SOCIAL SCIENCE 2

2nd Quarter
HISTORY OF INDIA South Asia North - Indo-Gangetic Plain South - Deccan Plateau

The power of Kshatriya increased, the rights of common man diminished.

The Mauryans (321 184 BCE) Greatest extent under Dhana Nanda at 323 BCE. Founded by Chandragupta Maruya at 320 BCE after conquering the Nanda Empire. Extension of Borders: Extended borders towards Seleucid Persia afther defeating Seleucus at 305 BCE. Extended borders southward into Deccan Plateau during 300 BCE. Kautilya favors an autocratic welfare state (no ingdom can survive without a good and efficient economy). Chandragupat Maurya First emperor of India Chanakya The King Maker, The Indian Michiavelli; wrote Arthashastra Rajarishi as the ideal leader: 1. Has self-control. 2. Cultivates intellect with association with the elders. 3. Keeps his eyes open through spies. 4. Active in promoting the security & welfare of the people. 5. Ensures the observance of their dharma by authority

I. THE FIRST EMPIRES India by the End of the Axial Age 1500 BCE - The Aryans migrated into the Indus River Valley 1000-500 BCE The IndioAryans moved further eastward into the rest of the IndoGangetic Plain Sixteen great realms emerged to compete for supremacy. Kamboja Gandhatra Kuru Pachala Churasena Matsya Avanti Assaka Chetiya Vatsa Magadha Kashi Malla Kosala Vrijji Anga

& example. 6. Improves his own discipline by learning in all branches of knowledge. 7. Endears himself to his people by enriching them & doing good to them. Chandragupat Maurya First emperor of India 1. Established Government Bureaucracy. 2. Controlled Economic Activity in Mines, Forest, Pear Fisheries, and salt fields. 3. Operated farms, shipyards, and arsenals. 4. Maintained a formidable military: o o o 600,000 infantry 30,000 cavalry 9,000 elephants

existence. The Spread of Buddhism Mahayana emphasizes belief in the Buddha and the bodhisattva as compassionate gods. Bodhisattva future Buddha Theravada Doctrine of the Elders; closest to the original version of the Buddha, their focus is on individual salvation and the importance of monastic life Vajrayana Diamond Vehicle or True Word Sect; stresses the importance of a close relationship between a guru and disciples; symbolized by Dalai Lama After the Maurya After the death of Ashoka, the Mauryans lost their territories and north India dissolved into a number of smaller states ruled by local dynasties. Savatahana on kingdom that established its own empire that would last for 400 years The Kushans (100 300) Originates from Chinese Central Asia Built an Empire supported by the Silk Road Had diplomatic ties with: o o Rome Persia

5. Constructed and improved infrastructures such as roads and irrigations. 6. Funded his works through a land tax (1/4 of 1/2 of crops produced) Ashoka- patron of Buddhism Stupa literally meaning heap; mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of a Buddha; used by Buddhists as a place of worship o Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, Northeastern India; oldest Supta in

Han China

time. The Cholans (871 1279) Most prominent empire of the Tamil. There have been early mentions of the Cholans as early as 300 BCE in the works of Asoka but it was during the 9th Century that they achieved new heights as an empire. Meenakshi Temple in Madurai; the oldest city in South India. The Cholan, at its height, was a cultural superpower in Southeast Asia. Angkor Wat built in the 12th Century by King Suryavarman II; fusion of Khmer architecture and South Indian style; dedicated to Vishnu Pura Bekasi built in the 14th Century; most prominent Hindu temple in Bali In mostly Muslim Indonesia, Bali is 93% Hindu. III. ISLAM IN INDIA Islam Enters India 712 850: Muslim Raiders from Persia are stopped by Rajputs 997 1030: Mahmud of Ghazni raided India and destroyed looted temples 1210 1526: The Delhi Sultanate

Their art was a synthesis of Buddhist and Hellinistic (Greek) styles.

Kanishka greatest king of the Kushans

II. THE GOLDEN AGE The Gupta (320 500) Nalanda ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India are comprised of 31 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2
nd

Century BC; includes

paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of both Buddhist religious art Key Cultural Advancements: 1. Indian culture was crystallized. From architecture to poetry, expressions were very rich and detailed. 2. Art forms were plentiful: the Panchahantra, the sanskrit drama, architecture, sculpture, and so on 3. The cults of Vishnu and Shiva became popular. 4. Buddhists patronized education, leading the Gupta to become the center of learning at that

and its various dynasties implemented a monetary system, and required non-Muslims to pay jizyah Hinduism: Fundamental Beliefs: o o Complete freedom of Belief Brahman is the Supreme being with many manifestations Society and Culture: o o o Bhakti (devotion) can be personal Deities are rendered through idols Duties and social status are ascribed by caste Government: o Islam: Fundamental Beliefs: o o Strictly monotheistic There is only one God (Allah) and Muhammad is His prophet Society and Culture: o o o Worship is congregational God has no face; no idols or images Social status is defined by birth; duties are in the 5 pillars; egalitarian Government: o The state is theocratic Brahmin and Kshatriya are separate Sikhism

(ruled by God)

Founded by Guru Nanak in the last 15th Century as a synthesis of Hinduism and Islam He preached: 1. The unity of God 2. The brotherhood of man 3. Te reflection of caste 4. The futility of idol worship

The Mughals (1526 1707) Founded by Babur in 1526. Akbar the Great has one of the longest reigns in history. (1543 1605) Highlights of the Mughal Administration during the reign of Akbar: 1. Implemented the mansabdari system where officials were paid salaries. 2. Appointed Hindus to positions of power, particularly as samindars (tax collectors). 3. Abolished by the jizya. 4. Not just tolerated other faiths, but showed genuine interest in them. 5. Had a personal approach to government and would visit the provinces personally. Under Akbans rule, Mughal India was truly an Indian empire.

Taj Mahal built by Shah Jan and completed in 1648 for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

Yuan/Mongol (1279 1368 CE) Ming (1368 1644 CE) Qin/Ching/Manchu (1644 1912 CE)

Aurangzebs reign begins the decline of India. Aurangzeb was an orthodox Muslim; reinstituted the jizyah and attempted to conquer the Deccan;; notorious for reversing the gains under his predecessors.

I. THE FIRST EMPIRES Qin Dynasty (221 206 BCE) Qin Shih Huang Di The First August God of the Qin Li Si First Emperor that utilized Legalism Legalism Law that states that all people were equal under law. Rewarding all those who obey and punish all those who dont. Li Sis Accomplishments: Centralized all power to himself by only giving power to those loyal to him. Established network or roads and canals. Built Great Wall of China for protection. Unified currency, system of writing, and philosophical thought (by burning books) throughout the empire. Han Dynasty (206 BCE 220 CE) 1338 BCE Zhang Qian was sent on a Diplomatic Mission to form an alliance with the Yueshi against Xiognu.

Mughals aspired to make India a jewel in the East. They accomplished it, but at great expense.

Trading towns in the coastal areas were unchecked, local rulers were left to fend for themselves, and a deep animosity began to brew between Hindi and Muslim.

This left them ripe for the taking, an opportunity not to be missed by the British. HISTORY OF CHINA

China Major Dynasties: Shang (1750 1100 BCE) Zhou/Chou (1100 256 BCE) Qin/Chin (221 206 BCE) Han (206 BCE 220 CE) Sui (589 618 CE) Tang (618 907 CE) Song (960 1279 CE)

125 BCE Zhang Qian returns to the capital with information about the grand civilizations to the west.

Parthian Empire (247 BCE 224 CE)

Society during Han Dynasty: o o Confucianism became the state philosophy. Men of wisdom and virtue were put in place through civil service examinations. Women were not allowed to take the exam. o o o Scholar-officials were expected to be junzi. Junzi nobleman, ideal human Han was the highest civilization of its age in science and technology. o Has a seismograph invented by Zhang Feng in the year 132.

Silk Road: o o o China - silk, clothing, lacquerware, spices Indo-China - spices, ivory, timber, pearls North India - precious stones, ivory, tortoise shell, incense, spices, cloth, timber o South India - ivory, tortoiseshell, spices, precious stones, cloth, timber o o Arabia - spices, slaves, precious stones East Africa - gold, ivory, exotic animals, slaves, incense o o o o o o Trans-Sahara - ivory, gold, slaves North Africa - grain South Europe - olive oil, wine, glassware, coinage West Europe - silver, tin North Europe - slaves, amber Asia Minor - silver, precious stones, timber, wine -

II. PATTERNS IN CHINESE HISTORY 1. Territorial Pressure States that China sinicizes its conquerors. Means that the conqueror will be the one to adapt to Chinas traditions because of the wealth of the settled, agricultural civilization of China. 2. Cultural Continuity

Empires: o Roman Empire (27 BCE 47 CE)

States that dynasties rise and fall but China is still intact. o Bureaucratic structure civil service examination system, scholar-gentry who sit for exams, staff of civil administration o Confucian Classics basis of education and elite selection

Changan imperial center designed to show off the power of his emperor and the majesty of his court.

Song Dynasty (960 1279 CE) Northern Song (960 1127) Southern Song (1127 1279) o Traditional aristocracy weakened even further after Tang. Shifted in favor of a money tax. o Economic base shifted to the South. Food production increased, led to spike in population growth. o Government started getting more commoners as officials and became more funded. Zhu Xi (1130 1200 CE) Introduced a philosophy the synthesized Daoism, Buddhism and Confucianism; Advocated the selection of officials through school, not just examinitions. Society during the Song Dynasty: o Two main classes of Chinese society: the gentry and the peasants. o Women played an important role in the family, but shifted to their subordinate role later in the Song Dynasty.

Changes:

Political unification and reunification emerged as a tendency in China.

Another factor was population density.

3. Strengthening of the Imperial Center The emperors of China continued a trend of concentrating power toward the center. But, during moments in which power is too concentrated at the expense of the rest of the Chinese society that a dynasty becomes more vulnerable to rebellion. III. THE GOLDEN AGE Tang Dynasty (618 907 CE) The ruler depends on the state and the state depends on its people. Therefore, the ruler depends on its people.

 IV. THE EAST ASIAN SUPERPOWER Yuan Dynasty (1279 1368 CE) Where the Mongolian Empire was at its height. Where Marco Polo stayed during his travel at China.

600 CE The Dawn of Islams Birth Christian Byzantine Empire (Europe) and Zoroastrian Sasanid Empire were exhausting each other through a rivalry that would end at 627 CE. The caravan town of Mecca was becoming a prosperous trading center. Bedousin tribes who lived on herding and sporadic raids (ghazu) lived throughout Arabia on settlements and caravans.

Ming Dynasty (1368 1644 CE) Built the Forbidden City. HISTORY OF ISLAM I. SETTING THE STAGE Islam was born in a desert town. Incense Road Where trade in aromatics, such as frankincense and myrrh, and spices with Arabia, Egypt, India and Africa Mecca was one of the key cities along this route the route of the Incense Road. The three wise men were astronomers and were followers of Zoroaster, they came from Judea and the gifts they gave Jesus were traded along the Incense Road. II. THE PROPHET: The Birth of Islam

Muruwah spirit that bounds tribes together which emphasized courage in battle, patience in suffering and vengeance to protect the tribe. Kabah where Mecca people house their idols Bedousin gifted poets Oral recitation a sacred ritual

Muhammad (570 632 CE) Quraysh small less well-to-do tribe where Muhammad was raised an orphan Khadijha Muhammads wife Opened the religion upon being increasingly troubled by the idolatry, worldliness, and lack of social conscience. Started Islam at the age of 40.

He wasnt accepted at his hometown, Mecca, because: o o It violated their ancestral ways. The Meccan pilgrimage shrine and the lucrative trade it attracted.

Muhammad finds himself as the restorer of the original message of god, not the initiator of the new faith.

They regarded Jews and Christians as the People of the Book who were spiritually superior over the polytheists.

622 CE Year he left Mecca for Yathrib/Medina who asked for his advise to resolve a conflict.

630 CE Muhammad triumphantly returns to Mecca and declares the supremacy of the one true God.

Hijrah migration from Mecca to Medina; start of the Muslim calendar

Ummah Islamic Nation o o o o o o o Allegiance to the ummah Honesty in public and personal affairs Modesty in personal habits Abstention from alcohol and pork Fair division of inheritances Improved treatment of women Careful regulation of marriage and divorce

III. AN EMPIRE OF FAITH 632 CE The year Muhammad dies Abu Bakr Muhammads most gifted student Caliph leader of the ummah Ali cousin of Muhammad 656 CE Ali became caliph 661 CE Ali gets murdered Husayn Alis son 68 CE Kusayn gets murdered at Karbala, Iraq Loyalists of Ali claim he is the true imam. Imam true leader of a moque and/or a Muslim community Expanding the empire: 1. The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak and vulnerable. 2. Islam bound the once separated tribes together.

Five Pillars of the Muslim Faith: o o o o o Shahadah profession of faith Zakat charity Sawm fastin Salat ritual prayer Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca

According to Muhammad, faith is accessible as long as they submit to Allah.

Coupled with their experience in warfare, this contributed to incredibly high asabiya. 3. Other people were ready to accept Islam, especially with its emphasis on having no clergy and focus on social justice. 4. Muslims were tolerant and protected their subjects. They did not force conversion and allowed others to continue with their own faith and laws provided they pay a tax (jizyah). 5. Muslims adopted existing systems of government and trade. IV. THE GOLDEN OF ISLAM Umayyad and Abbasid periods considered The High Caliphate which led to Islams Golden Age The following emerged during the Abbasid Dynasty: o Ulama Person of right knowledge; stated that the Muslim Law should be derived from the practices and saying of Muhammad. o o o Sunnah practices Hadith sayings Shariah Law Muslims definitive guide for legal, o

social, commercial, political, ritual and moral concerns. Sunni Islam Principles: The umma is a theocracy, ruled by shariah law. The caliph is charged with administering the ummah and protecting the Dar al-Islam. A person who professes that shahadah Is a Muslim, and those who commit a mortal sin is excluded from the ummah. In the final years to the Abbasid, the caliphate weakened so they had to transfer their power to lower levels like the amir and the ulama. Islam is egalitarian; the Quran never really talks about centralized authority. Muslims were an inherently mercantile people. Trade and commerce would flourish with or without the state. 1095 1291 CE Holy Roman Empire fought to seize control of Jerusalem 1216 CE Genghis Khan led Mongols into Persia and Mesopotamia 1258 CE Baghdad is burned and looted.

Three Islamic states that emerged in between 1450 and 1650: o o o Ottoman Empire in the Middle East Safavid Empire in Iran Mughal Empire in India

* 1700 CE Islam becomes strong and vital in Europe, Ming in China and Tokugwa in Japan.