RYERSON UNIVERSITY

Department of Aerospace Engineering

AER ermodynamics
Dr. J. V. Lassaline
Assignment
Due: Oct. th,
Completed assignments can be le in the drop box opposite ENG .
QUis1io 1 A gas within a piston-cylindei assembly undeigoes a theimodynamic cycle con- 20%
sisting of the following thiee piocesses in sequence:
Process 1 2: Compiession with U
2
= U
1
.
Process 2 3: Constant-volume cooling to p
3
= 140kPa, V
3
= 0.028 m
3
.
Process 3 1: Constant-piessuie expansion with W
31
= 10.5 kJ.
Foi the cycle, the net woik is 8.3 kJ. Teie is no change in kinetic oi potential eneigy.
1.a) Deteimine the volume at state 1, in m
3
.
A Use the information given about process 31 to determine the volume at state 1, given that
state 3 is known.
W
31
= p
31
(V
1
V
3
) (1)
V
1
= V
3
+
W
31
p
31
= 0.028 m
3
+
10.5 kJ
140kPa
= 0.103 m
3
(i)
Note that the units of
kJ
/kPa yield m
3
without further conversion. Also note that the order of the volume
dierence is important as V
1
> V
3
. In the general case for a constant pressure process the expansion or
compression work is W
i j
= p
i j
(V
j
V
i
).
1.b) Deteimine the woik and heat tiansfei foi piocess 12, each in kJ.
A You are not told much about process 12, other than that the internal energy remains the
same during the process. We do know that it must join the remaining two processes to form a thermody-
namic cycle. An energy balance on process 12 yields
E
12
= 0 = Q
12
W
12
()
Q
12
= W
12
()
while the work done during process 23 is zero, the work done during process 31 is known, and the net
cycle work is given. Calculating the net work of the cycle yields
W
12
= W
c ycl e
W
23
W
31
= 8.3 kJ 0 10.5 kJ = 18.8 kJ (,)
where the sign is consistent with the description of process 12 being a compression of the gas. Using this
work with Eq. yields Q
12
= 18.8 kJ or heat rejection.
1.c) Is this a powei oi iefiigeiation cycle: Explain.
A As the net cycle work is negative (work input) this must be a refrigeration (or heat pump)
cycle. This can also be determined by sketching a pV diagram and observing that the cycle is completed
in the counter-clockwise direction.
1
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
QUis1ioi Acooking pot whose innei diametei is 20cmis lled with watei and coveied with a 20%
heavy lid (4kg) which piovides a good seal at the pot iim. If the local atmospheiic piessuie is 101 kPa,
deteimine the tempeiatuie at which the watei will stait boiling when heated.
A Consider a free-body diagramappliedtothe pot lid. The pressure of the vapour inside the pot
can reach a maximum pressure p before lifting the lid. Thus the temperature at which the pot boils is T
sat
for water at pressure p. Balancing the forces in the vertical direction, we have the weight of the lid acting
down, atmospheric pressure acting over the top surface of the lid, and pressure p acting over the bottom
surface of the lid. The vertical component of the force due to the constant pressure acting on either side
is equal to the pressure multiplied by the surface area projected onto the horizontal plane. (The horizontal
component of the force due to pressure will likely cancel due to symmetry of the lid, but it is irrelevant to
this problem. A domed lid will behave the same as a at lid with the same diameter.) For static equilibrium,
summing the forces in the vertical direction (positive up) requires
F = mg p
atm

4
D
2
+ p

4
D
2
= 0 (o)
where D = 0.20m is the inner diameter of the pot, p
atm
= 101 kPa is the atmospheric pressure, and p is
the pressure of the water within the pot. Thus the pressure p is
p = p
atm
+
4mg
D
2
= 101 10
3
Pa +
4 4kg 9.81
m
/s
2
0.20
2
m
2
= 102.2 kPa (,)
which corresponds to T
sat
= 100.2 Cusing linear interpolation within Table A- of the textbook.
QUis1io A iigid tank contains watei vapoui at 300C and an unknown piessuie. When the 20%
tank is cooled to 180C, the vapoui staits condensing. Estimate the initial piessuie in the tank.
A The word rigid implies that this is a constant volume process. The word cooling implies that
there is heat rejection from the water to its surroundings. There is no other mention of work and it can be
assumed that kinetic and potential energy are negligible. The initial state is at pressure p
1
and temperature
T
1
= 300C. The nal state is at T
2
= 180C and is entirely saturated vapour. Thus the specic volume at
the nal state is v
2
= v
g
(180C) = 0.1941
m
3
/kg as determined using Table A- of the textbook. Thus for a
constant volume process, the initial specic volume is v
1
= v
2
= 0.1941
m
3
/kg.
As the water is cooled down to a saturated vapour, the initial state must be a superheated vapour. This
can be conrmed by examining the saturated vapour specic volume at 300C where v
1
> v
g
(300C).
Interpolating within Table A- of the textbook yields the following bracketing states.
p = 10bar
T ( C) v (
m
3
/kg)
280 0.2480
320 0.2678
p = 15 bar
T ( C) v (
m
3
/kg)
280 0.1627
320 0.1765
Note that 300Cdoes not appear explicitly in Table A- as needed, thus it is necessary to look for two sub-
tables which would bracket the desired specic volume if we were to determine v at this temperature.
Interpolating within each sub-table to determine the specic volume at 300Cyields the new table
T = 300C
v (
m
3
/kg) p ( bar)
0.2579 10bar
0.1696 15 bar
Interpolating for pressure yields p
1
= 13.6bar.
ioo i of ,
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
QUis1io Aiigid tank contains 5 lbmof a two-phase, liquid-vapoui mixtuie of H
2
O, initially 20%
at 260F with a quality of 60%. Heat tiansfei to the contents of the tank occuis until the tempeiatuie
is 320F. Showthe piocess on a pv diagiam. Deteimine the mass of vapoui, in lbm, initially piesent
in the tank and the nal piessuie, in
lbf
/in
2
.
A Due to the rigid nature of the container, this is a constant volume process, which will appear
as a vertical line on a pv diagram (see below). As the initial state is given as having a quality of 0.6, the
initial state must be a liquid-vapour mixture at 260F. Using Table A-E from the textbook, the pressure
would be the saturation pressure at this temperature p
1
= p
sat
(260F) = 35.42
lbf
/in
2
.
From the denition of mixture quality we can determine that the initial mass of vapour is
m
vapour,1
=
1
m = 0.6 5 lbm = 3 lbm (8)
To determine the nal pressure at state , we can use the fact that v
1
= v
2
. The specic volumes of the
saturated liquid and vapour states at T
1
= 260F are respectively v
f
= 0.01708
f
3
/lbm and v
g
= 11.77
f
3
/lbm.
Thus the specic volume of the water is
v
2
= v
1
= 0.01708 + 0.6(11.77 0.01708) = 7.0688
f
3
/lbm. ()
ExaminingTableA-E(or A-E) reveals thespecic volumeof saturatedvapour water at 320Fis 4.919
f
3
/lbm
which is less than v
2
. Thus state must be in the superheated vapour region. To determine the pressure
at state requires that we interpolate within Table A-E using v = 7.0688
f
3
/lbm. Searching the sub-tables
yields the following four entries which bracket this value (the temperature 320Fdoes not explicitly appear
in these tables)
p = 60
lbf
/in
2
T( F) v(
f
3
/lbm)
300 7.26
350 7.82
p = 80
lbf
/in
2
T( F) v(
f
3
/lbm)
312.1 5.47
350 5.80
As this is superheated vapour we would expect that p
2
< p
sat
(320F). In this case the resulting pressure
falls between 60
lbf
/in
2
and 80
lbf
/in
2
. At 80
lbf
/in
2
for a superheated vapour, the lower limit on temperature is
312.1 F and thus the two subtables have slightly dierent temperature ranges.
The above two tables can be reduced to the following table using linear interpolation by temperature
T = 320F
v(
f
3
/lbm) p(
lbf
/in
2
)
7.484 60
5.539 80
The nal pressure p
2
= 64.27
lbf
/in
2
can be determined by linear interpolation using specic volume.
Note that your pv diagram (see Fig. ) does not need to be to scale but it should indicate the position
of the process end states relative to the vapour dome.
50 kg water
150 kPa, 20C
Piston
QUis1io , A piston-cylindei device, as illustiated, contains 50kg of 20%
watei at 150kPa and 20C. Te cioss-sectional aiea of the piston is 0.1 m
2
.
Assume that cylindei walls aie fiictionless. Heat is now tiansfeiied to the
watei, causing pait of it to evapoiate and expand. When the volume ieaches
0.2 m
3
, the piston comes in contact with a lineai spiing whose spiing constant
is 100
kN
/m. Moie heat is tiansfeiied to the watei until the piston iises an addi-
tional 20cm while in contact with the spiing. Deteimine (a) the nal piessuie
ioo of ,
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
p
v
1
2
320F
260F
Figuie 1: pv diagiam foi QUis1io
and tempeiatuie, (b) the woik done duiing this piocess. Include a pV dia-
giam.
A Consider the water to be a closed system. The system undergoes a sequence of two expan-
sion processes passing through three states. The intial state 1 begins at p
1
= 150kPa and T
1
= 20C.
Comparing T
1
to T
sat
(150kPa) = 111.4C using Table A- reveals that this state is in the subcooled liq-
uid phase region. Using the subcooled liquid approximation with Table A- yields v
1
= v
f
(20C) =
1.0018 10
3
m
3
/kg.
The subcooledliquid is heatedat constant pressure (the piston is free to move) until the specic volume
at state 2 is
v
2
=
V
2
m
=
0.2 m
3
50kg
= 4 10
3
m
3
/kg (1o)
For a constant pressure process the work is
W
12
= m

2
1
pdv = mp
12
(v
2
v
1
) = 50kg 150kPa (4 10
3
1.0018 10
3
) = 22.50kJ (11)
State 2 is in the saturated liquid-vapour phase region as indicated by the fact that v
f
(150kPa) < v
2
<
v
g
(150kPa).
Process 23 involves the piston in contact with a linear spring, where the force exerted by the spring
is equal to kx where k = 100
kN
/m and x is the distance by which the spring is compressed. The spring is
compressed by a total of 0.20m, which corresponds to a volume dierence of V
3
V
2
= (x
3
x
2
)A =
0.20m 0.1 m
2
= 0.02 m
3
. The spring causes a linear increase in pressure as a function of x
p(x) = p
2
+
kx
A
(1i)
Pressure during the process 23 can be described as a function of volume V using
V = V
2
+ Ax (1)
p = p
2
+
k(V V
2
)
A
2
(1)
ioo of ,
Rvivso Uivivsi1v AER o Fall ioo8
p (kPa)
V
1 2
3
150
350
Figuie i: pV plot of piocesses in QUis1io ,.
The nal volume is V
3
= 0.22 m
3
, thus the nal pressure is p
3
= 350kPa. The nal specic volume is
v
3
=
V
3
m
=
0.22 m
3
50kg
= 4.4 10
3
m
3
/kg (1,)
which falls between v
f
(350kPa) = 1.0786 10
3
m
3
/kg and v
g
(350kPa) = 0.5243
m
3
/kg, thus state 3 is
within the vapour dome. The temperature at state 3 is T
3
= T
sat
(350kPa) = 138.9C.
The work of the expansion process 23 can be determined using
W
23
=

3
2
pdV =

V
3
V
2
(p
2
+
k(V V
2
)
A
2
)dV = (p
2

kV
2
A
2
)(V
3
V
2
) +
k
2A
2
(V
2
3
V
2
2
) (1o)
W
23
= (150kPa
100
kN
/m 0.2 m
3
0.1
2
m
4
) 0.02 m
3
+
100
kN
/m
2 0.1
2
m
4
(0.22
2
0.2
2
) = 5 kJ (1,)
The total work done by the system is 27.5 kJ. A pV diagram (not to scale) is illustrated in Fig. .
ioo , of ,