Fundamental Concepts of Electric Power Systems

Chapter 1

Fundamental Concepts of Electric Power Systems

Introduction Power system configuration Components, power angle relationships Synchronous generator power relations Loads System model representation

1.1

INTRODUCTION

Basic objective of a Power System is to supply electrical energy to various loads throughout a given service area at constant frequency, voltage, high reliability meeting real and reactive power variations. Electrical Power System Consists of : I. Power elements which generate, transform, distribute and consume the electrical energy. These are: Generators Transformers, Rectifiers, Inverters Power Transmission Lines, Distribution Networks Loads II. Control elements which change the operating condition of the power system. These are: Excitation Regulators Speed Governors Relays Circuit Breakers Supplementary Controllers For steady state and dynamical performance analysis of a power system, two types of power system configuration are chosen: (a) Simple and (b) Complex.

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Power System Dynamics

1.2

POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Simple

This simple configuration is also called single machine infinite bus system. Complex In a complex configuration as shown in figure below several machines are connected to an infinite bus.

1.3

COMPONENTS, POWER ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

Taking the simple configuration we will examine some of the fundamental features like power transmission capacity of an electrical power system. 1.3.1 Static Transmission Capacity

We consider a transmission link ij and examine its load capacity I= Line Powers

Vi Vj Z

Bus i I Vi Z = R + jX Sij = Pij + jQij

Bus j

Vj

Sij = Pij + jQij = Vi I * Sij = Vi

Vi* V j* Z*

Vi Vi V j j R jX
Vi
2

S ji = Pji + jQ ji = V j ( I ) *
V j* Vi* V j Vi V j j S ji = V j = R jX Z*

Vj

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Fundamental Concepts of Electric Power Systems

Rationalising and Separation Yields

Pij = Qij = Pji =

1 R +X 1 R +X 1 R +X 1 R +X
2 2

Qji =
For R = 0,

(R V (X V
X

(R V (X V
i

R Vi V j cos + X Vi V j sin X Vi V j cos R Vi V j

i 2

) sin )

j 2 j

R Vi V j cos X Vi V j sin X Vi V j cos + R Vi V j

) sin )

Pij = Pji =

Vi V j

sin

If Vi and Vj are held constant,

Pij = Pm sin ; Pm =
dPij d

Vi V j X

(Static transmisson capacity or static stability limit)

= Pm cos (Electrical stiffness or synchronizing coefficient)

1.4

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR POWER RELATIONS

Let us now look at generator portion of the power system. Consider the m/c phasor diagram:

SG = PG + jQG = V I cos + j V I sin

E I d X d = V cos and I q X q = V sin

I q = I sin and I d = I cos

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Power System Dynamics

I cos = I q cos + I d sin
PG = VI q cos + VI d sin PG = V2 EV V2 sin 2 + sin sin 2 Xd 2Xq 2Xd

EV V2 1 1 sin + PG = sin 2 Xd 2 Xq Xd
If Xd = Xq then PG =

EV sin Xd

If E and V are constants, then PG = Pm sin The power angle diagram of the machine is shown

Synchronizing Power Coefficient: Similarly for reactive power:

QG

dPG = Pm cos d

EV V2 cos = Xd Xd

QG > 0 for E cos > V (Machine is overexcited) QG < 0 for E cos < V (Machine is underexcited)

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Fundamental Concepts of Electric Power Systems

A synchronous generator can be represented as

1.5

LOADS

Usually in a power system loads constitute equipment like motors, furnaces and lighting etc. Loads can be classified into: 1. Industrial Loads: They have a predictable duty cycle and load constancy. 2. Domestic Loads: These are random in character whose average pattern can be recognized by statistics. In steady state, although loads are time variant, variations are slow. A typical load consumes reactive power (IM). A typical load is symmetric. Consider a typical R-L Load: For this load:

P + jQ = V 2 Y*
Y* is the complex conjugate of load admittance

P =

RV

2 2

R 2 + ( 2 fL ) 2 fL V
2

>0

Q =

R 2 + ( 2 fL )

>0

P = P( f , V Q = Q( f , V

) and )

P decreases with increase in f and, Q increases with increase in f.

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Power System Dynamics

In a power system in operation: Frequency constitutes a sensitive indicator of real power balance. Unchanged voltage profile indicates that balance is kept between produced and consumed reactive power. To understand this quantitatively, we consider the system shown

Assumptions: Vi is kept constant and is the reference. Z = jX

V j = Vi IZ = Vi V j = Vi

P jQ jX Vi

X X Q j P Vi Vi
Vi
X

Vj

Vj

X Vi

Vi P

1.6

SYSTEM MODEL REPRESENTATION

Looking at the Power System as a whole, in symmetrical steady state: A synchronous generator can be modeled as a source behind an impedance or reactance. A transmission line can be modeled as a lumped reactance. A load can be modeled as a reactance.

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Fundamental Concepts of Electric Power Systems

Thus a simple model of a power system can be viewed as:

or

For this system P=

EV sin X
EV V2 cos X X
V

Q =
where

X = X d + Xt + Xl

Qg = Q + I 2 X Qg = Qg =

( E cos V )2 + ( E sin )2 Q+
X

IX

E EV cos X X

REFERENCES
Electrical Transmission and Distribution Westinghouse Reference Book, Westinghouse, 1964. S.B. Crary, Power System Stability, Vols. I and II, Wiley, New York, 1945, 1947. E.W. Kimbark, Power System Stability, Vols. I, II and III, Wiley, New York, 1948, 1950, 1956. O.I. Elgerd, Electric Energy System Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971. V.A. Venikov, Transient Phenomena in Electric Power System, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1977. R.T. Byerly and E.W. Kimbark, Stability of Large Electric Power Systems, IEEE Press Book, IEEE, New York, 1974.

Pravesh/D:/pravesh/March/V.G.Rao/Pravesh work Third proof25-08-2009