Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5.8 Summary
5.9 Exercises
TCP/IP
In a general sense, protocols are formal rules of behaviour. When we talk internationally,
protocols minimize the problems caused by cultural and language differences when various
nations work together. By ignoring the cultural and language differences, various nations can
come together, form a general set of rules and regulation for the easy communication among
themselves. Similarly, when computers communicate, it is necessary to define a set of rules
to govern their communications among different computers and devices created by different
vendors. In data communications these sets of rules are also called protocols.
83
Networking Principles
TCP/IP was first developed by U.S. Department of Defence, as a research project for its
Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) in the late 1960s. TCP/IP soon
becomes popular due to its low cost, its ability to communicate between dissimilar platforms
and its open nature. TCP/IP has a common addressing scheme that allow device to uniquely
address on the entire network, even if the network is as large as the worldwide Internet.
TCP/IP standardized high-level protocols for consistent, widely available user services.
In present computer network operation, TCP/IP protocol is far more popular than any other
protocols. It is not because this protocol is being used for long time, but it meets the
important need of worldwide data communication for all and in right way. It has many
5 features, meeting the current requirements of computer network. One of the reasons, TCP/IP
become so popular is due to being a routable in nature, which means TCP/IP can carry
Network Layer addressing information that can be interpreted by a router. Protocols that
can span more than one LAN (or LAN segment) are called routable protocols. Not all
protocols are routable protocols. It is only routable protocols can be used over a large
networks.
84
TCP/IP
TCP/IP has its own protocol model; it does not follow the OSI seven layers model. There is
no universal agreement regarding how to describe TCP/IP with a layered model, but it has
been agreed that TCP/IP has fewer layers than seven layers of OSI Model. TCP/IP follows its
own four layer model architecture.
§ Application Layer
§ Transport Layer
§ Internet Layer
§ Network Interface Layer
The Application Layer in TCP/IP group provides the same function as three layers of OSI
model (Application, Presentation and Session Layer). Therefore in the TCP/IP architecture,
any process above the transport layer is called an application layer. In TCP/IP protocol,
socket and port are used to describe the path over which applications communicate. Most
application level protocols inside TCP/IP are associated with one or more port number.
85
Networking Principles
At Transport Layer of TCP/IP architecture, there are two main protocols User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which carry out transport layer
functions. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is connection oriented protocol, which
means it guarantees information transmission. It is like sending a registered letter where
sender is assured that letter will reach to recipient. On the other hand, User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) is connectionless protocol, which transports datagram without end-to-end
reliability checking. It is like sending ordinary letter, where delivery is not guaranteed.
However, both protocols are useful for different applications. Since UDP is connectionless
protocol (does not need extra time for checking and verifying data) thus it is faster than TCP.
Therefore, UDP is used for transmission of sound and video over the Internet since these
media needs higher speed.
TCP UDP
· It is a connection-oriented protocol · It is connectionless protocol
· Ordered- The message arrived at the · Not ordered- If you send two
receiver is in order which they where messages out, you don't know what
sent. order they'll arrive in.
At the Internet Layer of TCP/IP the primary protocol is Internet Protocol (IP). All upper
and lower layer communication must travel through IP layer in TCP/IP protocol stack.
Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for assigning unique address, called IP address to
every computers and devices on the networks for successful communication. At Internet layer
there are others supporting protocols like ICMP to facilitate the routing process.
In the TCP/IP architecture, the Data Link Layer and Physical Layer are normally grouped
together to become the Network Access Layer. TCP/IP makes use of existing Data Link and
Physical Layer standards rather than defining its own. The physical layer, which defines the
hardware communication properties, is not often directly interfaced with the TCP/IP
protocols in the network layer and above.
86
TCP/IP
87
Networking Principles
Internet Protocol (IP) belongs to Network Layer of OSI and TCP/IP model and plays an
important role in computer network. It provides information about how and where data
should be sent by including source and destination addresses. At Network layer of the OSI
Model, data is formed into packet, the packet is called IP datagram in the context of TCP/IP.
The IP datagram act as an envelope for data and contain necessary information for routers to
transfer data between LAN segments.
Addressing
IP uses 32-bit addresses to identify the sending and receiving hosts. These addresses are
used by intermediate routers to select a path through the network for the packet.
Fragmentation
5 IP packets may be split, or fragmented, into smaller packets. This permits a large packet to
travel across a network which can only handle smaller packets.
Packet timeouts
Each IP packet contains a Time To Live (TTL) field, which is decremented every time a
router handles the packet. If TTL reaches zero, the packet is discarded, preventing packets
from running in circles forever and flooding a network.
Networks recognize two types of addresses: Logical (or Network address) and physical (or
MAC or Hardware) addresses. MAC addresses are assigned to Network Interface Cards
(NICs) by manufacturer at the factory and cannot be changed easily. On the other hand,
logical addresses are assigned manually and can be changed easily. In the TCP/IP protocol
suite, Internet Protocol (IP) is core protocols responsible for logical addressing.
88
TCP/IP
Current version of IP address (IPv4) is a unique 32-bit binary number assigned to every
device that connects to IP based network. 32 bit binary number is usually represented as 4
decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by
decimal points. An Example of a valid IP is 140.179.220.200. This is known as "dotted
decimal" notation as shown in the example.
Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the networks and one identifying the
Hosts.
Example of IP Address:
89
Networking Principles
IP addresses are classified into three classes; they are Class A, Class B and Class C. The
class IP address can be assigned to a particular business, government or other entity based on
size and need.
90
TCP/IP
NOTE:
The symbol “::” is a special syntax that can be used as a shorthand way of representing
multiple 16-bit groups of contiguous 0’s (zeros). The “::” can appear anywhere in the
address; however it can only appear once in the address.
91
Networking Principles
5.7.2 FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.
FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer. FTP is most commonly used
to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g.,
92
TCP/IP
uploading a Web page file to a server). FTP is an essential part of the internet, not only for
people building web sites but also for people downloading files.
5.7.3 TELNET
Telnet is a text based, terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks such as the Internet.
With telnet program you can connect your PC to a server at different location on the network.
Telnet is used for executing commands through Telnet program consul which is executed as
if it is entered directly on the server console. Thus Telnet can enable you to control the
server and communicate with other servers on the network. In order to connect to remote
server, you have to provide the host Name, Port number (which is telnet port number 23)
and terminal type, as shown in the Figure 5-6. FTP and SMTP protocols allow you to request
specific files/emails from remote computer but with telnet you have privilege to issue
command to remote servers.
93
Networking Principles
5.8 Summary
§ Protocol is set of rules to govern the communications among computers and devices
created by different vendors.
§ TCP/IP is basic protocol for the Internet as well as Intranet and Extranet.
§ TCP/IP consists of many protocols, TCP and IP being a core protocol in TCP/IP suit.
§ TCP/IP was fist developed by US Department of defence for ARPAnet in the late
1960s.
§ Unlike OSI 7 layers, TCP/IP has only four layers. They are Application, Transport,
Internet and Network Interface Layers.
5 § Transport layer of TCP/IP consist of two well know protocols; TCP and UDP.
§ UDP is connectionless protocol used for application like audio and video over the
Internet.
§ Internet Protocol (IP) is Internet layer protocol of TCP/IP which is responsible for
assigning logical address.
§ Main role of Internet Protocol (IP) are IP addressing, Fragmentation and packet
timeouts.
§ IPv6 is next generation Internet protocol has 128 bit addressing scheme.
§ SMTP is application layer protocol of TCP/IP used for sending and receiving email.
§ FTP is application layer protocols used for sending and receiving files over Internet.
§ TELNET is text based terminal emulation program for TCP/IP used for executing
command on remote computers.
94
TCP/IP
5.9 Exercises
5
Fill in the blanks
4. In TCP/IP protocol, __________ and ___________ are used to describe the path over
which applications communicate.
6. TCP guaranteed the packet delivery to the receiver where as _____________ not.
7. IPv6 uses __________ Bits for its addressing unlike IPv4 which uses _____________ bits.
8. In TCP/IP the Data Layer and Physical layer is grouped to form _________________.
95
Networking Principles
96