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Introduction
Seven-segment displays are very common and have been for quite some time. They can be found everywhere from the price signs at gas stations to the display on your microwave oven to digital wristwatches. LED seven-segment displays have become very popular in consumer electronics, mainly because of their low power usage, ease of production and cost effectiveness A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9.. The most common configuration has an array of eight LEDs arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is assigned a name from 'a' to 'h' and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs 'a' to 'g' are used to display the numerals while eighth LED 'h' is used to display the dot/decimal.
Working
Its operating principle is to input a four-bit BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) value, and energize the proper output lines to form the corresponding decimal digit on the 7segmen LED display. The BCD inputs are designated A, B, C, and D in order from least-significant to mostsignificant. Outputs are labeled a, b, c, d, e, f, and g, each letter corresponding to a standardized segment designation for 7 segment displays. Of course, since each LED segment requires its own
dropping resistor, we must use seven 470 resistors placed in series between the 4511's output terminals and the corresponding terminals of the display unit. Most 7 segment displays also provide for a decimal point (sometimes two!), a separate LED and terminal designated for its operation. All LEDs inside the display unit are made common to each other on one side, either cathode or anode. The 4511display driver IC requires a commoncathode 7 segment unit, and so that is what is used here. After building the circuit and applying power, operate the four switches in a binary counting sequence (0000 to 1111), noting the 7 segment. A 0000 input should result in a decimal "0"display, a 0001 input should result in a decimal "1"display, and so on through 1001 (decimal "9"). Truth table BCD inputs D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 a 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 segment outputs display c 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 e 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 f 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 g 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
The difference between the two displays is the common cathode has all the cathodes of the 7segments connected directly together and the common anode has all the anodes of the 7segments connected together.
When working with a CA seven segment display, power must be applied externally to the the anode connection that is common to all the segments. Then by applying a ground to a particular segment connection (a-g), the appropriate segment will light up. An additional resistor must be added to the circuit to limit the amount of current flowing thru each LED segment.
For the use of this seven segment the common cathode connection must be grounded and power must be applied to appropriate segment in order to illuminate that segment.
IC 7447
The IC7447 is a BCD to 7-segment pattern converter. The IC7447 takes the Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) as the input and outputs the relevant 7 segment code. We connect first four pins of the microcontroller Port 2 to the 7447 and the Output 8 pins of 7447 to the 8 legs of the LED as shown in the figure. Te circuit diagrams are shown below, the first figure is interfacing the CA LED where as the second is of CC LED. The number required to display is sent as the lower nibble of the Port 2 of the Microcontroller. The 7447 converts the four input bits (BCD) to their corresponding 7-segment codes. The outputs of the 7447 are connected to the 7-segment display.
Advantages of seven segment display:Cost Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are extremely cheap. Diodes are one of the most simple electrical components , and they are extremely easy to make. A trip to your local electronics store will reveal packages of hundreds of LEDs for only a few dollars. Simplicity Seven-segment displays are extremely simple electronic circuits. A simple seven-segment display circuit consists of four input leads; a BCD chip, which contains logic gates to translate the four leads into seven binary signals, or integrated circuit chip; and the seven-segment display itself. Most seven-segment displays are capable of displaying all 16 hexadecimal values (1 through 9 and A through F). Reliability Since the seven-segment circuit is so simple, there is a decreased risk of circuit malfunction due to component failure. Seven-segment LED displays are used in a wide range of environments from very hot to well below freezing. As there is no liquid inside the unit to freeze, as there is in LCD displays, an LED display can operate at very low temperatures. Efficiency LED displays in general are extremely efficient. Diodes dissipate very little energy. Lightemitting diodes emit slightly more energy than a standard diode in order to produce the photons (light) that you see, but the voltage drop across a typical LED is so small that it is negligible. Because of this high efficiency, many electronics makers favor LED technology over LCD technology because it lowers power supply requirements and reduces the cost of using devices. Limitations Most seven-segment displays are limited to displaying the 16 hexadecimal characters. Some can display only the numbers 0 through 9. Although LED technology exists to display more than this, seven-segment displays are limited to possible binary combinations of the four input leads, for a total of 16. Integrated circuit technology can increase this somewhat, but there are still a limited number of combinations for the seven segments on the display.
Applications
Instrument led display In calculator as a display In digital watches IR LED finds application in burglar alarm system.
Refrences Electrical and electronic measurements by A K SAHNEY Digital electronics by MORRIS MANO WIKIPEDIA Digital Electronics by ANAND KUMAR