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Barbados

Flag Coat of arms


Motto: "Pride and Industry"
Anthem: In Plenty and In Time of Need
Capital
(and largest city)
Bridgetown
130N 5932W
Official languages English
Recognised
regional languages
Bajan
Ethnic groups 90% Afro-Bajan (Igbo,
Yoruba, Akan, others), 6%
Asian and Multiracial,
Arawak, Mulatto, 4%
European (English, Irish,
other)
Demonym Barbadian, Bajan
(colloquial)
Government Parliamentary democracy and
Constitutional monarchy
- Monarch Elizabeth II
- Governor-
General
Clifford Husbands
- Prime Minister David Thompson
Independence From the United Kingdom
- Date 30 November 1966
Area
- Total
431 km
2
(199th)
167 sq mi
- Water (%) negligible
Population
- 2009 estimate
284,589
[1]
(180th)
- 2001 census 250,012
- Density
660/km
2
(15th)
1,704/sq mi
Barbados
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Barbados (pronounced /brbedoz, brbeds/),
situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is a West Indian
continental island-nation in the western Atlantic Ocean.
After a brief claim by Spain in 1492 and later Portugal,
[3]
Barbados became a colony and protectorate of the United
Kingdom for over three centuries. The country currently
maintains Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. Located at
roughly 13 North of the equator and 59 West of the
prime meridian, it is considered a part of the Lesser
Antilles. Its closest island neighbours are Martinique, Saint
Lucia, and Saint Vincent & the Grenadines to the west. To
the south lies Trinidad and Tobagowith which Barbados
now shares a fixed official maritime boundaryand also
the South American mainland. Barbados's total land area is
about 430 square kilometres (166 square miles), and is
primarily low-lying, with some higher in the country's
interior. The highest point in Barbados is Mount Hillaby in
the parish of Saint Andrew.
The geological composition of Barbados is of non-volcanic
origin, predominantly limestone-coral. After the break of
South America from Africa in the Mesozoic, a reef formed.
During the Cenozoic, as both the Caribbean and South
American plates moved westward, the two plates impacted
and pressed this reef upward.
[4]
Barbados is part of a
North Atlantic Ocean submarine mountain range located to
the east of the Windward Islands. This range stretches
from its close proximity of Puerto Rico in the north, to a
south-easterly direction toward Venezuela. The island of
Barbados forms the only part of this mountain range that
rises above sea level.
[5]
The island's climate is tropical, with constant trade winds
off the Atlantic Ocean serving to keep temperatures mild.
Some less developed areas of the country contain tropical
woodland and mangroves. Other parts of the interior which
contribute to the agriculture industry are dotted with large
sugarcane estates and wide, gently sloping pastures, with
panoramic views down to the coast also.
Barbados's Human Development Index ranking is
consistently among the top 75 countries in the world. In
report published on October 5, 2009, it was ranked 37th in
the world, and third in the Americas, behind Canada and
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GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate
- Total
$5.231 billion
[2]
(149th)
- Per capita
$18,977
[2]
(39th)
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate
- Total
$3.670 billion
[2]

- Per capita
$13,314
[2]

HDI (2009) 0.903 (Very High) (37th)
Currency Barbadian dollar ($) (BBD)
Time zone Eastern Caribbean (UTC-4)
Drives on the left
Internet TLD .bb
Calling code +1 (spec. +1-246)
the United States.
[6]
Although Barbados' history is heavily
influenced by its mainstay of sugar production, the
economy is now dominated by services and tourism. The
country is one of the largest global domiciles of captive
insurance,
[7][8]
and a growing number of companies have
been expanding call centres to Barbados.
[9][10]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Early history
1.3 British colonial rule
2 Government and politics
2.1 Law
2.2 Courts
2.3 Foreign relations
2.4 Maritime dispute
3 Geography and climate
4 Parishes
5 Economy
6 Transport
7 Tourism
7.1 Attractions, landmarks and points of
interest
8 Demographics
8.1 Languages
8.2 Religion
9 Healthcare
10 Education
11 Culture
12 Sports in Barbados
13 National symbols
13.1 Flower
13.2 Flag
13.3 Golden Shield
13.4 Coat of arms
14 National heroes
15 International rankings
16 See also
17 References
18 Bibliography
18.1 Videography
19 External links
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[edit] History
Main articles: History of Barbados and Timeline of Barbadian history
[edit] Etymology
According to accounts by descendants of the aboriginal Arawak tribes on other local islands, the original
name for Barbados is Ichirouganaim.
The reason for the name "Barbados" is controversial. The Portuguese, en route to Brazil
[11][12]
or the
Spanish
[13]
were the first Europeans to discover and name the island. The word Barbados means "bearded",
but it is a matter of conjecture whether "bearded" refers to the long, hanging roots of the bearded fig-tree
(Ficus citrifolia), indigenous to the island; to the bearded Caribs once inhabiting the island as supported by
Dr. Richard Allsopp, a Caribbean linguist; or to the foam spraying over the outlying reefs giving the
impression of a beard. In 1519, a map produced by the Genoese mapmaker Visconte Maggiolo showed and
named Barbados in its correct position.
Another name associated with Barbados or her people is "Bim","Bimshire" and De rock. The origin is
uncertain but several theories abound, the National Cultural Foundation of Barbados follows the Dr. Richard
Allsopp theory, which is that "Bim" was a word commonly used by slaves and that it derives from the phrase
"bi mu"
[14]
or either ("bem", "Ndi bem", "Nwanyi ibem" or "Nwoke ibem")
[15]
from an Igbo phrase, meaning
"my people." In colloquial or literary contexts, "Bim" can also take a more deific tone, referring to the
"goddess" Barbados.
The word Bim and Bimshire are recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary and the Chamber's Twentieth
Century Dictionaries. Another possible source for "Bim" is reported to be in the Agricultural Reporter of 25
April 1868, The Rev. N Greenidge (father of one of the island's most famous scholars, Abel Hendy Jones
Greenidge) suggested the listing of Bimshire as a county of England. Expressly named were "Wiltshire,
Hampshire, Berkshire, and Bimshire".
[15]
Lastly in the Daily Argosy (of Demerara i.e. Guyana) of 1652 it
referred to Bim as a possible corruption of the word "Byam", who was a Royalist leader against the
Parliamentarians. That source suggested the followers of Byam became known as Bims and became a word
for all Barbadians.
[15]
[edit] Early history
The first indigenous people are thought to be Amerindians who arrived from Venezuela around approximately
350-400 B.C. The Arawak people were the second wave of migrants, arriving from South America around
800. In the thirteenth century, the Caribs arrived from South America in the third wave, displacing both the
Arawak and the Salodoid-Barrancoid culture. For the next few centuries, the Caribs like the Arawak and
the Salodoid-Barrancoid lived in isolation on the island.
[16]
The Portuguese briefly claimed Barbados from the mid-1500s to the 1600s, and may have seized the Caribs
on Barbados and used them as slave labour. Other Caribs are believed to have fled to neighbouring islands.
Apart from possibly displacing the Caribs, the Portuguese left little impact and by the 1610s left for South
America, leaving the island almost uninhabited. Some Arawaks still live in Barbados.
[16]
[edit] British colonial rule
British sailors who landed on Barbados in 1625 arrived at the site of present-day Holetown. The British then
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took possession of Barbados in the name of James I. From the arrival of the first British settlers in 16271628
until independence in 1966, Barbados was under uninterrupted British governance (and was the only
Caribbean island that did not change hands during the colonial period). Nevertheless, Barbados always
enjoyed a large measure of local autonomy. Its House of Assembly began meeting in 1639. Among the initial
important British figures was Sir William Courten.
With the increased implementation of slave codes, which created differential treatment between Africans and
the white workers and planters, the island became increasingly unattractive to poor whites. Black or slave
codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions
were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. However, an increasingly repressive legal
system caused the gap between the treatment of typically white indentured servants and black slaves to
widen. Imported slaves became much more attractive for the rich planters who would increasingly dominate
the island not only economically but also politically.
Some have speculated that, because the Africans could withstand tropical diseases and the climate much
better than the white slave population, the white population decreased. This is inconsistent with the fact that
many poor whites simply migrated to neighbouring islands and remained in tropical climates. Nevertheless,
poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so. Planters expanded their importation of
African slaves to cultivate sugar cane. The inhabitants of Barbados turned from mainly English and
Scots-Irish in the seventeenth century to overwhelmingly black by the end of the 18th century.
Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries after starting sugar cane cultivation in
1640.
[17]
One group which was instrumental for ensuring the early success of the sugar cane industry were
the Sephardic Jews, who originally been expelled from the Iberian peninsula to end up in Dutch Brazil.
[17]
This quickly replaced tobacco plantations on the islands which were previously the main export. As the sugar
industry developed into its main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates
that replaced the smallholdings of the early British settlers. Some of the displaced farmers moved to other
British colonies in the Americas, most notably North and South Carolina, and British Guiana, as well as
Panama. To work the plantations, planters imported enslaved West Africans to Barbados and other Caribbean
islands.
The British abolished the slave trade in 1807 but not the institution itself. In 1816, slaves arose in the largest
major slave rebellion in the island's history. Twenty thousand slaves from over seventy plantations rebelled.
They drove whites off the plantations, but widespread killings did not take place. This was later termed
Bussa's Rebellion after the slave ranger Bussa, who with his assistants hated slavery, found the treatment of
slaves on Barbados to be intolerable, and believed the political climate in the UK made the time ripe to
peacefully negotiate with planters for freedom (Davis, p. 211; Northrup, p. 191). Bussa's Rebellion failed.
One hundred and twenty slaves died in combat or were immediately executed; another 144 were brought to
trial and executed; remaining rebels were shipped off the island (Davis, pp. 212213).
Slavery was finally abolished in the British Empire eighteen years later in 1834. In Barbados and the rest of
the British West Indian colonies, full emancipation from slavery was preceded by an apprenticeship period
that lasted four years.
Statue of Lord Nelson in
National Heroes Square
which predates the more
famous Nelson's Column by
some 27 years.
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In 1884, the Barbados Agricultural Society sent a letter to Sir Francis Hincks requesting his private and public
views on whether the Dominion of Canada would favourably entertain having the then colony of Barbados
admitted as a member of the Canadian Confederation. Asked of Canada were the terms of the Canadian side
to initiate discussions, and whether or not the island of Barbados could depend on the full influence of
Canada in getting the change agreed to by the United Kingdom. Then in 1952 the Barbados Advocate
newspaper polled several prominent Barbadian politicians, lawyers, businessmen, the Speaker of the
Barbados House of Assembly and later as first President of the Senate, Sir Theodore Branker, Q.C. and found
them to be in favour of immediate federation of Barbados along with the rest of the British Caribbean with
complete Dominion Status within five years from the date of inauguration of the West Indies Federation with
Canada.
However, plantation owners and merchants of British descent still dominated local politics, owing to the high
income qualification required for voting. More than 70% of the population, many of them disenfranchised
women, were excluded from the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s that the descendants of
emancipated slaves began a movement for political rights. One of the leaders of this movement, Sir Grantley
Adams, founded the Barbados Labour Party in 1938, then known as the Barbados Progressive League.
While being a staunch supporter of the monarchy, Adams and his party also demanded more rights for the
poor and for the people. Progress toward a more democratic government in Barbados was made in 1942,
when the exclusive income qualification was lowered and women were given the right to vote. By 1949
governmental control was wrested from the planters and, in 1958, Adams became Premier of Barbados.
From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the West Indies Federation, an organisation
doomed by nationalistic attitudes and by the fact that its members, as British colonies, held limited legislative
power. Adams served as its first and only "Premier", but his leadership failed in attempts to form similar
unions, and his continued defence of the monarchy was used by his opponents as evidence that he was no
longer in touch with the needs of his country. Errol Walton Barrow, a fervent reformer, became the new
people's advocate. Barrow had left the BLP and formed the Democratic Labour Party as a liberal alternative
to Adams' conservative government. Barrow instituted many progressive social programmes, such as free
education for all Barbadians, and the School Meals system. By 1961, Barrow had replaced Adams as Premier
and the DLP controlled the government.
With the Federation dissolved, Barbados had reverted to its former status, that of a self-governing colony.
The island negotiated its own independence at a constitutional conference with the United Kingdom in June
1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state on 30
November 1966, with Errol Barrow its first Prime Minister. Upon independence Barbados maintained
historical linkages with Britain by establishing membership to the Commonwealth of Nations grouping, a year
later Barbados' International linkages were expanded by obtaining membership to the United Nations and the
Organization of American States.
[edit] Government and politics
Parliament Building.
Main articles: Government of Barbados and Politics of Barbados
Barbados has been an independent country since 30 November 1966. It functions as a constitutional
monarchy and parliamentary democracy, modelled on the British Westminster system, with Elizabeth II,
Queen of Barbados, as head of state represented locally by the Governor-General, Clifford Husbands and the
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Prime Minister as the head of the government. The number of representatives within the House of Assembly
has gradually increased from twenty-four at independence, to its present composition of thirty seats.
Barbados functions as a two-party system, the two dominant parties being the ruling Democratic Labour
Party and the opposition, Barbados Labour Party. The Barbados Labour Party (BLP) had been in government
for fifteen years, since 1993 until the 2008 general election. Under this administration, the former Prime
Minister, The Right Honourable Owen S. Arthur acted as the Regional Leader of the CSM (Caribbean Single
Market). The Honourable David Thompson is the Prime Minister of Barbados.
[18]
[edit] Law
Under Chapter I, Section I of the Constitution of Barbados, it is the supreme law of the nation.
[19]
The Office
of the Attorney General heads the independent judiciary. Historically, Barbadian law was based entirely on
English common law with a few local adaptations. At the time of independence, the British Parliament ceased
having the ability to change local legislation at its own discretion. British law and various legal statutes within
British law at this time, and other prior measures adopted by the Barbadian parliament became the basis of
the modern-day law system.
More recently however, local Barbadian legislation may be shaped or influenced by such organisations as the
United Nations, the Organization of American States, or other International fora which Barbados has
obligatory commitments by treaty. Additionally, through international cooperation, other institutions may
supply the Barbados parliament with key sample legislation to be adapted to meet local circumstance, before
crafting it as local law.
Laws are passed by the Barbadian Parliament, whereby upon their passage, are given official vice-regal
assent by the Governor-General to become law.
[edit] Courts
The local court system of Barbados is made-up of:
Magistrate's Court: Covering Criminal, Civil, Domestic, Domestic Violence, and Juvenile matters. But
can also take up matters dealing with Corornor's Inquests, Liquor Licences, and civil marriages.
Further, the Magistrates court deals with Contract and Tort law where claims don't exceed
$10,000.00.
[20]
The Supreme Court: is made up of High Court and Court of Appeals.
[20]
High Court: Consisting of Civil, Criminal, and Family law divisions.
Court of Appeals: Handles appeals from the High Court and Magistrate's Court. It will hear
appeals in both the civil, and criminal law jurisdictions. It may consist of a single Justice of
Appeal sitting in Chambers; or as Full Court, will consist of 3 Justices of Appeals.
The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), (based in Port Of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago), is the court of
last resort (final jurisdiction) over Barbadian law. It replaced the London-based Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council (JCPC). The CCJ may resolve other disputed matters dealing with the Caribbean
(CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME).
[edit] Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Barbados
Barbados is a full and participating member of: Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Caribbean (CARICOM)
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Single Market and Economy (CSME), Association of Caribbean States (ACS).
[21]
Organization of American
States (OAS), Commonwealth of Nations, and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which currently pertains
only to Barbados and Guyana. In 2001 the Caribbean Community heads of government voted on a measure
declaring that the region should work towards replacing the UK's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
with the Caribbean Court of Justice.
Barbados is an original Member (1995) of the World Trade Organisation(WTO), and participates actively in
its work. It grants at least MFN treatment to all its trading partners. As of December, 2007 Barbados is linked
by an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Commission. The pact involves the Caribbean
Forum (CARIFORUM) subgroup of the Group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific states (ACP).
CARIFORUM presently the only part of the wider ACP-bloc that has concluded the full regional trade-pact
with the European Union.
Barbados has used foreign trade and investment opportunities deftly to maintain living standards well above
those of most developing countries. Its trade and investment policies have fostered world-class suppliers in a
few areas, particularly tourism and financial services. Based on Barbados's natural endowments and on niche
activities created by government policy, these services have become the mainstay of the economy and the
main source of foreign exchange. Of necessity, however, specialization and the small size of the economy
have resulted in a narrow production base that makes Barbados vulnerable to external shocks.
Trade policy has also sought to protect a small number of domestic activities, mostly food production, from
foreign competition, while recognizing that most domestic needs are best met by imports. This protection, and
limited competition in certain domestic sectors have weighed on the competitiveness of the leading service
activities by restricting their access to inputs at the lowest cost. Barbados's historically stable policy
environment and wealth of human capital bode well for its ability to address this issue, adjust to new
challenges and, thus, attain and sustain further welfare improvements.
[edit] Maritime dispute
On 11 April 2006, the 5-Member UNCLOS Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by H.E. Judge
Stephen M. Schwebel, rendered after two years of international judicial proceedings, the landmark
Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Award, which resolved the maritime boundary delimitation (in the East,
Central and West sectors) to satisfaction of both Parties and committed Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago to
resolve their fisheries dispute by means of concluding a new Fisheries Agreement.
[edit] Geography and climate
Main article: Geography and climate of Barbados
Map of Barbados
Beach near Bridgetown,
Barbados.
Barbados is the easternmost Caribbean island. It is considered relatively flat in comparison to its island
neighbours to the west in the Windward Islands. The island rises gently to the central highland region, with
the highpoint of the country being Mount Hillaby, in the Scotland District. [340 metres (1,100 ft) above sea
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level]. The island is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the other West Indies isles.
Geologically composed of coral (90 m/300 ft thick). The land falls in a series of "terraces" in the west and
goes into an incline in the east. Much of the country is circled by coral reefs.
In the parish of Saint Michael lies Barbados' capital and main city, Bridgetown. Other major towns scattered
across the island include Holetown, in the parish of Saint James; Oistins, in the parish of Christ Church; and
Speightstown, in the parish of Saint Peter.
The climate is moderate tropical, with a wet season (JuneNovember) and a more dry season
(DecemberMay). The annual precipitation ranges between 40 inches (1,000 mm) and 90 inches (2,300 mm).
Barbados is often spared the worst effects of the region's tropical storms and hurricanes during the rainy
season as its far eastern location in the Atlantic Ocean puts it just outside the principal hurricane strike zone.
On average a hurricane may strike about once every 26 years. The last significant hit from a hurricane to
cause severe damage to Barbados was Hurricane Janet in 1955.
[edit] Parishes
Main article: Parishes of Barbados
Map of the parishes of
Barbados
Barbados is divided into eleven parishes:
Christ Church 1.
Saint Andrew 2.
Saint George 3.
Saint James 4.
Saint John 5.
Saint Joseph 6.
Saint Lucy 7.
Saint Michael 8.
Saint Peter 9.
Saint Philip 10.
Saint Thomas 11.
St. George and St. Thomas located in the middle of the country are the only two parishes without coastlines.
[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Barbados
Barbados is the 51st richest country in the world in terms of GDP (Gross domestic product) per capita,
[2]
has
a well-developed mixed economy, and a moderately high standard of living. According to the World Bank,
Barbados is classified as being in its 66 top High income economies of the world.
[22]
Historically, the economy of Barbados had been dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities,
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but in the late 1970s and early 1980s it has diversified into the manufacturing and tourism sectors. Offshore
finance and information services have become important foreign exchange earners, and there is a healthy
light manufacturing sector. Since the 1990s the Barbados Government has been seen as business-friendly and
economically sound. The island has seen a construction boom, with the development and redevelopment of
hotels, office complexes, and homes.
Recent government administrations have continued efforts to reduce unemployment, encourage foreign direct
investment, and privatise remaining state-owned enterprises. Unemployment has been reduced from around
14 percent in the past to under 10 percent.
Circulating coins 2006
The economy contracted in 2001 and 2002 due to slowdowns in tourism, consumer spending and the impact
of the September 11, 2001 attacks, but rebounded in 2003 and has shown growth since 2004. Traditional
trading partners include Canada, the Caribbean Community (especially Trinidad and Tobago), the United
Kingdom and the United States.
Business links and investment flows have become substantial: as of 2003 the island saw from Canada CA$ 25
billion in investment holdings, placing it as one of Canada's top five destinations for Canadian Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI). Businessman Eugene Melnyk of Toronto, Canada, is said to be Barbados' richest
permanent resident.
It was thought by key Barbadian industry sources that the year 2006 would have been one of the busiest
years for building construction ever in Barbados, as the building-boom on the island entered the final stages
for several multi-million dollar commercial projects.
[23]
The European Union is presently assisting Barbados with a EURO$10 million dollar programme of
modernisation of the country's International Business and Financial Services Sector.
[24]
Barbados maintains the third largest stock exchange in the Caribbean region. At present, officials at the stock
exchange are investigating the possibility of augmenting the local exchange with an International Securities
Market (ISM) venture.
[25]
[edit] Transport
Main article: Transport in Barbados
Typical ZR-van with
markings indicating
that it serves the
number 11 route.
Transport on the island is relatively convenient, with 'route taxis', called "ZR's" (pronounced "Zed-Rs"),
travelling to most points on the island. These small buses can at times be crowded, as passengers are generally
never turned down, regardless of the number. However, they will usually take the more scenic routes to
destinations. They generally depart from the capital Bridgetown or from Speightstown in the northern part of
the island.
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Old Barbados Transport Board
bus in Bridgetown.
Including the ZRs there are three bus systems running seven days a week (though less frequently on
Sundays). There's ZRs, the yellow minibuses and the blue Transport Board buses. A ride on any of them costs
$1.50 BBD. The smaller buses from the two privately-owned systems ("ZRs" and "minibuses") can give
change; the larger blue buses from the government-operated Barbados Transport Board system cannot.
Children in school uniform ride for free on the Government buses and for $1.00 on the minibuses and ZRs.
Most routes require a connection in Bridgetown. Some drivers within the competitive privately owned
systems are reluctant to advise persons to use competing services, even if those would be more suitable.
A Mini Moke at
Speightstown beach
Some hotels also provide visitors with shuttles to points of interest on the island from outside the hotel lobby.
There are several locally-owned and -operated vehicle rental agencies in Barbados but there are no multi-
national companies.
The island of Barbados's lone airport is the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport (GAIA) (IATA
identifier BGI). It receives daily flights by several major airlines from points around the globe, as well as
several smaller regional commercial airlines and charters. The airport serves as the main air-transportation
hub for the Eastern Caribbean. It is undergoing a US$100 million upgrade and expansion.
There is also a helicopter shuttle service, which offers air taxi services to a number of sites around the island,
mainly on the West Coast tourist belt. Air and water traffic is regulated by the Barbados Port Authority.
[edit] Tourism
Due to its relatively high levels of development and its favourable location, Barbados has become one of the
prime tourist destinations in the Caribbean. Numerous internationally-known hotels offering world-class
accommodation can be found on the island. Time-shares are available, and many of the smaller local hotels
and private villas which dot the island have space available if booked in advance. The southern and western
coasts of Barbados are popular, with the calm light blue Caribbean Sea and their fine white and pinkish sandy
beaches. Along the island's east coast, which faces the Atlantic Ocean, there are tumbling waves which are
perfect for light surfing. Some areas remain risky due to under-tow currents.
Shopping districts are popular in Barbados, with ample duty-free shopping. There is also a festive night-life in
mainly tourist areas such as the Saint Lawrence Gap. Other attractions include wildlife reserves, jewelry
stores, scuba diving, helicopter rides, golf, festivals (the largest being the annual Crop Over festival July/Aug),
sightseeing, cave exploration, exotic drinks and fine clothes shopping.
[edit] Attractions, landmarks and points of interest
Tourism accounts for almost one half of the economy. Name / Parish Location:
- Christ Church - St. James - St. Lucy - St. Peter
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Graeme Hall Nature
Sanctuary
St. Lawrence Gap
Grantley Adams
International Airport
Chancery Lane
Swamp
Christ Church
Foundation School
(1809)
Ocean
Park,Barbados
- St. Andrew
Chalky Mount
potteries
Cherry Tree Hill
Morgan Lewis
Windmill
- St. George
Francia Great House
Gun Hill Signal
Station
Orchid World
St. James Parish
Church
Folkestone Marine
Park
Lancaster Great
House Gallery and
Gardens
Queen's College
- St. John
Codrington College
Conset Bay
St. John Parish
Church & church
yard
Massiah Street
- St. Joseph
Andromeda
Gardens
Flower Forest
Hackleton's Cliff
Bathsheba
Animal Flower Cave
Little Bay
- St. Michael
Barbados Historical
Museum
Bridgetown
Synagogue and
Cemetery
Bussa Emancipation
Statue
Ilaro Court
Garrison Savannah
Kensington Oval
Mount Gay Rum
Barbados National
Museum
George Washington
House
The Salvation Army
Divisional
Headquarters
Barbados Wildlife
Reserve
Farley Hill National
Park
St Nicholas Abbey
- St. Philip
Sunbury Plantation
- St. Thomas
Clifton Hill
Moravian Church
Harrison's Cave
Sharon Moravian
Church
Welchman Hall
Gully
List of: Cities, towns and villages in Barbados.
Bridgetown
Holetown
Oistins
Six Cross Roads
Speightstown
St Lawrence
Warrens
Black Rock
Bank Hall
Boardwalks
Barbados is now home to two boardwalks. The South Coast boardwalk (opened in 2008) is 1.2 km and runs
from Accra Beach to Hastings. Running right alongside the beach, the boardwalk is set in solid concrete
fortified by Canadian Nova Scotia granite rocks and planked with Brazilian hardwood. It's very popular with
locals and visitors alike. The West Coast boardwalk (opened in 2009) is significantly shorter and made
entirely of concrete. It runs along the beach in Holetown. [1]
[edit] Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Barbados and Barbadian people
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A bus stop in Barbados
High Street
Barbados has a population of about 281,968 and a population growth rate of 0.33% (Mid-2005 estimates).
Close to 90% of all Barbadians (also known colloquially as Bajan) are of African descent ("Afro-Bajans").
The remainder of the population includes groups of Europeans ("Anglo-Bajans" / "Euro-Bajans") mainly from
the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Chinese locally known as Chiney-Bajan, Bajan Hindus from
India. Other groups in Barbados include people from the United Kingdom, United States and Canada.
Barbadians who return after years of residence in the U.S. and children born in America to Bajan parents are
called "Bajan Yankees", this term is considered derogatory by some. Barbados is a chief destination for
emigrants from the South American nation of Guyana.
The biggest communities outside the Afro-Caribbean community are:
The Indo-Guyanese, an important part of the economy due to the increase of immigrants from partner
country Guyana. There are reports of a growing Indo-Bajan diaspora originating from Guyana and
India. They introduced soca-chutney, roti and many Indian dishes to Barbados' culture. Mostly from
southern India and Hindu states, these 'Desi' peoples are growing in size but smaller than the equivalent
communities in Trinidad & Guyana; Hinduism is one of Barbados' growing religions.
1.
Euro-Bajans (4% of the population)
[1]
have settled in Barbados since the 1500s, originating from
England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1643, there were 37,200 whites in Barbados (86% of the
population).
[26]
More commonly they are known as "White Bajans", although some carry
Afro-Caribbean traces and vice-versa. Euro-Bajans introduced folk music, such as Irish music and
Highland music, and certain place names, such as "Scotland", a mountainous region, and "Trafalgar
Square" in Bridgetown, now renamed "Heroes Square". Among White Barbadians there exists an
underclass known as Redlegs; the descendants of indentured servants, and prisoners imported to the
island.
[27]
2.
Chinese-Barbadians (or, as they are known on the island, "Bajan-Chineys") are a small portion of
Barbados' Asian demographics, smaller than the equivalent communities of Jamaica and Trinidad. Most
if not all first arrived in the 1940s during the Second World War, originating mainly from the then
British territory of Hong Kong. Many Chinese-Bajans have the surnames Chin, Chynn or Lee, although
other surnames prevail in certain areas of the island. Chinese food and culture is becoming part of
everyday Bajan culture.
3.
Lebanese and Syrians form the Middle Eastern community on the island and make up 89% of the
Muslim population. Middle-Eastern Barbadians are often perceived to be the most successful group in
business, along with the Chinese Bajans. During the Arab Israeli Wars, many Syrians and Lebanese
headed for the West Indies to escape conflict and poverty in the Middle East. Also Jewish people
arrived in Barbados around the same time, creating the biggest synagogue in the West Indies.
4.
The average life expectancy is 77 years for both males and females. Barbados and Japan have the distinction
of having highest number of centenarians (on a per capita basis) in the world.
[edit] Languages
English is the sole official language of Barbados, and is used for communications, administration, and public
services all over the island. In its capacity as the official language of the country, the standard of English
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tends to conform to the vocabulary, pronunciations, spellings, and conventions akin to, but not exactly the
same as, those of British English. A regional variant of English, referred to locally as Bajan, is spoken by most
Barbadians in everyday life, especially in informal settings. In its full-fledged form, Bajan sounds markedly
different from the Standard English heard on the island.
The degree of intelligibility between Bajan and general English varies depending on the speakers' origins and
the "rawness" of one's accent. In rare instances, a Bajan speaker may be completely unintelligible to an
outside English speaker if sufficient slang terminology is present in a sentence. Bajan is somewhat
differentiated from, but highly influenced by other Caribbean English dialects; it is a fusion of British English
and elements borrowed from the languages of West Africa. Hindi and Bhojpuri are also spoken on the island
by a small Indo-Bajan minority. Spanish is considered the most popular second language on the island,
followed by French.
[edit] Religion
Main article: Religion in Barbados
In religion, most Barbadians are Christians (95%), chiefly of the Anglican Church (67%), given the Church of
England being the official state religion until its legal disenfranchisement by the Parliament of Barbados
following independence.
[28]
recently through out 2007 - 2009 Protestants, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's
Witness, Hindu, Muslim, Spiritual Baptists, and Jewish minorities have moved to Barbados.
[edit] Healthcare
Similar to other nations within the Commonwealth of Nations all Barbadians citizens are covered by national
healthcare. Barbados has over twenty polyclinics throughout the country in addition to the Queen Elizabeth
(General Hospital) located in Bridgetown.
[edit] Education
Main article: Education in Barbados
Education in Barbados is fashioned after the British model. The government of Barbados spends roughly 20%
of its annual national budget on education. All young people in the country must attend school until age
sixteen. Barbados' literacy rate is ranked close to 100%, with the Minister of Education stating that Barbados
was in the top 5 countries worldwide for literacy rate.
[29]
thus placing the country alongside many of the
industrialised nations of the world. Barbados has over 70 primary schools, and over 20 secondary schools
throughout the island. There are also a number of private schools catering to various teaching models
including Montessori and International Baccalaureate. Degree level education in the country is provided by
the Barbados Community College (BCC), the Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic (SJPP), and a local Cave
Hill campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI).
[edit] Culture
Banks beer at dusk
Main article: Culture of Barbados
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13 of 23 23/01/2010 22:22
See also: Music of Barbados
The influence of the English on Barbados is more noticeable than on other islands in the West Indies. A good
example of this is the island's national sport: cricket. Barbados has brought forth several great cricketers,
including Garfield Sobers and Frank Worrell.
Citizens are officially called Barbadians; Bajans (pronounced: "bay" "jan" ), The term "Bajan" may have
come from a localised pronunciation of the word Barbadian which at times can sound more like "Bar-bajan".
The largest carnival-like cultural event which takes place on the island is the Crop Over festival. As in many
other Caribbean and Latin American countries, Crop Over is an important event for many people on the
island, as well as the thousands of tourists that flock to the island to participate in the annual events. The
festival includes musical competitions and other traditional activities. The male and female Barbadian that
harvested the most sugarcane are also crowned as the King and Queen of the crop.
[30]
It gets under way from
the beginning of July, and ends with the costumed parade on Kadooment Day, held on the first Monday of
August.
Barbados retains a strong British influence and is referred to by its neighbours as "Little England".
[edit] Sports in Barbados
Main article: Sport in Barbados
As in other Caribbean countries of British colonial heritage, cricket is a favourite sport. In addition to several
warm-up matches and six "Super Eight" matches, Barbados hosted the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
They have had many great cricketers such as Sir Garfield Sobers, Sir Frank Worrell, Joel Garner and Sir
Clyde Walcott.
Obadele Thompson is a world class sprinter from Barbados; he won a bronze medal at Olympic Games over
100m in 2000. Ryan Brathwaite who reached the Olympic semi-finals last year in Beijing gave Barbados their
first ever medal at the world championships in Berlin, Germany on Thursday August 20, 2009 when he won
the men's 110 metre hurdles title. The 21-year-old timed a national record of 13.14 seconds to win the Gold
Medal.
In golf, the Barbados Open is an annual stop on the European Seniors Tour. In December 2006 the
WGC-World Cup took place at the country's Sandy Lane resort on the Country Club course, an eighteen-hole
course designed by Tom Fazio. The Barbados Golf Club is the other main course on the island. Sanctioned by
the PGA European Tour to host a PGA Seniors Tournament in 2003 and it has also hosted the Barbados Open
on several occasions.
Motorsports also play a role, with Rally Barbados occurring each summer and currently being listed on the
FIA NACAM calendar.
Basketball is a popular sport played at school or college and is increasing in popularity as is volleyball, though
volleyball is mainly played inside. At certain beaches such as Brandons beach in St. Michael people do get
together to play beach volleyball.
Other sports played include hockey, table tennis, road tennis, football, rugby, polo and swimming.
The presence of the trade winds along with favourable swells make the southern tip of the Island an ideal
location for wave sailing (an extreme form of the sport of windsurfing).
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Netball is also popular with women in Barbados.
Barbadian team The Flyin' Fish, are the 2009 Segway Polo World Champions.
[31]
[edit] ational symbols
[edit] Flower
A yellow and red Pride of
Barbados (Hibiscus).
The national flower is the Pride of Barbados or Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., which grows across the
island.
[edit] Flag
The tridented centred within the flag is a representation of the mythological Neptune, god of the sea. The
trident in its original unbroken form was taken from the former colonial seal, which itself was replaced by the
current coat of arms. Used within the national flag, the left and right shafts of the trident were then designed
as 'broken' representing the nation of Barbados breaking away from its historical and constitutional ties as a
former colony.
The three points of the trident represent in Barbados the three principles of democracy - "government of, for
and by the people." The broken trident is set in a centred vertical band of gold representing the sands of
Barbados' beaches. The gold band itself is surrounded on both sides by vertical bands of ultramarine (blue)
representing the sea and sky of Barbados.
The design for the flag was created by Grantley W. Prescod and was chosen from an open competition
arranged by the Barbados government. Over a thousand entries were received.
[32]
[edit] Golden Shield
The Golden Shield in the coat of arms carries two "Pride of Barbados" flowers and the "bearded" fig tree
(Ficus citrifolia or Ficus barbata), which was common on the island at the time of its settlement by the
British and may have contributed to Barbados being so named.
[edit] Coat of arms
The coat of arms depicts two animals which are supporting the shield. On the left is a "dolphin fish", symbolic
of the fishing industry and seagoing past of Barbados. On the right is a pelican, symbolic of a small island
named Pelican Island that once existed off the coast of Bridgetown. Above the shield is the helmet of
Barbados with an extended arm clutching two sugar-cane stalks. The "cross" formation made by the cane
stalks represents the saltire cross upon which Saint Andrew was crucified. On the base of the Coat of Arms
reads "Pride and Industry" in reference to the country's song.
[edit] ational heroes
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15 of 23 23/01/2010 22:22
Main article: Barbadian national heroes
On April 1998, the Order of National Heroes Act was passed by the Parliament of Barbados. According to the
government, the act established that 28 April (the centenary of the birth of Sir Grantley Adams) would be
celebrated as National Heroes' Day. The act also declared that there are ten national heroes of Barbados. All
of which would be elevated to the title of The Right Excellent.
[33]
The ten official National Heroes of Barbados are:
Bussa ( - 1816)
Sarah Ann Gill (1795 - 1866)
Samuel Jackman Prescod (1806 - 1871)
Dr. Charles Duncan ONeal (1879 - 1936)
Clement Osbourne Payne (1904 - 1941)
Sir Grantley Herbert Adams (1898 - 1987)
Rt. Hon. Errol Walton Barrow (1920 - 1987)
Sir Hugh Worrell Springer (1913 - 1994)
Sir Garfield St. Aubyn Sobers (1936 - )
Sir Frank Walcott (1916-1999)
[edit] International rankings
Main article: International rankings of Barbados
GDP - (PPP) per capita:
2004: ranked 59 of 232 countries & territories $ 15,700 59th
Economist, The, Worldwide quality-of-life index:
2005 ranked 33 out of 111 countries 33rd
Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal, Index of Economic Freedom countries:
2005 ranked 32 of 155 countries 32nd
International Telecommunication Union, Digital Access Index (Top 10 in Americas):
2002: ranked 45 of 178 countries 45th
Literacy rate, countries by literacy rate - by UNDP
ranks 5th out of 177 countries99.7%
Reporters without borders:
2004: N/A
[34]
Save the Children, State of the World's Mothers:
2004: N/A
[35]
Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index:
2004: ranked 21 out of 146 countries surveyed 21st
UN, Human Development Index (HDI):
2007/8: ranked 31st out of 177 countries 31st (3rd in the Americas, after Canada and the
United States).
2006: ranked 31st out of 177 countries 31st
2005: ranked 30th out of 177 countries 30th
2004: ranked 29th out of 177 countries 29th
2003: ranked 27th out of 175 countries 27th
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16 of 23 23/01/2010 22:22
2002: ranked 31st out of 173 countries 31st
2001: ranked 31st out of 162 countries 31st
2000: ranked 30th out of 174 countries 30th
1999: ranked 29th out of 174 countries 29th
1998: N/A
World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report/Growth Competitiveness Index:
2006-2007: ranked 31st out of 125 countries 31st (Barbados' debut to the list)
World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology Report 2006-2007's "Networked
Readiness Index":
2006-2007: ranked 40th out of 122 countries 40th (Barbados' debut to the list)
World Bank:
Total GDP per capita
2003 (World Bank): ranked 38 $ 15,712
Total GDP (nominal)
2003: ranked 138 $ 2,628
[edit] See also
Main article: Outline of Barbados
Index of Barbados-related articles
List of international rankings
Outline of geography
Outline of North America
Member of
Commonwealth of Nations
United Nations
[edit] References
PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook
document "2000 edition".
PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook
document "2003 edition".
^
a

b
Barbados: People. World Factbook of CIA 1.
^
a

b

c

d

e
"Barbados". International Monetary Fund.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009
/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&
scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&
c=316&
s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&
grp=0&a=&pr.x=64&pr.y=6. Retrieved
2009-10-01.
2.
^ Barbados.org 3.
^ J Rajj, Barbados Geology, at Geo World 4.
^ UNESCO: The Scotland District of Barbados -
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
5.
^ . Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation. CBC. 6
October 20094991989. CBC.bb. Retrieved 15
October 2009. "Barbados is the highest ranking
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) country for life
expectancy, literacy, school enrolment and Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, according to
the latest Human Development Index (HDI)
released on Monday. The 2009 Human
Development Report (HDR) placed Barbados
among the top 38 countries of the world with
6.
Barbados - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
17 of 23 23/01/2010 22:22
Norway, and Australia maintaining the top spots as
had been the case in 2007. According to the report,
Barbados, which placed 37th, is the only
CARICOM country in the "Very High Human
Development" category."
^ Captive.com, Barbados profile 7.
^ Barbados Tourism Encyclopedia 8.
^ Call Center Consultants.com - New Barbados
Call Center Offers 300 Jobs
9.
^ TeleServicesDirect.com 10.
^ AXSES Systems Caribbean Inc., The Barbados
Tourism Encyclopaedia
11.
^ Britannica Encyclopaedia: History of Barbados 12.
^ The Commonwealth of Nations: Barbados -
History
13.
^ National Cultural Foundation 14.
^
a

b

c
Carrington, Sean (2007). A~Z of Barbados
Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean Publishers Limited.
p. 25. ISBN 0-333-92068-6.
15.
^
a

b
UCTP 16.
^
a

b
Barbados - Just Beyond Your Imagination.
Hansib Publishing (Caribbean) Ltd. 1997. p. 46, 48.
ISBN 1870518543.
17.
^ "Caribbean: News in the Caribbean -
Caribbean360.com". Caribbean360.com<!.
http://www.caribbean360.com/News/Caribbean
/Stories/2008/01/16/NEWS0000005329.html.
Retrieved 2009-12-30.
18.
^ The official Constitution of Barbados (2006)
version.
19.
^
a

b
Law Courts of Barbados 20.
^ BarbadosBusiness.gov.bb, The Barbados
Government's Regional and International
affiliations]
21.
^ World Bank - Country Groups.. Retrieved
October 05, 2009.
22.
^ Morris, Roy (2006-01-02). "Builders paradise".
The ation ewspaper. Archived from the original
on 2009-01-04. http://web.archive.org
/web/20060104024455/http://www.nationnews.com
/story/285076846570648.php. Retrieved
2009-07-29. "Industry sources are warning,
however, that while the boom will bring many jobs
and much income, ordinary Barbadians hoping to
undertake home construction or improvement will
be hard pressed to find materials or labour, given
the large number of massive commercial projects
with which they will have to compete. [ . . . ]
Construction magnate Sir Charles 'COW' Williams,
agreeing that this year will be "without doubt" the
biggest ever for the island as far as construction
was concerned, revealed that his organisation was
in the final stages of the construction of a new $6
million plant at Lears, St Michael to double its
23.
capacity to produce concrete blocks, as well as a
new $2 million plant to supply ready-mixed
concrete from its fleet of trucks. "The important
thing to keep in mind is that the country will benefit
tremendously from a massive injection of foreign
exchange from people who want to own homes
here," Sir Charles said."
^ Lashley, Cathy (2009-07-24). "Barbados signs
agreement with EU". Caribbean et ews.
http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-
17865--26-26--.html. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
24.
^ H, R (2009-07-28). "Treaty network an advantage
in securities trading". Barbados Advocate.
http://www.barbadosadvocate.com
/newsitem.asp?more=business&NewsID=5140.
Retrieved 2009-07-28.
25.
^ Population, Slavery and Economy in Barbados,
BBC.
26.
^ The Irish in the Caribbean 1641-1837: An
Overview, By Nini Rodgers, Society for Irish Latin
American Studies
27.
^ Parliament: Act of Parliament concerning the
Anglican church
28.
^ B., Y. (9 September 2009). "'Our literacy rating
in Top 5'". ation ewspaper.
http://www.nationnews.com/story/jones-on-literacy-
copy-for-web. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
"Mere days after deputy principal of the Erdiston
Teachers' Training College, Dr Patricia Saul,
suggested the touted 98 per cent literacy rate was a
myth, Minister of Education and Human Resources
Development Ronald Jones said the country was
ranked among the highest in the world. "In a world
where there are still some 776 million adults who
are illiterate, and some 75 million children who are
out of school, we are proud to say that we have free
education from the nursery to tertiary level and our
literacy rate is still among the highest in the world -
fourth in the world, and that is exceptionally high,"
Jones said. Speaking at yesterday's Literacy Fair in
Queen's Park, Jones said teachers, principals,
parents, students and all those involved in the
process needed to be applauded for "keeping us on
that edge"."
29.
^ "Crop Over Festival". 2camels.com.
http://www.2camels.com/crop-over-festival.php.
Retrieved 2009-07-30.
30.
^ Harris, Alan (2009-07-26). "Barbados Segway
Polo team 2009 World Champions". Barbados
Advocate. http://www.barbadosadvocate.com
/newsitem.asp?more=sports&NewsID=5079.
Retrieved 2009-07-26.
31.
^ Government of Barbados National Flag 32.
^ Government of Barbados - National
HeroesHistory of Barbados, The Parliament of
33.
Barbados - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados
18 of 23 23/01/2010 22:22
Barbados
^ RSF.fr 34.
^ SaveTheChildren.org 35.
[edit] Bibliography
Burns, Sir Alan 1965. History of the British West Indies. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London
England.
Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the ew World. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-514073-7
Hamshere, Cyril 1972. The British In the Caribbean. Harvard University Pres, Massachusetts USA.
ISBN 0-674-08235-4
Northrup, David, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade, Second Edition. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2002. ISBN 0-618-11624-9
O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson 2000. An Empire Divided - The American Revolution and the British
Caribbean. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia ISBN 0-8122-1732-2
Rogozinski, January 1999. A Brief History of the Caribbean - From the Arawak and Carib to the
Present. Revised version New York, USA. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2
Scott, Caroline 1999. Insight Guide Barbados. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition,
Singapore. ISBN 0-88729-033-7
Frere, Samuel, A short history of Barbados : from its first discovery and settlement, to the end of the
year 1767, published by J. Dodsley, London, 1768, download pdf from archive.org
[edit] Videography
Overview Video - Barbados Tourism Investment Inc. (Courtesy of US Television).
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Atlas of Barbados
Barbados travel guide from Wikitravel
Barbados entry at The World Factbook
Barbados at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Barbados at the Open Directory Project
Barbados Government - official website
Barbados Government Informations Service (BGIS)
Cabinet Ministers of the Government of Barbados
Barbados Investment and Development Corporation
Barbados Museum & Historical Society
Barbados Statistical Service (BSS)
Barbados Tourism Authority - The Ministry of Tourism
World's Leading Travel Destination Website for 2008 and 2009 - Totally Barbados
Central Bank of Barbados website
Parliament of Barbados official website
Barbados Yellow Pages & White Pages Telephone Directory
Parliament of Barbados - Some facts about Barbados
Experience The Real Barbados - The Bearded Ones
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"
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