Renew Energy 1

Dr. Mandar M.
Lele
Thermal Systems/ Energy
Conventional & Non Conventional Energy Resources

Part- 1
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Thermal Systems/ Energy
a)Types of energy:- conventional and non-conventional. b)Need for harnessing alternative energies to meet the increased demand. c) Methods of harnessing energies.
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Thermal Systems/Fuels
Fuels & Combustion
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Fuels & Combustion

Introduction Type of fuels Performance evaluation Energy efficiency opportunities
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Energy Conversion
Oil burns to make heat --> Heat boils water --> Water turns to steam --> Steam pressure turns a turbine --> Turbine turns an electric generator --> Generator produces electricity --> Electricity powers light bulbs --> Light bulbs give off light and heat
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Introduction The Formation of Fuels

Solar energy is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis in plants Energy produced by burning wood or fossil fuels Fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas
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Fuels & Combustion

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Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Usage
Used extensively in industrial applications
Examples
Furnace oil Light diesel oil Petrol Kerosine Ethanol LSHS (low sulphur heavy stock)
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Density
Ratio of the fuels mass to its volume at 15 oC, kg/m3 Useful for determining fuel quantity and quality
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Specific gravity
Ratio of weight of oil volume to weight of same water volume at a given temperature Specific gravity of water is 1 Hydrometer used to measure
Table 1. Specific gravity of various fuel oils (adapted from Thermax India Ltd.) Fuel oil type Specific Gravity LDO (Light Diesel Oil) 0.85-0.87 Furnace oil 0.89-0.95 LSHS (Low Sulphur Heavy Stock) 0.88-0.98 10
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Viscosity
Measure of fuels internal resistance to flow Most important characteristic for storage and use Decreases as temperature increases
Flash point
Lowest temperature at which a fuel can be heated so that the vapour gives off flashes when an open flame is passes over it Flash point of furnace oil: 66oC
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Pour point
Lowest temperature at which fuel will flow Indication of temperature at which fuel can be pumped
Specific heat
kCal needed to raise temperature of 1 kg oil by 1oC (kcal/kgoC) Indicates how much steam/electricity it takes to heat oil to a desired temperature
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Calorific value
Heat or energy produced Gross calorific value (GCV): vapour is fully condensed Net calorific value (NCV): water is not fully condensed
Fuel Oil Kerosene Diesel Oil L.D.O Furnace Oil LSHS Gross Calorific Value (kCal/kg) 11,100 10,800 10,700 10,500 10,600
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Sulphur content
Depends on source of crude oil and less on the refining process Furnace oil: 2-4 % sulphur Sulphuric acid causes corrosion
Ash content
Inorganic material in fuel Typically 0.03 - 0.07% Corrosion of burner tips and damage to materials /equipments at high temperatures
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Carbon residue
Tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid residue on a hot surface Residual oil: >1% carbon residue
Water content
Normally low in furnace oil supplied (<1% at refinery) Free or emulsified form Can damage furnace surface and impact flame
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Storage of fuels
Store in cylindrical tanks above or below the ground Recommended storage: >10 days of normal consumption Cleaning at regular intervals
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Typical specifications of fuel oils
(adapted from Thermax India Ltd.)
Properties Furnace Oil

Density (Approx. g/cc at 150C) Flash Point (0C) Pour Point (0C) G.C.V. (Kcal/kg) Sediment, % Wt. Max. Sulphur Total, % Wt. Max. Water Content, % Vol. Max. Ash % Wt. Max. 0.89-0.95 66 20 10500 0.25 < 4.0 1.0 0.1
Fuel Oils L.S.H.S

0.88-0.98 93 72 10600 0.25 < 0.5 1.0 0.1
L.D.O
0.85-0.87 66 18 10700 0.1 < 1.8 0.25 0.02
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Type of Fuels Solid Fuels

Coal classification
Anthracite: hard and geologically the oldest Bituminous Lignite: soft coal and the youngest Further classification: semi- anthracite, semi-bituminous, and sub-bituminous
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Type of Fuels Solid Fuels

Physical properties
Heating or calorific value (GCV) Moisture content Volatile matter Ash
Chemical properties
Chemical constituents: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur
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Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Physical properties)

Heating or calorific value
The typical GCVs for various coals are: Parameter Lignite (Dry Basis) 4,500 Indian Coal 4,000 Indonesian Coal 5,500 South African Coal 6,000
GCV (kCal/kg)
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Moisture content
% of moisture in fuel (0.5 10%) Reduces heating value of fuel Weight loss from heated and then cooled powdered raw coal
Volatile matter
Methane, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, CO, other Typically 25-35% Easy ignition with high volatile matter Weight loss from heated then cooled crushed coal
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Ash
Impurity that will not burn (5-40%) Important for design of furnace Ash = residue after combustion
Fixed carbon
Fixed carbon = 100 (moisture + volatile matter + ash) Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen residues Heat generator during combustion
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Proximate analysis of coal

Determines only fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash Useful to find out heating value (GCV) Simple analysis equipment
Ultimate analysis of coal

Determines all coal component elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, other Useful for furnace design (e.g flame temperature, flue duct design) Laboratory analysis
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Proximate analysis
Typical proximate analysis of various coals (%)
Indian Coal
Moisture Ash Volatile matter Fixed Carbon 5.98 38.63 20.70 34.69
Indonesian Coal
9.43 13.99 29.79 46.79
South African Coal

8.5 17 23.28 51.22
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Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Chemical Properties)

Ultimate analysis
Typical ultimate analysis of coal (%)
Parameter Moisture Mineral Matter (1.1 x Ash) Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur Oxygen Indian Coal, % 5.98 38.63 41.11 2.76 1.22 0.41 9.89 Indonesian Coal, % 9.43 13.99 58.96 4.16 1.02 0.56 11.88
GCV (kCal/kg)
4000
5500
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Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Chemical Properties)

Storage, Handling & Preparation
Storage to minimize carpet loss and loss due to spontaneous combustion Reduce carpet loss: a) a hard surface b) standard concrete/brick storage bays Coal preparation before use is important for good combustion
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Type of Fuels Gaseous Fuels

Advantages of gaseous fuels
Least amount of handling Simplest burners systems Burner systems require least maintenance Environmental benefits: lowest GHG and other emissions
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Classification of gaseous fuels
(A) Fuels naturally found in nature -Natural gas -Methane from coal mines (B) Fuel gases made from solid fuel -Gases derived from coal -Gases derived from waste and biomass -From other industrial processes (C) Gases made from petroleum -Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG) -Refinery gases -Gases from oil gasification (D) Gases from some fermentation
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Calorific value
Fuel should be compared based on the net calorific value (NCV), especially natural gas
Typical physical and chemical properties of various gaseous fuels
Fuel Gas
Natural Gas Propane Butane
Relative Density
0.6 1.52 1.96
Higher Heating Value kCal/Nm3

9350 22200 28500
Air/Fuel ratio m3/m3

10 25 32
Flame Temp oC
1954 1967 1973
Flame speed m/s

0.290 0.460 0.870
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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Propane, butane and unsaturates, lighter C2
and heavier C5 fractions Hydrocarbons are gaseous at atmospheric pressure but can be condensed to liquid state LPG vapour is denser than air: leaking gases can flow long distances from the source
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Natural gas
Methane: 95% Remaing 5%: ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, other gases High calorific value fuel Does not require storage facilities No sulphur Mixes readily with air without producing smoke or soot
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pentane,
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Type of Fuels Comparing Fuels

Fuel Oil
Carbon Hydrogen Sulphur Oxygen Nitrogen Ash Water 84 12 3 1 Trace Trace Trace
Coal
41.11 2.76 0.41 9.89 1.22 38.63 5.98
Natural Gas
74 25 Trace 0.75 32
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Type of Fuels Calorific value of fuels

The amount of energy in heat units liberated by unit quantity of a fuel is called its calorific value (C.V.). There are two cases to consider Higher Calorific Value (H.C.V.) Lower Calorific Value (L.C.V.)
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1. The Higher or Gross Calorific Value (H.C.V.) This is the energy liberated.per kg, in the case of solid or liquid fuels, or the energy liberated per m3, in the case of gaseous fuels and, in all cases, when the products of combustion are cooled to the original fuel temperature.
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2. The Lower or Net Calorific Value (L.C.V.) In most fuels there is a quantity of hydrogen present and also the fuel may contain some moisture. When burnt, the hydrogen will form H2O and this, together with any moisture in the fuel, will appear as steam in the exhaust or flue. Now, in general, it is not convenient to cool the exhaust products sufficiently and hence the H2O leaves as steam. It has thus left without giving up its enthalpy of evaporation which is, therefore, not made available to the plant. For this reason, the lower or net calorific value of a fuel has been introduced.
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This is determined by reducing the higher calorific value by the amount of the enthalpy of evaporation leaving in the H2O in the products. Now the mass of H2O in the products/kg fuel burnt = (m+9H2) kg
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The specific enthalpy of evaporation/kg steam, which leaves with the products, is taken as 2442 kJ/kg. This is the specific enthalpy of evaporation of steam at 25C. From this then, L.C.V. = {H.C.V.-2442(m+9H2)} kJ/kg where, m = mass moisture/kg fuel, H2 = mass H2/kg fuel.
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The determination of the calorific value of fuels (Calorimeter)
In the case of solid and some liquid fuels the calorific value is usually determined in a bomb calorimeter. In the case of gaseous and some liquid fuels the calorific value is determined in a gas calorimeter.
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Fuels & Combustion

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Performance Evaluation Principles of Combustion

Combustion: rapid oxidation of a fuel Complete combustion: total oxidation of fuel (adequate supply of oxygen needed) Air: 20.9% oxygen, 79% nitrogen and other Nitrogen: (a) reduces the combustion efficiency (b) forms NOx at high temperatures Carbon forms (a) CO2 (b) CO resulting in less heat production
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Performance Evaluation Principles of Combustion

Control the 3 Ts to optimize combustion: 1T) Temperature 2T) Turbulence 3T) Time Water vapor is a by-product of burning fuel that contains hydrogen and this robs heat from the flue gases
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Performance Evaluation Principle of Combustion

Oxygen is the key to combustion
Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India, 2004 42
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Performance Evaluation Stochiometric calculation of air required

Stochiometric air needed for combustion of furnace oil Theoretical CO2 content in the flue gases Actual CO2 content and % excess air Constituents of flue gas with excess air Theoretical CO2 and O2 in dry flue gas by volume
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Performance Evaluation Concept of Excess Air

Measure CO2 in flue gases to estimate excess air level and stack losses Excess air (%)
Carbon dioxide (%)

Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India, 2004 44
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Performance Evaluation Concept of Excess Air

Measure O2 in flue gases to estimate excess air level and stack losses
Excess air (%)
Residual oxygen (%)

Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India, 2004 45
Training Agenda: Fuels & Combustion

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Four main areas

Preheating of combustion oil Temperature control of combustion oil Preparation of solid fuels Combustion controls
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Preheating of Combustion Oil

Purpose: to make furnace oil easier to pump Two methods:
Preheating the entire tank Preheating through an outflow heater as the oil flows out
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Temperature Control of Combustion Oil

To prevent overheating
With reduced or stopped oil flow Especially electric heaters
Using thermostats
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Preparation of Solid Fuels

Sizing and screening of coal
Important for efficient combustion Size reduction through crushing and pulverizing (< 4 - 6 mm) Screen to separate fines and small particles Magnetic separator for iron pieces in coal
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Conditioning of coal:
Coal fines cause combustion problems Segregation can be reduced by conditioning coal with water Decrease % unburnt carbon
Decrease excess air level required
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Blending of coal
Used with excessive coal fines Blending of lumped coal with coal containing fines Limits fines in coal being fired to <25%
Ensures more uniform coal supply
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities Combustion Controls

Assist burner to achieve optimum boiler efficiency through the regulation of fuel supply, air supply, and removal of combustion gases Three controls:
On/Off control: burner is firing at full rate or it is turned off High/Low/Off control: burners with two firing rates Modulating control: matches steam pressure demand by altering the firing rate
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Thermal Systems/ Solar Energy
Non Conventional Energy Resources
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Solar Energy Wind Energy Tidal & Wave Energy Biogas Energy
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Solar Energy
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What is Solar Energy?

Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun. Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).
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How much solar energy?

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.
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Advantages of Solar Energy

All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth. Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the planets fossil fuels, both used and unused!
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Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Sun does not shine consistently. Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity. Addressed by approaching the problem through: 1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.
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Putting Solar Energy to Use: Heating Water

Two methods of heating water: passive (no moving parts) and active (pumps). In both, a flat-plate collector is used to absorb the suns energy to heat the water. The water circulates throughout the closed system due to convection currents. Tanks of hot water are used as storage.
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Heating Water: Active System

Active System uses antifreeze so that the liquid does not freeze if outside temp. drops below freezing.
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Heating Living Spaces

Passive Solar
Trombe Wall Passively heated home in Colorado

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Heating Living Spaces

A passively heated home uses about 60-75% of the solar energy that hits its walls and windows. The Center for Renewable Resources estimates that in almost any climate, a well-designed passive solar home can reduce energy bills by 75% with an added construction cost of only 510%. About 25% of energy is used for water and space heating. Major factor discouraging solar heating is low energy prices. 70
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Power Towers
Power tower in Barstow, California.

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Parabolic Dishes and Troughs
Collectors in southern CA. Because they work best under direct sunlight, parabolic dishes and troughs must be steered throughout the day in the direction of the sun.
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Direct Conversion into Electricity

Photovoltaic cells are capable of directly converting sunlight into electricity. A simple wafer of silicon with wires attached to the layers. Current is produced based on types of silicon (nand p-types) used for the layers. Each cell=0.5 volts. Battery needed as storage No moving parts do no wear out, but because they are exposed to the weather, their lifespan is about 20 years. 76
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Solar Panels in Use

Because of their current costs, only rural and other customers far away from power lines use solar panels because it is more cost effective than extending power lines. Note that utility companies are already purchasing, installing, and maintaining PV-home systems (Idaho Power Co.). Largest solar plant in US, sponsored by the DOE, served the Sacramento area, producing 2195 MWh of electric energy, making it cost competitive with fossil fuel plants.
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Thermal Systems/Wind Energy
Wind Energy
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What is Wind ? What is wind energy?

Thermal Systems/ Wind Energy
The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed into other forms of energy, either mechanical energy or electrical energy. When the wind fills a boat sail, the boat is using wind energy to push it through the water.
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Wind Energy Through the Years

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How is Wind Formed?

Theoretically, about 1 to 2% of the suns radiation turns into wind energy when it arrives at the earth, which is about a hundred times of all the energy consumed on the planet.
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How to Extract Wind Energy?

All moving objects contain kinetic energy. The kinetic energy contained in wind can be transferred to other objects, such as boat sails, or transformed into electrical energy through wind turbine generators.
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How is electricity generated by wind turbine?

Wind blows over the angled blades and results in a turning force. The force will turn the shaft, gearbox and generator, which are all connected. The gearbox increases the rotational speed, enabling the generator to produce electricity. The yaw control would turn the rotor and nacelle to face the wind.
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Onshore Wind Farms

Onshore wind farms continue to make up the majority of wind farms around the world. Advantages Lower construction costs compared with offshore wind farms, easy access for maintenance, relatively convenient to connect to power grids. Constraints Height restrictions for hilltop wind turbines, unsteady wind conditions, concerns over noise and visual impact on the environment.
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Offshore Wind Farms

They are typically constructed in regions with high population densities with few suitable sites. Advantages Steady and stronger supply of wind than onshore wind farms, less visual impact, less likely to be affected by height restrictions than hilltop wind turbines. Constraints Higher construction costs, subject to water depth restrictions (most existing off-shore installations are in waters shallower than 20 m.
An offshore wind farm located at Rodsand of Denmark, with 72 wind turbines, total installed capacity of 165.6 MW.
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Installed Wind Power Capacity Worldwide

Rank 1 2 3 Country Germany Spain USA Installed Capacity 16,629 MW 8,236 MW 6,740 MW
Germany Schuby Wind Farm, near Schleswig, with installed capacity of 18 MW.
Spain Leitza-Beruete Wind Farm, Navarre, Spain, with installed capacity of 19.2 MW
USA White Deer Wind Farm, Texas, with installed capacity of 80 MW.
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Case Study
Denmark & China Denmark has the worlds 4th-largest total installed wind power capacity at 3,118 MW ( end of 2004). Wind energy made up over 18% of Danish electricity consumption in 2004. Most modern wind turbines adopt a threebladed machine designed by Denmark. ( 40% of the world market in wind turbine manufacturing) China ranks 10th in the world in terms of total installed wind power capacity with 764 MW as of the end of 2004.
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Rejsby Hede Wind Farm, in Denmark, consists of 40 turbines with a total installed capacity of 24 MW. A wind farm in Huitengxile, Inner Mongolia, consisting of 72 turbines with a total installed capacity of 42.7 MW
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Benefits of Wind Energy

It is clean and does not pollute the air Wind turbines do not emit greenhouse gases or contribute to global warming. It does not deplete resources Every 1 million units of electricity generated by a wind turbine can offset approximately 350 tonnes of coal. It is more cost-effective than other forms of renewable energy As wind energy technology matures, construction and operating costs continue to drop, providing greater cost effectiveness
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Challenges of Wind Energy

It is intermittent and unpredictable Wind turbine generator outputs are not controllable or predictable. Wind energy alone cannot be relied upon as the sole source of electricity. Wind farms occupy large areas Places with high population densities and land limitation often have difficulty finding the necessary space for wind farms
* Wind turbines can impose adverse impact on the environment Impact on migrating birds. Create noise, visual blight.
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Tides and Waves
Energy from Tides and Waves
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Turning Tides into Usable Energy

Ebb generating system A dam (barrage) is built across the mouth of an estuary. Sluice gates allow incoming tides to fill the basin. As the tide ebbs, the water is forced through a turbine system to generate electricity.
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Types of Turbines
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Bulb turbine used at La Rance tidal plant on the Brittany coast in France
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Turbines, cont.
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Rim turbine used at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia
Tubular turbine proposed for use in the Severn tidal project in Great Britain
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Other Possibilities
Tidal Fences Completely blocks a channel so as the tide rises, water is forced through the styles to turn them. Can be used between islands or between a mainland and an island as opposed to only across the mouth of a confined bay.
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Tides and Waves
Dr. Mandar M. Lele Tidal Turbines Only been feasible for about 5 years Similar to wind turbines, they use tidal currents to turn propellers mounted on the seabed to generate power.
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Turning Waves into Usable Energy

Oscillating water column Incoming waves force air up column to turn the turbine Outgoing waves suck air down column to turn the turbine
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Tapered Channel System (TAPCHAN)

Waves feed through tapered channel into reservoir and are then fed through a turbine Kinetic energy of the moving wave is changed to potential energy as water is collected in the reservoir Concept is similar to that of traditional hydroelectric devices
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Floating Devices (Salter Duck, Clam, Archimedes)

Salter Duck-Electricity is generated through the movement of the device on the wave (bobbing up and down)
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Wave and Tidal Energy

What Can It Be Used For?
The most practical use for tidal energy is for conversion to electricity (similar to hydroelectric dams)
- this is done by creating a dam or barrage, containing several gates
and turbines, across an estuary. When there is a difference in water level across the dam, the gates are opened, water flows through the turbines (creating a hydrostatic head), and an electric generator is activated. -generation of electricity peaks and ebbs with the tides each day, so that there is a peak of maximum generation every twelve hours, with no generation at the converse twelve hour mark.
Gilbrat Ratio
- ratio of annual energy production in kilowatt hours to length of barrage in meters. - used to determine cost effectiveness and efficiency of tidal power site
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Advantages
Renewable Abundant (estimated that it could produce 16% of worlds energy.) Pollution free (except during construction) Relatively consistent (unlike wind that is inconsistent and is highly concentrated in certain areas depending on the topography.) Water is a free resource Presents no difficulty to migrating aquatic animals (avoidable)
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Tides and Waves
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Disadvantages
Disturbance/Destruction to marine life (effect wave climate that effects shallow/shore plant life) Expensive to construct (estimated 1.2 billion dollars.) Reliability ( have not been around long so we do not know long-term reliability is.) Recreational costs (visual impact, sport fishing, swimming, etc.) Cost of Maintenance Higher Power transmission from offshore facilities harder Power quality (waves fluctuation)
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Tides and Waves
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Present use of Tidal Energy

Tidal power has on a small scale been used through out the history of mankind. It was not until the twentieth century that large scale tidal projects were considered. Today, sites suitable for the utilization of tidal power exist in many places around the world. France United Kingdom Former Soviet Union Canada United States
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Tides and Waves
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Present use of Tidal Energy

The extraction of large quantities of tidal
Tides and Waves
energy is possible however, large scale tidal power operations are not
technologically or economically feasible at the present time. Tidal sites are therefore limited to more modest
developments.
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Biogas is the name applied to a gaseous product released from anaerobic decomposition of different bio-wastes. In this process, organic wastes are anaerobically fermented by microorganisms.
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Biogas Energy
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The gas thus produced contains about 60% methane and 40% CO2. Biogas can be produced from cow dung, leaf litter mixtures, animal excreta particularly dairy cattle, pig and sheep etc.
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Biogas Energy
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This is one of the popular treatment methods even for municipal waste, various industrial wastes such as dairy, tannery, fruit processing, pharmaceutical etc.
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Biogas Energy
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Advantages of Non Conventional Energy
Available in unlimited extent. Very low operation cost. Very Low maintenance Cost Totally pollution free.
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Disadvantages of Non Conventional Energy

High capital cost Low output in terms of power and efficiency as compared to conventional sources of energy. Conveyance from one place to other is difficult Conversion from one form to other is difficult Storage is difficult. These energy sources cannot be explored under unfavourable atmospheric conditions such as cloudy environment for producing solar energy or very calm days for producing wind energy etc.
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Impact of Harnessing Various Sources Of Energy on Environment
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Impact of Harnessing Various Sources Of Energy on Environment
As discussed, it is clear that, particularly in case of conventional energy sources, lot of burden is put on the environment. With rapid industrialization and population explosion, demand for these sources of energy is ever increasing. These energy sources are used to run the industries, vehicles and for generating power. This ultimately leads to degradation of environment, air, water, land and noise pollution. Hence there is a need for harnessing the energy.
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Need for Harnessing Energy Sources

Due to rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, the dependency for energy is ever increasing. But the availability of energy in India is far less than the demand. Hence there is a need to harness the energy resources. Wherever possible, the emphasis shall be given on using the renewable energy sources.
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Need for Harnessing Energy Sources To promote the use of such sources, some corporations and civic authorities have implemented some schemes such as tax rebate for those who adopt such sources. The central government also provides subsidy to some projects such as use of solar water heaters, wind mills etc.
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It shall be noted that although nonconventional energy sources are the best alternatives for fulfilling our need for energy and at the same time to prevent the environmental degradation, these sources have some limitations such as high initial cost, low output efficiency as compared to conventional sources of energy, difficulties in storage and transmission etc. Hence an integral approach to connect the nonconventional sources with conventional sources in the form of harnessing the energy shall be adopted.
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There are many sugar industries in India including Maharashtra, who have started their own co-generation power plants. The sugar waste bagasse, (which is a dry left out of sugarcane) is used as fuel in boiler from which steam is generated and further turbines could be run to produce electricity.
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Ethanol which is a by-product manufactured from the sugar waste molasses, is mixed with petrol to the extent of @ 10% by volume, resulting in huge saving in foreign exchange for the country. Apart from this in some instances, the organic waste in the form of solid waste generated from the community is used to produce electricity or even at household level, the kitchen waste or the human excreta is used to produce biogas.
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Although the percentage of population utilising these non-conventional energy sources is very poor at present, with the advancement of technology and spread of awareness amongst the common people to use such alternative energy sources, the dependency on conventional sources of energy will reduce. This will help the human population across the globe and will help to reduce main critical global issues such as global warming, climate change etc.
124
Dr. Mandar M. Lele
Need for Harnessing Energy Sources As mentioned above, the use of conventional in energy
sources
uncontrolled
manner creates all sorts of pollution of the environment.
125

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Dr. Mandar M.

Thermal Systems/ Energy

Conventional & Non Conventional Energy Resources

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Thermal Systems/ Energy

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Fuels & Combustion

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Fuels & Combustion

Introduction Type of fuels Performance evaluation Energy efficiency opportunities

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Introduction The Formation of Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Fuels & Combustion

Introduction Type of fuels Performance evaluation Energy efficiency opportunities

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Liquid Fuels

Properties Furnace Oil

Fuel Oils L.S.H.S

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Physical properties)

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Physical properties)

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Physical properties)

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Physical properties)

Proximate analysis of coal

Ultimate analysis of coal

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Physical properties)

South African Coal

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Chemical Properties)

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Solid Fuels (Chemical Properties)

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Gaseous Fuels

Dr. Mandar M. Lele

Type of Fuels Gaseous Fuels