in Introductorv Lessons Aramaic: AnswersAppendix Exercise:14.

N: rD
("theking")

mlk' tqvP

l.'Pn

tqypyn ]'!'Pn and ("strong" thesingular in theplural) in n'l $n'l I'fi: N"nl byt byt' btyn bty'

and "the houses") ("house,""the house,""houses,"

:nf n:n:
-lDN 'l-]bN

ktb ktbt
'mr 'mrw

("he wrote" and"shewrote")

("he said"and"they said") ln:' 'i.l:n:' yktb yktbwn ("he writes"and"theywrite")

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

lb. Exercise: ktb ktbt

k'n ("now") 'l

ln: nln:
't fl-

("he wrote"and"shewrote")
lt-

jv

("over,""above") 'dyn ("then") l"l$

ptgm'

NDin!

("message")

il.]n mdh ("tribute")

5lm g") ("peace,""well-bein

nlw

,r, 'r"

l-1lt NJJ-IN

("land" and "the land")

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

lc. Exercise:
n\ttir-'.
4/Yit |

\/tY t

rrfr-l r

l r E r i i ' \ - ' 1 . - f h/ n- t | l.r,l

N-]i]:-lltJ ):: ]'n')ut

I

''l?: rr:?-r -rrnrlJ -T7i.1'] i']''ir:'] Jr rril lrt,/ I

'l mlkyn tqypynhww yrw5lm bkl w5lytyn 'br nhr' wmdhblw whlk mtyhblhwn "strongkingswereoverJerusalem in and(theyhad)authority all Abar-Naharah andtribute,tax,andtoll wasgivento them-"

ld. Exercise: 'i'rir)]-lbN ND:: l'-'lN 'i.:: N:.ll ;'1:-l N'-]ll nnnu 'J l'r:N]D
'dyn knm' 'mrw lhwn gbry' dy dnhbnyn' bnyn mn 'nwn Smht "Then,accordingly, saidto them, they 'Whatarethenames the menwho arebuildingthis structure (literally, of a.re who,this structure, building)?"'

in Introductory Lessons Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

le. Exercise:
w'yn 'lhhn hwt 'l 6byyhwdY'

wl' btlw hmw

'lu N'Jli'Tn ,IJ nln ]iln)* 1'ttt ]Di] 't)n: *)t

of "The eyeof theirGodwasovertheelders the Judaeans the them(i.e., builders)." did the andthey(i.e., elders) not stop

Exercise:lf.

N:bDu.l':l )y

n)u "l Nn-llN .':!:'tn llUr!

'l mlk' pr5gn'ggrt' dy-Slhtttny . . . dryrvS "A copy of the letterthat Tattenaisent . . . to Dariusthe king."

):::

.'-'T Nf )D .'J f\rT:)n':l -'lirln' ;'lEn

ytbqqrbbyt gnzyy' dy mlk' tmmh dy bbbl in of of "Let asearch made thehouse records theking there Babylon." in be

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

Exercise 2a.
--- melek("king") + kesap ("silver")(Because shewa the first vowelof the is the word,it is pronounced.) 12A t'la:
il-l
tirl'T -ar

- lrrr

-+ bayrt
1 '

I I t-

---+Dau'n
i -,-\

rl -rJ :
rrirl-t-1-\

--E

--+ KetaD
--+ KetaDtl .i.-.lhtt
|

'l-l

rJ

n\pj;-r
U , / 'W 1 .'
:

|
l

hrr irlll
, / ) -J

-:

l|r F r n - / . t t
I l'-

-/t-

NliTl:l! ):: 'i'n'!u11 tiir! lilnn l);rr i): nrnl

malkTvntaqqrvprvn hdwO* 'al yer[*Selem wesalltlt-in bskol'dbar-nahara [*middan belo* wahdlak mitveheb laho*n Note that the first shewain li'l'l'lb represents absence a vowel and the of the secondrepresents murmuredvowel. a

Exercise 2b.
Distinguish shewas represent the that murmured-vowels those from that represent absence vowelsby transliterating the of these words: N?D: ("the silver"):kaspd (Theapostrophe in superscript, is indicating it is beingusedasa moter-consonant.)

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix

:TVff il ("heknewyou"):h6*de'Ak 'antln pluralentities): llnlX ("you" for masculine 'amor-/n 'j'--fb$ ("those (The, vowelrepresentshere.): d who aresaying") l]ll ("building"): binyan

(The, vowelrepresentshere.): bdneyd 5 R]l? ("Theonewho is building") it (Theapostrophe in superscript, indicating is beingusedasa maleris consonant.)

2c. Exercise
in of This is thebeginning a letter,embedded the biblicalbookof Ena (4:l 1).Transcribe it:

'ri)! rn?u'-'t ;TjT N;-UN 1lD-lp - N?)EXnipUrin-l$ )! U;N NJiT:--llIJ :J"J:! '-1NIJ:I;I] N?)n) ntn) !'r: n:-$:l "'r
'iggartd dlv salahu*'alo*hTv parsegen danah 'al 'artah5aSte' malka-'abdavk 'EnaS'5bar-nahdrf, yehu"dayc d-i yedT)' lamalka'dTl r-r'*ka'enet lehewe but the yodhis not pronounced, is a graphic Notethatin thewordl'Jl! markthattheword is in theplural. 'ayin.Thisrepresents a to Notethat.!'1' hasan extraa-vowelattached the not and of in recent developrnent thepronunciation Aramaic does relatively in need be represented thetransliteration. to a Notethattheword Nln) has,in its first syllable, shortvowelandis the that vowel,e. Thismeans technically first followedby the ultra-short This is the exception therule. to is syllable an opensyllable. "This (is) a copyof the letterthattheysentto him:

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

'To: Artaxerxes, king --- (From:)your servants, people Avarof the the Naharah. who Now, let it be knownto theking thattheJews/Judaeans . ."'

2d. Exercise
passage Ezra(5'.4)'. from the Transliterate following

NFit jtf* ii;r) r-r[l-t 'i:;?Nll!: ;11'l Nilll I]TFU '-T luN lE
'6dayin kenemd''dmaru* 1eh6*n gubrayya'dTv denal'binyana banayin man 'inn[*n Semahat doesnot fall on the final syllable.In where stress Note the four examples prevents what is a shortvowel frorn reducingand the threecases stress becominga murrnuredvowel. Then,thus,they askedthem: "What arethe namesof the men who arebuilding this building (lit., who this buildingarebuilding)."

2e. Exercise
script: Transcribe following(frornEzra5:5)into Ararnaic the 'dlahahon yeh["daye hdwat'al Sabcv wo'eYn wela'battil["'himmd'

NlJtil''lP )rl nll ]nl?* j'E'l

innr)n: s?t
But the eyeof their Godwas overthe eldersof the JewsiJudaeans

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix

of officials)did not stopthem(i.e.,elders the andthey(thePersian Jerusalem). who Jews/Judaeans wereworkingon rebuilding

Introductory Lessonsin Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

3a. Exercise
passage Ezra5.6,5'.17'. frorn the Transliterate following

x?)Bull:l Jv .'!Rnn?u 'T t{[t-UN llu-18

):lr'T N])D'.T Niill n':J i'.t4[t -li?:nl

'iggartddTv-Selah malkd . 'al tattanay . . darydwes par5egen div dtv yifbaqqar bsbevtginzayya malka'tamman bebabel Part3. havethefollowingforms: in Thepronouns Aramaic
Sineular

lcs "I"

;''illt

Plural 1cp"we"

"you" 2ms 2fs"you"

3ms "he" 3fs " she"

nl|! 'l-U||
!ll;''l

illn:N Efflt! /'ijfn!t! 2mp"you" 'iffllt 2fp"you" + "they" 'i:]!t\ (E.:inn I D..linil) 3mp
3fp"they" l'l$

lvi'l

pronouns. like in Theyareused manyrespects English

3b. Exercise
Basedon what you know of Aramaic orthographyand syllabification, the transliterate pronounsfrom the precedingchart:
Sinsular
lcs "I" '6na 'ant 'antty hD*' hTY'

Plural
lcp "we" 2mp "you"

'lnahndn 'ant6m / 'ant[*n

2ms"you"
2fs "you" 3ms "he" 3fs "she"

2fp "you"
3mp "they"

'antn
'inn[*n / himm6*/ himm6*n

3fo"they"

'inntyn

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

Exercise 3c.
that utilizingthe vocabulary into Translate followingsentences Aramaic, the followsthe exercise: 1.He is theking. 2.He is in thehouse. 3. We arein thehouse. 4. Theyarebeforetheking. all 5. Accordingly, arethere. the we 6. Before theywerethere, werebefore king.

*r;r 1 N?)D
2.Nf'13 t\l;1

3 n!::: nln!$

n1p 4 N?)p iux ): s nPn xpil

c'r17 6 N?)B nln:|\ilFnlr:NnDri2 lb

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

l0

nouns/adiecti ng chartfor masculine 4a: ln Exercise Fill in the followinschart tor mascullnenouns/adtectlves:
Noun/adj. sins. abs./cstr. emph./det. sing. plural abs.

pl. cstr.
l2 r'turifr)
'' t

pl. emph./det.

Ptttt! ("old")

Ni?'n!
N;P

I'i?'n!
-11.1 ? i .+? I

Nii?'n!

lp ("good", root:! 1 l!).

The : 6.

Nitp
-]'IJT NT
t-

I'IJT ("little") The : .

N-I'TJT

?rit
I :

lt?

t)/l

('Judg-ment"l\)'.7 l'? -T) 'i '

llE("mountain.")

I't'-l

r)t:T

l{tJ'--T $rl:lE

N-'nlJ
N D '!N
1I llr':1n

E'!l_1("wise")

Nrn'!n
)w ./

lp) ("tongue") N]ID) -a.

The :

*,tttil
l f

NT]U)

)jJ ("voice", root: N , D

,I')D
I I t

,,D

N:')D
t -lr

)tPl
The

a
ts rr \t tt.!

l$U ("remnant") The : a.

t\ t ||\\u t :

'l':$u

'-]NiD

N!-INU

Exercise4b:
I /es: lll ln tne Io owlng cnart or remlnle no pluralabs. pl. cstr. emph./det. Noun/adj. cstr.sing. sing. abs.sing.
I ll.)
It

pl. emph./det.

t'l)'t

I tl)
t-

t t)J

NFi?'nq
('attTyqta)

ll'

ilz

l'lY

t tI t' ) t ' t v

Nli?'n!
Nn:b

("old")

NFl:b
?:t

l?t

1"good", root:! 1 ll)

(tabta )
F-rt ltt I I -I| ) / l

;1-l'lji
("little")

NN:'IJ]

i | )/r
t -r:.r F?
It

| |

I )Jl
"i

!qnl.lIJT

i''T?rfn
("crimg")

n)1r[
n'l'n

n|J)1:n
Nrllnn

-it-'!F?

$n)rrn
Nn't'n

nl'n
("animal", root: N '

T't'n
lt "

n]'n

n)
1l

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond.AnswersAppendix

:.lhrin
t-

l'rlrtin

NFn'!n
ti

lnt=]n
It

-/\r:F?

!qinn!n
tt

("wise")
I rl4 l:| ("charitv")
-lnr;t':l
?I-

r r;/ l;l
I i :-J l 'l_rt'I

$rji2'13.
(sidqetd )

li?rs
j'.tEt 1E1'r

I ll,
It

l5
:'

$[ri?-]s
NNE'DR
7 f l -

!$j?'i?R
N-l9g (sipperd )

n?'i?n
r lEl

("strong")
t:J5

t35

J'lEg

I\T]Bts
7_:

(srppar) ("bird")

is emphatic/determined Noticethatthel'l of the ltfi- endingin the singular (or (or not trsually spirantized hard),thoughit is spirantized soft)in the by whenthis final l'l is preceded an words"little" and"animal".Apparently, spirantized. e vowel(..) it becomes Exercise 4c.
sing.abs./cstr sing. emoh./det pl. abs.

pl. cstr.

pl. emph./det.

E)I ("image")
)^!J! ("master") l[i_l ("wine")

s?)g
N)r!

I'n)s
1 i -(' 1 t= i : |

'n)s

Nrn)g
N:')ljl

$-rtrn
N:T]IJ

1r -tr\n
l:-

'-'1Dl_]
"|'lJ I l

N!'-]nn
t -: -

13,p ("slave") ("gate") ^UllFl

I'rl! j'!Jn

N!':T:JJ $:'ljlFI

$lllrr

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond. Answers Appendix

12

5a. Exercise
root .Tlf{ m.s.abs. ("to f.s. abs. m. pl. abs f. pl. abs.

rt$
)$u
i''1E11

;.'T'Tt$
t:t

j'':rl$
T')NUJ
| -:t

llr$
i )nu
lt_:t

Derish")

)NU ("to ask for or request")

;.I)NU
:'?:'181'l

pB) ("togo
out")

1 | i'lE11

I rai

?-nt
tlr i t

p)D ("to come uD") 1!!J ("to do,

makg")

| 1l) /U
lr :

lr(a
1 I -?-t 1 ' = ft |
It i r

'-l:i N?)F)p i':np Nt;-tS

The men of the land are writing to (use )!

Exercise 5b.

for "to") the king.

n?)n r:$ N{-rn-)rl N?N?F

at Thegoodking is not perishing the gate.

'ilttt-r -rBl )*p N?rE:l ]n

(:'i'l:ll$ ) wine Theking'ssonis requesting fromhisfather

nlii N??n i'TP'il!

of The decree the kine is old.
rsF-trr -\rr t\f'f r;t|\ | /t) \r. I r :- . | ,..../ )') n?L,'-]: to A sonis sending a kingtheletter.

N?l IJ'll $F'lt-'r

Thewise sonknows. of the indicates absence underthelamedh NB: In theword l:)E the shewa "sofil."How wouldyou be ableto a vowel,thoughthekaphis pronounced of indicates absence a vowelandnot a murmured the predictthatthis shewa vowel?
Introductory Lessonsin Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 13

*malek[*, thenthatwouldmean first the If thewordwerepronounced (*ma-lesyllable unaccented a contained shortvowelin an open, syllable Notealsothatin theplural in situation Aramaic. k[*). This is an intolerable 'i]:?F, means only the that of the sequence two shewas form of this word, vowel,thusmalkewdn. a representsmunnured second

5c. Exercise
sing.abs. :l-'l' i'l_l "illumination"
: F?N]FI

sing.cstr.

slng. emnh./det.

pl. abs.

pl. cstr.

pl emph./det.

nl:';i:

Nn:i-t'i''T:
$Frt

l'n'i]l
lr:

nl-'l'iil
t:

;"needs"

n:lnul_'T

Nt tlt t\!JtI
t:-

FlttFl

rrnttin

IIltn/JtI

trFr

NilililiJt
t t-: :

FittF

perhaps represents Notethatin thepluralformsof "illumination"the shewa not. vowel,perhaps a murmured Exercise 5d.
sins. ab
t

sing.cstr.

sins.emph.

pl. abs.

pl

$nll']
i t1)/iJ

XXXXXX
not attested

cstr. XXXXXX
not attested

pl. emph.

XXXXXX
not attested

("greatness")

$nlJJl

XXXXXX
not attested

XXXXXX
not attesled

XXXXXX
not attested

("request") The : a. llJ'("moon")

n:l
-t

Nnl'

I'nr:
':,r-tEtn | !='i

'n--ll
'-l!?
t Jr.':T

Ntnl'
I _ i -

-l!D("scribe") iEln -a. The : r '':T Jrr':l T l lr ('Judge") The : A. ;-'T)$1"God"; n)N The,:a. Theil is part ofthe root and is not replaced by ll- in the cstr.. etc.
The : -a.

$rlc
N]'':T

It:'lDc
Nrlt.l
tt -

l':tl
'l'i''T)N
tr:

NiT)$

';''T)N

N:it?r3

'f ("priest") i'TJ l;r?

N)n!
l-: ?

| )t12

Nrl;''T!
l_: t

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix

14

5e. Exercise
of on the Complete followingchartbased theparadigm f[
cstr. sine. sins.abs. i tJ v,J il),P ("year")
sing.emph. pl. abs.
.llll ?t

ol. cstr.
..:

pl. emph.

$rjtq (?) $rjnN $nr!

lta

N'litJ '-: $rE$

Nr:l!

irFl
("nation")
I i'iJ

nn!r
nt-t

J'BN
1r.r ':1
t-

' E$

("window")

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond.AnswersAppendix

l-s

Exercise 6a.
G-Perfect D-perfect H-oerfect

3ms 3fs

''

-:-

-qiq

2ms 2fs
lcs

l'lJl
t i - i t : - i

lJ

i l'l-ri iJ

/EqEl

r-*q i l-l'lJ _ t i -

/FqF-r l'l-rl'lJ

l ldi lJi I / l'lJi

t : ' : - I I : -

rriqq

/EqEqa

lJr I

i ''t : - : t J Jt

':-

r-qA-r l'lil lJt

'::_

''

'' : : -

3mp 3fp

-:

:rrn-r
I l-I'lJ
t'-

2mp 2fp

trFtF-

lqFqF-

lii'rJi_rJ I i'r-Jr_rJ

l'r'rJi'rl Ii'lJi'rf

rr!FrrF-ii'lJi'lJt f rFlF-t

i i'rJi'lJr_i

lcp

N)ln!

$)tn!

N;:Fr:il

Exercise 6b.
gender, Parse following forms (indicatingstem,person, the number,and filI in the blanks: root) and

rP?P("the), up")G-3ms p)o came Nln?n ("wesalted") lcpn )n Gn)U sent") G-2mp Jlnn?U("ysu -lPf ;rll?l ("they inquired") D-3fu found") H-2fp n:U lnfjlUil ("you nlnl ("! sat") lll' G-lcs
Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix
L6

6c. Exercise
and Transliterate translatethe following forms:

;-TnlJJ? lQ)n E:n ?n i':T-lED Nl?2 jil:nil 'n'.!'[J :lfi?l$

ba'[*tah, herrequest your(ms)dream helm4k, your(mp)word millatkdm, his siprEh, word qalana ourvoice , their hamrehn, (fp) wine mY heywetTy, animal your (ms)charity sidqetak,

(The plural for "slave" is like the plural for "king", in 1. my slaves']l! daleth,recallsthe that the "soft" pronunciationof the third consonant, pronunciation the plural form of this word: *'abadTn.) of archaic plural to this word) NJ'lf the 2. oursons(remember unpredictable '!!)B ( ) 3 . y o u r f e m .s i n g . k i n g

6d. Exercise

EilnJ: ?E (masc.) kingdoms 4. their

2u ). ner woro rlt-|: _
| l rrLx

letter:l|:l* sing.) 6. your(masc. plural)NJ'D|\ (remember unpredictable the 7. our nations

d. mv Crlmes I r t/'t-l I
er rt--

i:Til:l-l'i'll 9. hrsrllumlnatlon jnnl:-l 10.their(fem.)greatness pl.) I l. your(fem. judge.'if';il l2 hisneedsnn][Ui-f

'u

'r,

, '

6e. Exercise triln?Tl |ti:rE "=T of L thedecreesthekings

of 2. theservants/slavesthe nation NfE$ "l i:l'-ll! of 3. the scribes the land lt|-t$ "l ;"1'l!? of 4. theneeds the children tttl: 'T EililJi:lUlf God il?* 'n)? ':r Eilnfl:i:t serving of 5. thecrimes those the of 6. therequest the onesending letter$lill$ nrp "l nnllJ?
Introdactory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix I7

7. Thejudges of the nation madethe imageof the old king. They said to (for "in" their children (use )! for "to"): "We are writing in our language use3, for "language"usethe word for "tongue").

lrl! N?)F "T nn)g *qn$ "l i-1..:1'l Np'tllJ *;iry)r 1'ln? iljnll3'r E;J'!r )! l-rp$

Note how somebegadkepot Notice how the verbscomefirst in the sentence. or are consonants spirantized, soft, due to the influenceof a vowel flom a precedingword. Also, note how the particle'J can mark direct speech.

from Ezra 5:l I -l 2,vocalizingthe two the Translate following passage unpointedforms. For words you do not know, usethe vocabularylist that follows the passage.

6f. Exercise

lTuil 'T-'injil? ;-T?N N!.E||J NlnT?$

N'.ltD:):l-1)n

,';1i'11! ibil Njn:$ Np-r*] N:.DU;'r?*-"1 -rs:_rfll; -T:3'lb;'] lil'

We are the servantsof the God of heavenand earth . . . the our . . . But, because fathersangered God of heaven, king of the he gavethem into the handof the Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldaean Babylon. Notice how the 3mp pronouncan be usedas the equivalentof the verb "to be". Notice also how the adjective"Chaldaean"doesnot follow the word that it directly modifies,"king".

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

18

Exercise7a.
G-imperfect D-imperfect H-imperfect Alternative form of the Hstem with no i'J

3ms 3fs

'

'' : - :

:n:Ft

lFl:F]

-Jl'tJl'l

2ms 2fs lcs

:f?t'l
tllE--

''

''

:n:n
I I rf L-t-n

I +l'lJi'l

l r --lr - r r i n rJt
i

tt-rF-!F I -,it' i-Jt lt' r

i+).r-J)-r

rn:$

lr.'lftl

lrl:i]N

:n:|t

3mp 3fp

lrrn:l
lJ'r;

rrt-fF--t

i'iJi'r-J
tt;-:

i'i-rl rtF-rii I t:

lJl

-:

ii-tFqF

rtq-tF

2mp 2fp

llJr'r-Jyr

I 1Ji'rJi'l i - i ' r J_t; ' r

li-\F-rtF tt-ttE
lt:

| 1-lt' r-Jt I t' l

I t q h q F

l::-

I 1-li't-Jl't r - J l ' t J l ' -l

l;nrn

tr:

i - i ' l J t - i: i ' l :

It::

lcp

Exercise 7b.
gender, Parse following forms,describing the stem,person, number:

jninG3fs; G2ms
tit-tn

jr )bnnD2mp
]?tt'l D. 3fp rrirL-r .t
uJ+ /t_rj rr rcp

I i r ' r J l ' tu r I S

4n

nlU|! FVAlcs

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

t9

7c. Exercise
! In the followingchart,theprepositions and! -. like ) in theirform. The prepositions]F ED aresimilarto eachotherin thattheybothactually and (i.e.,minnand'imm),something is only that radical second havea doubled by in indicated the orthography a dot whena suffix followsthem.The as prepositiotrt andE]liJ bothtakesuffixes if theywerepluralnouns. ).U Fill out theblanksin the followingchart.
,
':1

?n

Ff!

rr ft rLrfl

U tl.)
'ill'?t tr:

lcs

.1,

r.:l

t.)n

'r

lj\ ft

2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs lcp 2mp Zfp 3mp 3fp

\J
It

1?

:1?

:?f 11
tf

Ttjrf )
lr -

-?'r lt-lI t tlr:

t:,

':iE
i':'Tl
i'T:1 :1=1

t:t ?!
=tj\ ll

r - r Al /- l
)

tl/

a,

i'l.1n

'ili rlj
=r tr !,1

r-iA-| .| ttl

tl/ ? Ir:

a2
$))

=lj\

f 't

a'ntD
? lr:

N)t
?-

Nll

N)ln
Fith

$)E!
F-lljtt)

$;'?! E:.)!
'i-F lft l+ ..1

$)'b'TD
T ' IT:

E:)
rrb
l+i

F-trr,r-,t-t tl .)l(
!-'rl.\-\J I t)

lll
lJr liJ

r -1.! f',l

- -llj\ n

tl,/ t lYl

Ei],

t--.ll..t

Fl-ix\

ft

E;t')g
lrt I /),t

F-'rh-t)t I

t)' ' |,2 r lr:

J;1)

lilf

lil!

? -..1'\ )tt:
lt !

1-X\ f t lt.r)4

t-rltr--

r lr.1 +,rli

7d. Exercise
sing. abs. sing.cstr. sing.
emph./det. pl. abs.
rir li.l
lr:t

pl cstr

'?l?
("Babvlonian")
rlit):r
t:-

')lf
r:tft:
t:-

N'):!
rrr:ftt=
tt : _

': ?l?
r t ?ftr-]
'' t : -

pl. emph./det.

tt')ll
N":TU!

t I r.:?|,n.1
lri-

("Chaldaean")

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

2{)

7e. Exercise
the passage Ezra4:14-15, vocalizing six forms from Translate following the list withoutvowels.For wordsyou do not know,usethevocabulary that followsthepassage.

-'-r s!:'n n?n ):p-); iU: $ln?n

N? s;? $:inn! -T'-'to N?)pn1:!! )! )u N? ) x:uii;rl NlrJ ;r:-r)p
:lf|J?}3':T Nl:JfJ--llof -li2ll ':T

.tr--rt n-?r-ltf --?-tr llJllllll-Jlt | - ) / l ) r-l l 2 l ) l : : t r

| : l:

-!-t t

:r'

= . ? r D n r - t i - 1 t - ?, tl,/'l ll,/ lr\rl

I I T : :,'

(or, the the we Now, because havedonated saltof thepalace eaten saltof the palace), of it is not properfor us to seethedishonor theking. knownto theking of Because this,we havesent(word)andwe havemade of in sothathe mightsearch thebookof records your fathers; in and youwill find (thefollowing) thebookof records youwill understand kings. city, thatthiscity is a rebellious injuring Notice followingpoints: the "donate saltof thepalace" more mightbe translated 1. Thephrase the Bothphrases salt into idiomatically Englishas"donate to thepalace". king wasgivento him. indicate whatwasowedto the Persian that line,which linksthe of at 2. Thewaw conjunction thebeginning the second is phrase the mainclause, not translated. to subordinate Thus,in to 3. Aramaicoftendoesnot specitrobjects verbsthatareobvious. for Englishit is necessary supplywordsin parentheses sense. to to actingasan adjective word is a participle, 4. Noticehow thenext-to-last is with the followingword. theword "crty", andtheparticiple in construct
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 2l

8a. Exercise
one DooK 1lI i:.11,

from twoletters twokings'i'f)E j.':n ln j]lN j'lll[

.-L* qFr or.l'!?D r'Ji-]tln ]'ll$ 'l=i-ln 'i'-f from scribes !Q ;fVl-lt! lF I'iJ:l ilF?n records four three

(i.e., in fiveyears sixcountries lands)'i'!i$ nUl J'ltlJUn[ palaces eight kingdoms )D il;?n b i'):'1 il|lU for seven ll? 'i"r:9 niJUn j.'btt for nine these slaves tencities ll-1i2rtp!? -fq! flf il-l.Ul 't='l''l[lb l'--f:J nations'i'nN men eleven fromtwelve houses thirteen l't'i+ ftP! nn?n thefirstsonN'F-'lP N-ll NflS-TPNll!)D thefirstkingdom city thesecond N|illn Nfll ? N'n' tn N:lI thethirdman
Nn'IJ':-l Nn.l'n thefourthanimal

8b. Exercise
7.1-7. Read Daniel Danielsawa dream King 7:1 In the first yearof Belshazzar,u of Babylon, him frightened overhisbed. of andthevisions hishead (down). . . Thenhe wrotethe dream in and 7.2Daniel answered said:"I sa*o in my.vision thenight:four'winds (i.e.,theMediterranean). werestiningup the greatseao of theheavens this beasts cameup from the sea, onedifferingfrornthat." 7:3 Four great watched 7.4Thefirst (was)like a lionf andit hadswingsof an eagle.I and out while its wingswereplucked andit waslifted up from the ground it h A human heartwasgiven liki over(its) feet. to wasmade stand a human, to it.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

22

up 7:5 Then,another one,like a bear(came from the sea). animal, second a It wasraised onesideandthreetusks(or,ribs)werein its mouth,between to ' It wastold.r 'Rise,eatmuchflesh'. its teeth. (beast) like a leopard. hadfour It was 7:6 After this,I watched another and Dominion wasgiven had wingsof a bird on its back.Thebeast fourheads. to it. (was) 7.7 Afterthis I watched the visionsof thenight.Thefourthbeast in It frightful,tenifoing,andstrong. had great teethof iron.It ate, extremely thanall and on demolished, the restit stamped with its feet.lt wasdifferent k of horns. it it before (since) hadtenpairs theotherbeasts which(were)

Notes u Observethat the standard way for indicatingthe year of a king's reign is to havethe word for "year" in constmctbeforea cardinalnumber.This is ) followedby the preposition plus the nameof the king. tf we were . translatingtoo literally we would get: "In year one belongingto Belshazzar o The predicate hereis madeup of a participle(illll) and a perfectform of "to be" (l.]t']D) 'The word:l-lN which is traditionally "1o",doesnot needto be so translated lt in translated every instance. functionsto mark the beginningof a new or section new point. o The ) preposition "sea" indicatesthat "sea" is the direct that precedes object.

" NotetheidiomN:l-lD Nl r Thisclause no verb.Thepredicate theprepositional phrase "like a has is lion". s This clause is through the alsodoesnot havea verb.Possession expressed ) preposition.

Introductory Lessonsin Arsmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

23

n Theword is herea dualform, indicating two specifically legs.The "its" possessive is based thecontext thepassage. of on i Theword for teethis in the dual,suggesting setsof teethor jaws. two j way, is Thepluralform of the activeparticiple hereusedin an impersonal verb. as andtranslated if it werea passive

* Theword for hornsis in the dual.

lntroductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix

21

9a. Exercise
Fill out the following chart for the verb l[]1, consultingthe paradigmsin ix as needed. the Answer
Perfect G-nass. D-pass.Perf. H-pass.Perfect

3ms 3fs

'r|:|-l

lFqq

l - J l ' l J f l l ) t ' t ) t- : '

hqF-q /FrF--

qF:-

itiirJ

I l:i

lJ

l l J l- ': l: 1 . l- i : t i / i l ; l ' l J l J

2ms 2fs 1cs

l'lJllJii'lJilJ r-rr riq t ' t - J i ' il J

-rrAq

/ F-tF-

l't-ii'tJ
: : - r .

l'lJi'lJr
: : _ : a . : : - i t

Fq---

I / i'lJi'lJr
, r--d--

/-lFq-

I '

r |:l-'l t':t-l

.--i--

l ''li -- l: lr '.liJ itf -

, /

l' l-l'l-Jr

FqFtt

It-J IrJ

I i-t

tJ

liJl'lJt

l/lEi'tJt-l

/FqFq-

3mp 3fp

r:ri:
't

'l llJ

)r'l;)

r l-J - '-l J r ' il

-qli-q

r r-i--t | / ' l - J i ' l - :t? J

r --ri-r-

ri-i

rlJi'lJ

i l-'il lJr i / r i-il'lJt

rrF:iF-

2mp 2fp

ir'rJ i lJ
F-r

ttFiEq

tattEq-

l'lr'rjr'_rJ
trFtF-

1
I

,llJl-lJr
i'l-l_lJl

, /
i /

,..--F]i:

1'll'Ei'l-.
| l'.1-l'l-.

,
?

I F!i

llr-

irJ

i r'r-Jr_lJ

i a E r - - -

lcp

$):'n!

Nl:li?

Nlfrifil / Nllnfil
t : - : 1 . f | i

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

25

Exercise 9b.
left Fill out the spaces blank in the following chart and answerthe following uestr ons.
tG-Perfect tD-Perfect tG-Imperfect tD-Imoerfect

3ms 3fs

-.,n!ni]
F-F-FT? I t-,lt t:Jt tt I

rilnir ri:r't!ni]

:n!r'1'
-ii liJi ti'l

-'i

-ti'tJt ll'r

2ms 2fs lcs

t't-ll t;Jl tr I
: : i :

h t F t F -

rr:nlnn
r--riq-t'l-li't;Ji tr I
FqEqEq

:n!nri
r'lqF-iFF

ll't;Jl
.r.aF|--l:-i

['r

r--liq-r l ' 'l :-" l: li l J l

lr i

I Ji.riJr.ri'l

i -Jt'r;Ji ||'r

l'i:l]!lti'l

I El'lJl

ll I

tFi!n$

3mp 3fp

'rl-Ji i- n .t:J:t t t I
-rliqn-

qF ' 't i J -i F l- J l

--:

lr i
lr i

lti-ttt
tt-l

ilJt rJt I
l.'jl lJl I

ir-F-Ft

i1-,it'rJt I I

r ill

lJl lr I

-ri--r l.jl'lJl

l-ri'lJl
tr:-:

2mp zfp
lcp

tr-i-t-t l:_-: trtF-rF-Frt

| :

l'il'lJi'lJi

lr I

it-!FqFF

llJi
tqFqEF

rJt ri'l

iI-F-FF

|
l l

1Ji',r;Ji li'r ll'I

i t t - J t '- t- ; J t t r I I

lJi rJi ri'l

rt--FF

r J l ' li i J_l:

N):n!ni']

N)rFt!ni''T

:n!n)

. j t '-r- J t t l i

in between tG-perfect the and 1. Whatarethedistinctions thevowelpatterns those the G-perfect? of has has While theG-perfect anlal-vowel(li!, 'llti!), thetG-perfect
-

l a n / e / - V O w e l ( - J i . . l J i . l r . l O t / l / - V O W O l( ' l - J i . l J i . l t .J . )

-rirrr

how manydifferentformscouldnfn:ni'l 2.In a text lackingvowelmarkers, represent? Whatarethey? perfect forms: tG-3fs, tG-2ms, tG-lcs;tD-3fs,tD-2ms, Six different tD-1cs

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

26

But, giventhe in 3. Thereareno tG or tD imperatives BiblicalAramaic. chart, whatwouldthe imperfect formsyou'vewrittendownin the above imperative formsof thetG andtD look like, if theydid occur? tG-stem m.s. f.s.
m.p. L DT.. : : r
qF-F-

tD-stem
-tFttF-

-'ji'lJl
"iI

l, I

rqi-rn- J. ':t: l 't J

tt I

J i ' i_ _ : l t I Ji ,r-ri--J. _ J : t't .t tt I r' - l . i - r - l Jl'l- - : Jl -li--I t-Jt'tJt

T--:

'lJi'lJi.tr.l t l-li'iJi
J-r-

il 1 tt I

it I

in If sing. 4. There tG- or tD- participles BiblicalAramaic. themasc. are look formsare,respectively lFlnn andlljJflD, whatdo theotherforrns like? tD-stem tG-stem

tFrnn il+nlnn
t t -l F]=li'.r I +l.r+).rt-J l-\F-Ftr l-Jt rJt r{J

-jt'tJt
--F-F'.
t:-;

-F-Ftr

ilJ
l{J

I lJl'lJl

t |l r\ F-F'a

I Jf'rJt

r{J
il-J

rr-F-Fta tJt'tJf - :
lT:

Exercise 9c.
Translate slightlysimplified version Daniel7:8-10: of this 8. u I was considering horns and another,small horn cameup betweenthem, the o and three of the first hornswere rootedup from before it. Lo, eyes,like the eyesof a human,'(were)in this horn and a mouth speaking greatthings. 9. I was watchinguntil throneswere set up and the Ancient of Daysd sat down, his garment(was) white like snow and the hair of his headlike pristine wool; his throne (was) flames of fire, its wheels a burning fire.

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix

10. A river of fire was flowing and coming forth from beforehim (or, it); thousands) a million (i.e., a thousand servedhim and one hundredmillion (i.e., ten thousand myriads) stoodbeforehim; the court sat down and bookswere opened.

Notes uNoticethat the verb )fU in the tD-stemtakesa beth-preposition a as In complement. otherwords,in Biblical Aramaic,one doesnot say"I x, J, considered y, or 2", ratherone usesthe preposition which would result "[ in the unidiomatic Englishtranslation: was considering the horns". in oThe preposition'f is here b translated "of'. as 'Literally, the phrase would be: "like the eyesof the human".

u The Ancient

of Days is apparently title, literallymeaning"the agedone," a presumably refersto God. and

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

28

Exercise 10a.
Basedon the two examples above,you shouldbe ableto predictthe -lDlt following forms. Fill in the blanks of the chart ( for the G-Imperfect andJDN): -IEN]
G-Imoerfect G-Imoerative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs

lcs

:NNFl

XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX

-'18$r'l

rnN 'lFs
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX llb$

J'-rnNr-]
-'rn$
l:1-'lnN'

3mp 3fp Zmp Zfp

lcp

llnNl

lrrnNn
lJDNfr
tn$l

;r-tnN
XXXXXXXX

Exercise 10b.
List thepossible rootsI?om whichthese formsrnightderive look verbal and up the correct root in the Answers Appendix. L NU 2.=l 3 lP? 4.91 'll'l;'Tt-l 5. NID: G: "to lift" li'T' G: "to give" P!: G: "to go out";H: "to takeout" JJ-'fnG: "to know" "llN G: "to perish"; "to destroy" H:

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

29

Exercise 10c.
version Daniel7:11-14. of Translate slightlysimplified this 11. of I waswatching thenbecause the sound thepowerfulwordsthatthe of hornwasspeaking; waskilled, I waswatching until thebeast givento a burningo fire. andits bodywas 12. As for therestof thebeasts, was theirdominion rernoved; in but long life (lit., lengthing life) wasgivento themfor a time anda season. 13 I sawin thevisions thenight, of (someone) a human (lit., a sonof man) andwith theclouds heaven, of like wascoming, andhe approached Ancientof Daysandwasbrought the beforehirn. 14. Dominion, honor, kingship and weregivento him, (lit., andall thepeoples, nations, cultures tongues) the and wereserving him; (was)an eternal his dominion dorninion wouldnotpass that away; his kingshiponethatwouldnot be destroyed.

Notes uNoticethatthepreposition as lE canbe translated "liom" and"because of." Thetwo wordsin Englisharealsosometimes interchangeably. used o Theword nli?] (theconstruct nli?]) is surprising of because would one Thishasbeenexplained a Hebrew pronunciation, expect the .. to reduce. as andtheword asa loan-word BiblicalAramaic, in from BiblicalHebrew. It mightbe,however, the symbol .. represents that e.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

30

lla Exercise
this slightly simplifiedversionof Ezra 5:6-10;the first verseyou Translate have alreadyseenbefore. 6. and Copy of the letter that Tattenai,governorof Beyond-the-River, his sent the colleagues, officialsof Beyond-the-River, to Darius,the king. 7. A letter they sent and it is written as follow in its interior: "To Darius,King, (May) all (be) well. 8. Let it be known to the king that we went to Jehud,the province, to the greattemple of God (or, to the templeof the greatGod),u and it is beingbuilt (out of) "rolled" stone. . .; this work is being donediligently and is prosperingin their hands. 9 Then we askedtheseeldersthus, to sayingb them: "Who gave" you a commandto build this temple, andthis wall to finish?" l0 Also, we askedthem their namesfor the purposeof informing you (of everything), ., of the name(s) the men who weretheir leaders.' so that we might write

Notes uBecause adjectiveagrees number,gender,and statewith both nouns, in the that it modifieseithernoun. God andtemple,it is possible b Literally, "we saidto them". 'The verb is EnU.usuallvtranslated set". "to dLiterally, those"who were amongtheir heads".
in IntroductoryLessons Aramcticby Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 31

llb Exercise
of several the versionof Ezra5:11-13, Translate slightlysimplified this versesyou havealreadyseenbefore. ll. Accordingly,they retnrned us a reply saying. to "We a.re servantsof the God of heavenand earth the and (we) are building the temple that was built beforethis, many years(ago)

12. "But, because fathersangered God of heaven, the our king of he gavethem into the handof the Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldaean the Babylon, and andthis templehe destroyed the peoplehe exiledto Babylon. 13. "Nevertheless, the first year(lit., yearone)of Coresh, King of Babylon, in Coresh, king, gavean orderto build this ternpleof God." the

Exercise lc. l
all abouttheverbalforms.Describe the Givenwhatyou havelearned possible roots)for the followingverbalform. verbalforms(andthe possible yourlist against onein theAnswers Appendix: the Check I l:i 2 i:':T 3. i::T 4. l:i 5. l:i 6. lll 7. lli perfect fromI'T (G: "to judge") G-3mp root *i'l:':T G-3mpperfectfrom the imaginary root fromtheimaginary *i'l::l G--.p. imperative root imperative fromtheimaginary *'i1) (G-3ms G-m.p. *j-ll) imperfect' root fromtheimaginary *jT' (G-3ms imperative G-m.p. *lTl'.) imperfect: perfect root fromtheimaginary *l:T G-3mp root imperative fromtheimaginary *'i):T(G-3ms G-m.p. *'i-T:) imperfect:
32

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmctic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

Exercise 1ld.
several the of version Ezra5:14-17; of Translate slightlysimplified this you seen before. verses havealready 14. "Also,thevessels thetemple God,of goldandsilver, of of which(was)in had whichNebuchadnezzar takenout from thetempleu Jerusalem; hebrought that themto thetemple (was)inoBabylon; that(was)in Babylon Coresh, king, tookthemout from thetemple the had . andtheyweregivento Sheshbazzar.. whomhe (Coresh) setup (as) governor. 15. "He saidto him: 'Takethese go themin thetemple vessels; anddeposit whichis in Jerusalem, of andlet thetemple Godbe built on its place.' 16. "Then, of the came this Sheshbazzar and'laid(lit., gave) foundations the temple Godwhich(is) in Jerusalem of (lit., being under construction it hasbeen andfromthenuntilnow it hasbeen built)andit is not completed." 17. "Now,d theking findsit good(lit., if [it is] goodto theking), if (lit., treasures) theking there of of let a search madein thehouse records be in Babylon; to was the if it is (thecase) from Coresh, king, a command made build that of thetemple God,which(is) in Jerusalem, with this (lit., [is] overthis), king is in accord andthewill of the (present) (then)let him send us (wordaboutthis)." to Notes uIn Biblical Aramaic "temple,"the therearetwo wordsthatcanbe translated "house." second, ):'ii, is a wordthat The first of whicht-ltJ, alsomeans goes backto Sumerian. b TheAramaic "the which wordsmightbe moreliterallyrendered temple !, (was)of Babylon"since thereis no preposition "in". It sohappens,
IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 33

however,that this prepositionis frequentlydroppedbeforewords that begin with beth.Thus,the translationabove("which was in Babylon") is the correctone. 'Notice that thereis no conjunctionbetweenthe two verbsin Aramaic.

dThis word often functionsas a signalthat the topic is shiftingor changing.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

34