Free Vibration of Undamped One Degree-of-Freedom Systems Translation:

Solution
m + kx = 0 x

(a mass-spring system)

x (t ) = A sin n t + B cos n t = X sin( n t +)

Frequency Rotation:

k m
J o + K = 0
l + g = 0

period = 2

m k

(a pendulum)

Need to know: how to establish the equation of motion for a mass-spring system and a pendulum; how to get a solution, the natural frequency and the period, how to determine A and B from the initial conditions, and the amplitude and phase angle; how to establish initial conditions; physical meaning of the above.

Free Vibration of Damped One Degree-of-Freedom Systems

mx + cx + kx = 0
2 x + 2 x + n x = 0 n

damping factor
=
c c = 2mn 2 km

solution

x (t ) = exp( t )( A sin d t + B cos d t ) = X exp( t ) sin( d t + ) n n

d = n 1 2

Need to know: how to get a solution, the damped natural frequency and the period, how to determine A and B from the initial conditions; how to determine the damping factor from a vibration time series; physical meaning of the above.

Forced Vibration of a Mass-Spring-Damper System

mx + cx + kx = f e sin t (due to a force)

steady-state solution

x (t ) = X sin( ) t fe X = 2 2 ( k m ) + (c) 2

= arctan(

c ) k m 2

or

kX = fe

1 [1 (

2 2 ) ] + [ 2 ( )]2 n n
kX 1 = fe 2

at resonance of

= n ,

Need to know: how to get a steady-state solution, the physical meanings of resonance and the role of damping at resonance; how to draw and make sense of the response curve; how to generate physically an oscillatory force.

Two Degrees-of-Freedom Systems

Need to know: how to establish equations of free motion for systems consisting of two masses and two or three springs; how to find natural frequencies and modes (physical meaning). Vibration of a rigid body mounted at point off its center of gravity

k m

K
G eg O

k K m J

e m Jc
m( +e) +kx = 0 x

k K

Mass center Center of flexure

( J G + me 2 ) + me + K = 0 x

how to establish equations of free motion for systems with one translational
and one rotational degrees-of-freedom (remember it if it cannot be derived); how to find natural frequencies and modes (physical meaning); consequence of different locations of center of gravity and center of flexure.

Static Divergence
solution
Le + M K = 0

qS (C M, AC c + eC L , 0 + e K qSe C L

CL )

divergence velocity
Vdiv =

2K C Se L

Need to know:

How to determine the divergence velocity of an aerofoil section; the role of aerodynamic center; meaning and cause of control reversal.

Flutter
Can derive equations of independent bending and pitching in vacuum and in air. Note the extra term due to air flow. Can derive coupled equations of motion. Know how to determine the eigenvalues and the significance of the real part and imaginary part of

. Understand the different regimes of vibration in air, and the meaning of flutter speed and the causes of flutter and its
prevention/alleviation.

In general, = +i ( i =

).

For a one degree-of-freedom system: (1) when >0 and 0, the vibration grows. (2) when <0, the vibration decays and is stable. (3) At =0, the system is critically stable. For a more-than-one degree-of-freedom system: (1) when >0 and 0, the vibration grows (flutter). (2) when <0, the vibration decays and is stable. (3) At =0, vibration grows linearly (unstable). flutter speed.