Cliffs Wave erosion attacks the line of weaknesses on the slope.

Hydraulic pressure from the compression and expansion of air in the cracks and the sheer impact of the pounding waves enlarge the crack, producing a notch. Along irregular coast of headlands and bays, waves converging on headlands, due to wave refraction would attack and widen the lines of weaknesses into sea caves. The overhanging part of the notch or cave eventually collapses with repeated pounding of the waves. What is left forms a cliff. Undercutting continues to occur at the base of the cliff, together with the removal of eroded materials, the cliff retreats further landwards, exposing a wave-cut platform. Offshore terrace Overtime, the cliff becomes steeper and the wave-cut platform becomes wider. Waves tend to deposit sediments onto the shore platform because it gentle slope causes the waves to lose their energy due to friction with the shallow seabed. When the wave-cut platform is buried with deposits, it causes a belt of shallow water which decreases the wave energy and erosion of the wave platform ceases. Eroded materials are then deposited in the offshore zone to form an offshore terrace. Headlands and bays The less resistant areas of rocks curve inwards as they get eroded away by the waves, forming bays. The areas made up of more resistant rocks will protrude out from the coastline, forming headlands. The waves are refracted as they approach the headlands due to the retarding influence of shallow waters off the headlands. (Some waves slowing down while other waves not affected by the headlands moving ahead at the same speed). Wave energy is thus converged on the headlands and weakened along the wider stretches of the bays. Spits/tombolos When longshore currents encounter a bay in the coast with shallow sheltered water, the occurrence of longshore drift would cause the beach materials to be laterally transferred even at the turn of the coastline. The waves lose energy and deposit the sand in the form of a ridge. Overtime, the accumulation of materials will result in a long narrow ridge of sand, with one end attached to the mainland and the other extending seawards. As a spit grows and extends seawards, wave action causes the free end to be curved towards the land, enclosing a water body called a lagoon. A spit that extends seawards and joins up an offshore island to another island is a tombolo. Arches/stacks/stumps

Along irregular coast of headlands and bays, destructive waves converging on headlands, due to wave refraction would attack and widen the lines of weaknesses into sea caves. When two caves on opposite sides of the headland, join to form a complete opening, the cave top remains as an arch. With further erosion, the arch weakens and collapses, leaving behind the seaward pillar of the rock, known as a stack. With further erosion, the stack would be reduced in size to a stump. Blowhole/geo Due to the presence of near vertical lines of weakness above the sea cave, waves splurging in during high tides tend to force and compress the air into the lines of weakness. When the waves retreat suddenly, compressed air is released. The air expands explosively and the rocks are shattered, resulting in the opening and widening of the lines of weakness along the cave. Part of the roof of the cave collapses, producing a blow hole. Continued wave erosion may widen the blowhole till the entire roof of the sea cave collapses to form a long narrow steep sided inlet, a geo.