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral

3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral

3.16 General Quadrilateral

3.17 Regular Hexagon

3.18 Regular Polygon

3.20 Sector of a Circle

3.21 Segment of a Circle

3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped

3.25 Regular Tetrahedron

3.26 Regular Pyramid

3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge

3.29 Platonic Solids

3.30 Right Circular Cylinder

322. p = p i + Op_ = Oo(e + o ) = e +

3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with

3.32 Right Circular Cone

3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone

3.35 Spherical Cap

3.36 Spherical Sector

3.37 Spherical Segment

3.38 Spherical Wedge

3.40 Circular Torus

4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles

4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric

4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common

4.5 Most Important Formulas

4.6 Reduction Formulas