批判的社會學導論

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Her Majestys Stationery Office

Social trends
1983 1981
18 19
1789
1789
1776
18 19
19
10%
14 30000
90000 19 900000
1800
5 40%
60%
1.1
1800
1850
1900
1950
1970
1982
100000
1.7
2.3
5.5
13.1
16.7
18.1
20000
2.4
4.3
9.2
20.9
31.2
34.6
Kingsley Davis
61 1955
1.1
19
3 618
48
40
35
()
18
banality
institutionalisedcluster
institution
8
loose
Institution
1998
7
institution
20
1789-1857 Auguste
Comte
Prvoir pour pouvoir
10
Emile Durkheim 1858-1917 20

social facts

things
1
The Rules of Sociological Method, 1995
1977
New Rules of Sociological Method, London: Hutchinson
2003
8
double involvement
11
physical imagery
12
trivialised
10
8000
8000
13
15 16

1998
C.Wright Mills,The Sociological Imagination, Harmondworth, Penguin, 1970.C
2001
9
18
brute facts
texture
18
14
20
19
mule
18
1750
15
encapsulated
nation
19 1982 19
5 David S. Landes, The Unbound Promethus, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1969
1789
10
16
()the
nation-state
17
hunting and gathering society
20
11
18
recent

the division of labour
2000
2006
11
19
1755
Hercules
20
20
Claude Lvi-Strauss
peoplespupil and witness
21
Hercules
12
22
13
18 19
23
19 Comte Henri de Saint-Simon
20
1840 1870
1818-1883
19
24
approach
set the scene
bourgeois sociology
14
25
26
3 19 20

5
Kerr27
convergence theory
Bendix
1864-1920
Krishan Kumar, Prophecy and Progress, London, Allen Lane, 1978

Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man, New York, Doubleday, 1960
Reinhard Bendix, Nation-Building and Citizenship, New York,
Wiley, 1964

Clark Kerr et al., Industrialism and Industrial Man, Harmondsworth, Penguin,

1973
15
large-scale organization
28
6
Ralf Dahrendorf
29
19 20
30
Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society,

Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1959 1957
40
Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial
Society, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1959

A.A. Berle and G.C. Means, The

Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York, Collier-Macmillan, 1968
1932
16
19 31
19
32
57 Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in

Industrial Society, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1959
17
Ralph
Miliband

34
17 18
wage-labour
a pool of labour
35
1789
Ralf Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969.
1997
18
36
20
37
()
19 entrepreneurial capitalism
short-range38
meritocratic
9 Ralf Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society, London,

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969
41
19
benevolent state
39
40
parliamentary socialism
19
engineering of consent
meritocratic
20
42
21
43
19
19
19
100
44
100
concentration of the economy
() 20
200 0.5%
200 3/5 200

Michael Useem, The Inner Circle, New York, Oxford University Press,
1984
22
45
public corporate
managerialist position 19
megacorporation
19
IBM
satisfier
46
soulful
corporation
19
Berlie
solidarity
19
conform
19
47
20
23
48

19
19
49
19
50
19 20
19 SPD
SEdward S. Herman,
Corporate Control, Corporate Power, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981
24
51
incorporation
30 T.H.T.H.Marshall
19
citizenship rights
52
100
53
pool
T.H. Marshall, Citizenship and social

class, in Class, Citizenship and Social Development, Westport, Greenwood, 1973 1950

84 T.H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development,
Westport, Greenwood, 1973
25
54
20
55
12
3polity
20
56
26
57
19
clerical
58

2 573 Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, London, Lawrence
& Wishart, 1969, Vol.2

288 Anthony Giddens, The Class Structure of the Advanced
Societies, London, Hutchinson, 1979

3 E.O. Wright, Class, Crisis and the State, London, New Left Books,
1978

Daniel Bell, The Coming of

Post-Industrial Society, New York, Basic Books, 1973
Alain Touraine, The

Post-Industrial Society, New York, Random House, 1971
27
59
19
30
60
61
20
60 3.1
3.1 1973-1983
FEzra F. Vogel, Japan as Number One: Lessons for

America, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1979
28
social trendsLondon, HMSO, 1985
Gorz
19
63
Andr Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class, London, Pluto, 1982

29
non-class of
non-workers
neoproletariat
64
non-class
productionist
final retirement
65
sabbatical leave
time savings accounts
Himmelstrand
66
72
7
Ulf Himmelstrand et al., Beyond Welfare Capitalism, London,

Heinemann, 1981
30
extended working class
wage-earners funds
67
68
microtechnology
19731974
20
60
69
31
70
32
40%
71
19
19
72
10
PoulantzasOffe
Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes,

London, New Left Books, 1973
1968
Claus Offe,
Disorganised Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1985
33

73
74
Louis Althusser
double involvement
structural super-determinism

1995 274

1998 89

2000
13 2003 279280
34
75
Karl Kautsky
20
76
77
sandwich
commodification(decommodification)
1970 59
Ralph Miliband, The capitalist state: a reply to Nicos Poulantzas, New Left Review, no. 59, 1970
35
78
79
nation
state
bureaucracy
rational-legal
routinised
norm
80
self-paralyzing
2006
36
ideal type
81
82
polity
rational-legal system
party machine politics
democratic
elitism

956994 Max Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley,
University of California Press, 1978 1922

David Beetham, Max Weber and the Theory of Modern

Politics, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1985
37
83
Robert Michels
50 84
trade-off
85
Robert Michels, Political Parties, London, Collier-Macmillan, 1968

1911

Harry-Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York,
Monthly Review Press, 1974

38
86
18
Cohn
millenarian movements
87social rebellionsocial revolution
17 18
19 20
200
20
20
88
Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millenium, London, Mercury Books,

1962
39
Charles Tilly
Theda Skocpol
multiple sovereignty
1917
89
200
90
91
Charles Tilly, From Mobilisation to Revolution, Reading, Mass.,

Addisonwesley, 1978
Theda Skocpol, State and Social Revolutions,

Cambridge University Press, 1979
285

40
16 18
1780 200
92
1700 100000 250

500000 14000000
93
enveloping megalopoliscity of cities
megalopolis Peloponnesian
450
40000000 700
Urbanism
city
Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, Glencoe, The

Free Press, 1960
41
94
20
distribution of city neighbourhood

ecological approach
R.E.R.E.Park

zoning
inner city
95Louis Wirth
urbanism as a way of life
1938
integrated society
qualified
96
79 Robert E. Park, Human Communities, Glencoe, The Free Press,

1952

44 1938 Louis Wirth,

Urbanism as a way of life, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, 1938
A. J. Reiss, Louis Wirth on Cities and Social Life, Chicago, University of Chicago Press,
1964
13
42
20
Sjoberg
97
98
Ferdinand
TnniesGemeinschaft
Gesellschaft
integrated society
5 Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, Glencoe, The Free

Press, 1960
43
Georg Simmel
99
100 18
1717
10000 1851 Lancashire
300000 20
2400000 18 19
commodification
alienable
101
1created environment
44
built environmentopen space

2
102
3
theory of housing
Rex
classes
103
19 industrial settlements
19
19 20
104
20
neighbourhood segregation
desired
David Harvey, Social Justice and the City, London, Arnold, 1973
John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community

and Conflict, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1967
45
inner-city
105
securing of mortgages
zones of transition
106
ghettos
neighbourhood
20
inner-city
107
A. Meier and E. M. Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, New

York, Hill & Wang, 1966
Gerald Suttles, The Social Order of the Slum, Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1968
46
depredation
108
Szelinyi
109

14 Ivan Szelinyi, Urban Inequalities Under State
Socialism, New York, Oxford University Press, 1983
47

110
neighbourhood zones
111
custom
transition
Lefebvre
style112
objects
29 Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World,

London, Allen Lane, 1971
48
113
Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain, London, Macmillan,

1978
49
20
the extended familynuclear

family
115
17 18
116
R.F.
10 T. Parsons and R. F. Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London, Routledge &Kegan Paul,
1956
50

Stone
117
16 19 16
Open lineage family
118
18
18
119
restricted patriarchal nuclear family 16

18
15001800
Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage
in England 1500-1800, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977
Philippe Aris,
Centuries of Childhood, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973
386
51
closed domesticated unclear family 20
affective individualism
120
19
domesticity
121
19 20
1911 33%
16% 20%
1911 70%
Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of

Mothering, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978
Barbara Rogers, The Domestication of Women, London, Kogan Page, 1980
Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott, Women, Work and Family, New
York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978
52
10%
122
clerk
19
1%
19
20
123 6.1
19611972
6.1
1961
1965
1969
1972
1982
$3351
3823
4977
5903
12001
$5644
6375
8227
10202
20260
59.4
60.0
60.5
57.9
59.2
188 Barbara
M. Wertheimer, Search for a partnership role,in Jane Roberts Chapmaned., Economic Independence
of Women, London, Sage, 19761988 Statistical Abstract of the United
States,1984
124
7273
53
division
ideology of
domesticity
125
17
23 27
17
10
126
20 60
18 19 demographic transition
20 19
2030
54

127
19
6.2
17501975 40%
400%
128
6.2 19501980
1950
1960
1970
1975
100
331
35
11
320
30
9
394
40
10
387
67
17
100
408
30
7
394
23
6
471
62
13
100
1675
387
23
1523
393
26
2159
708
33
1980
334
91
27
429
129
30
418
160
38
2127
1026
48
2390
1189
50
Michael Anderson,
Quantitative indicators of family change, in Anderson, Sociology of the Family,
Harmondwsorth, Penguin, 19801984United Nations Statistical
Yearbook, 1984
55

rewarding and
satisfying relationship
129
19
20 60
130
between marriages
6.3 20
13180 60
1960
2444
6.3
1 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1, London, Allen Lane, 1978
56
1960 1975
1424
2544
4564
65
7064
234
1212
2720
2898
1424
2544
4564
65
2628 4918
124
610
686
1689
965
1329
853
1290
1424
2544
4564
65
4436
110
526
1755
2045
1982 1960
13939 19354
1111 1511
2744 5560
4076 4611
6008
7673
9021
501
1055
2747
4718
7482
841
3365
1784
1492
11872
670
2196
2826
6180
100
3.3
17.2
38.5
41.0
37.2
1.8
9.7
13.7
12.1
62.8
1.6
7.4
24.8
28.9
1975 1982
100
8.0
19.7
29.2
43.1
100
7.8
28.7
23.8
39.6
35.3 38.7
4.4
4.3
12.1 17.4
9.5 9.2
9.3
7.7
64.7 61.3
3.6
3.5
7.6
11.3
19.7 14.6
33.8 31.9
1984
132
step-family
133
57
134
58
18 18
1844 MorseBaltimore
What hath God wrought?135
time-space
convergence 1870
1980
136
underdevelopedundeveloped
20 60
RAllan R. Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of

Information, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1973
59
137
16 17
2000
138
16 19 20
19
Frank

20
16 19
139
1421
gdai
1683
20
Willy Brand et al., North-South: a

Programme for Survival, London, Pan Books, 1980
348 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, New York,

Academic Press, 1974
60
17 18
140
the development of underdevelopment
141
19
16 19
40%
cash crop
142
20
16 19
Andr Gunder Frank, Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin

America, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971
61
20
143
144
de-colonisation
145
Peter Worsley, The Three Worlds. Culture and World Development,

London, Weidenfeld, 1984
62
146
7.1
7.1
1975
GDP
81.5
18.5
3.0
33.9
51.2
48.8
10.7
15.9
81.0
19.0
2.5
30.6
84.3
15.7
2.5
34.6
1981
GDP
147
GDP 81.5%
18.5%
GDP
3%
80%
Ranjit Sau, Unequal Exchange, Imperialism and

Underdevelopment, Calcutta, Oxford University Press, 1978
63
148
GDP OECD
24 11 GDP Exxon
Ford Escort
149
20
disarticulation
Amin
45%150
10
OPEC
Robert Gilpin, U.S. Power and the Multinational

Corporation, London, Macmillan, 1976
289 S. Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale, New York, Monthly Review

Press, 1971
64
de-industrialisation
151
stagflation
nation-state
300
16
20
152
18 19
153 20
16
65
16
16 500
154 20 25
diffuse feelings
155
Charles Tilly, The Formation of National States in Europe, Princeton,

Princeton University Press, 1975
66
156
157
1 3839 Karl Marx and

Friedrich Engles, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in Selected Works in One Volume, London, Lawrence &
Wishart, 1968
67
158
159
Burnt NortonT.S.Eliot
20
160
20
68
guest workers
19 20
161
162
domesticity
19
163
Robert Blauner, Racial Oppression in America, New York, Harper & Row,
1972
69
164
state socialist
EEC
165
19
70

Activity, social, patterns of () 1112
Administrative powers, see bureaucracy
advanced societies() 9 see also industrial capitalism( )
affective individualism() 120127129131
Africa()
Economy() 147148
Merchant capitalism and colonialism() 140
Post-colonial() 146
Age at marriage() 126127
Agrarian societies() 76138
Agriculture()
Capitalised() 102
Global production() 147148
Alienability() 101102
Alone, individuals living() 131132
Alternative futures() 22
Althusser, L.(L) 75
America see United States( )
Amin, S.(S) 150155
Anderson, M.(M) 129
Anthropology() 10164
field-work() 2021
Sensitivity and sociological imagination() 131920
Arbitration see bargaining( )
Aris, p.(P) 119
Armaments, accumulation of () 155 see also military( )
Asia()
Economy() 6168151
Merchant capitalism and colonialism() 140141 see also Japan(
)
Authority, hierarchy of() 8182
Bales, R. F. (RF) 115
Bargaining, industrial, rights of () 273239515355 see also unions(
)
Beetham, D.(D. ) 83
Belgium() 62
Bell .(D) 59
Bendix, R.(R) 2728
Berle, A. A.(AA) 3047
Birth and death rates, balance between() 7
Blauner, R.(R) 162
71
Bookkeeping, double-entry() 80
Brandt W.(W) 137
Braverman, H.(H) 85
Brazil() 141150151
Britain see United Kingdom( )
built environment() 102103113
Bureaucracy, modern state and() 7986
Canada() 941478 see also North America( )
capital, ownership of() 56
capitalism() 2330
bureaucracy and() 8182
competition and() 4748
dynamics() 157158160
family, gender and patriarchy() 121125
labour contract() 54
merchant phase() 139143
repression of sexuality and() 130
socialism and() 3342
Third World and() 139146
urbanisation and() 100111
world system and() 135155
as transitory form() 3031 see also industrial capitalism( )
cash crops in colonial societies() 145
centralization and bureaucracy() 83
change, social() 4
and family() 116120131134
inhibited by education() 4142
to modernity() see under industrial capitalism( )
and technology() 5101415162653566169157158
see also revolutions( )
Chicago School and urbanization() 95100104
China()
economy() 146
empire() 138
Marxism in() 3940
as nation-state() 18
revolution() 90
traditional() 18138
Chodorow, N(N) 121
choice, freedom of 8384
citizenship() see political citizenship ( )
city() see urbanisation ( )
civil rights, development of() 5253 see also political citizenship(
)
72
class() 72
character of capitalism, dissolved() 26444748
conflict() 27395056157
division and social transformation() 437090
domination() 162164
family types and() 119120121
housing and() 103106108110119
modern state and() 43727379
new() 56616368
ruling() 7476
societies, capitalist() 56 see also middle; white-collar; working(
)
clerical work() 58123
closed domesticated nuclear family() 120
Cohn, N.(N) 87
colonialism phase() 143145161
commodification() 789
of city space() 101109
communication() see transport( )
communities() 1516
concepts of() 99
destruction of() 155
competition()
capitalism and() 4748
freedom of choice and() 8384
from Third World() 151152
Comte, A.(A) 101112
concentration of economy() 4546
conflict()
economic() 153
multiple()32
among ruling classes () 7475
urban() 107108 see also military and under class( )
conservatives()
criticism of Marxism() 159
political parties() 79
consumer goods, proliferation of() 15
context of sociology() 37
contraception() 127
control and prediction() 1012 see also power( )
controversial nature of sociology() 3
convergence() 28
time-space() 136
corporate power() 303137384450
73
countryside() 160
and city, contrast between() 98102see also nature( )
critical sensitivity and sociological imagination() 13
critical theory, sociology as() 44156165
nature, relationship to() 159-161
racial oppression () 161162
sexual oppression() 162164
state power() 164165
Cuba, economy of() 146
cultural dualism in colonial societies() 144
Dahrendorf, R.(R)
on capitalism() 31
on class() 44475052
on industrial society() 29343774137
managerialist position() 4647
Marx and() 3739
Miliband and () 3739
on ownership separate from control() 303138
on post-capitalism() 55
on social mobility and education() 32333941
on universal franchise and arbitration rights() 32,39
Davis, K.(K) 6
death() see mortality( )
de-colonisation() 148
de-commodifiction() 78
definition and preliminary considerations of sociology ()7-13
de-industrialisation() 151
democracy() 4
emergence of() 36
liberal, rise of () 2732
paradoxical relation to bureaucracy() 8283
participatory, and socialism() 86
democratic elitism() 83
demographic transition() 127 see also population( )
determinism() 7576
developed countries concept() 137 see also industrial capitalism(
)
development, underdevelopment of() 141142145153
differentiated society, industrial() 32
disease()
controlled() 143
effect on indigenous populations() 142143
dissolution of social order() see revolution( )
diversification of city areas() 96
74
of ownership() 4849
division of labour() 161761
in social sciences() 7172153
divisions ()see conflict( )
divorce rates() 128130131
domesticity, ideology of () 121122125163 see also home( )
double exploitation of women() 58122124
dual systems in colonial societies() 144145
Durkheim, E.(E) 1112243372
earnings() 35123124
Eastern Europe()
economy() 146
housing() 109111
Marxism in() 3940
ecological approach in urban studies() 95969798103105
economic()
cartel() 151
dualism in colonial societies() 144
economics() 10
economy()
concentration of() 4546
contrasted types of() 146147
state and() 373845717678
education()
importance of () 120
inhibition social change() 4142
social mobility and () 3233383941
Eliot, T.S.(TS) 160
elitism, democratic() 83
empires() 1876138140 see also colonialism( )
Engels, F.(F) 158163
equality()
ideal of() 4
of opportunity() 2632333941 see also rights( )
ethnic () see race( )
ethnocentrism() 19
Europe () see Eastern Europe; Western Europe and individual countries(
)
everyday life and urbanization() 112114
evolution, social() 1920
expectancy, life() 7118126
exploitation()
of Third World() 138141145150
of women() 58122124
75
expropriation of means of production() 35

extended families() 115117118
extended working class67, 68
extermination()
of indigenous people by disease() 142143 see also military
power( )
external inequalities() 33
facts, sociology concerned with() 11
family()
changes in structure() 116120
gender, patriarchy and capitalism() 121125
life and new social patterns() 131134
marriage and sexuality() 125131
feminism() 121124164
feudalism() 36
freedom from() 54
field-work in anthropology() 2021
First World() see industrial capitalism( )
force() see military power( )
Ford Motor Company() 149
foreign companies() see transnational( )
Foucault, M.(M) 131
France() 68
divorce in() 128129
economy of () 68
labour movement in () 52
life expectancy in ()126
marriage in() 126129
merchant capitalism and colonialism of () 141
revolution() 45368890
unemployment in() 62
franchise () see political citizenship( )
Frank, A.G.(AG) 139142
freedom() 454
of choice() 834
from work() 64
futures, alternative() 22
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft concepts() 99
gender and family() 1215 see also sexual; women( )
genetic inequalities() 33
Germany()
economy() 6168
labour movement() 51
transnationals from() 149
76
Turkish guest workers in () 62

Giddens, A.(A) 58
Gilpin, R.(R) 149
global/international(/)
agencies and Third World() 137
division of labour() 1761
exchange relationships() 17
inequalities() 146152
population() 93
production processes() 64147148 see also capitalism, world(
)
goods, consumer, proliferation of() 15
Gorz, A.(A) 6370
Gross Domestic Products(GDPs), compared() 147149
Harvey, D.(D) 102
Herman, E.D.(ED) 49
hierarchy of authority() 8182
Himmelstrand, U.(U) 666870
historical sensitivity and sociological imagination() 1314
history()
industrialization as progressive movement in() 26
sociology and () 101415156157164
Holland() 61
home and workplace separated() 116121163 see also domesticity(
)
Hong Kong, economy of() 61151
housing()
in cities() 102111
pre-capitalist() 119
Hungary() 110
ideology()
of domesticity()121122125163
of modernization theory() 138
of socialist parties() 41
Ignatieff, M(M) 113
illegitimacy() 128
imagination, sociological() 1322
immigrants, housing for() 1067 see also race()
independence of new nations() 145
India() 141146
individualism, affective() 120127129131
individuals()
and institutions, double involvement of()1112
living alone() 131132
77
industrial capitalism() 5556

economy of () 147151
emergence of () 1416171921
and Third World() 137146
transition to(modernization)() 262913646 see also
capitalism; industrial society( )
industrial revolution() 5615
second as premature concept ()60
industrial society theory() 23242533153
family, theories about() 115116
urbanization and() 99100 see also industrial capitalism; underdevelopment(
)
industrial work() 14
industry() see production( )
inequalities in colonial societies() 144146
inequalities-continued internal and external () 33
wealth distribution() 49161
world() 146152
see also exploitation()
inflation() 152
information technology() 596369 see also technology( )
innovation() see change; technology( )
institutionalisation()
of class conflict() 275056
of modes of conduct, society as system of () 8
9
institutions()
capitalist() 36
defined() 11
and individuals, double involvement of() 1112
instrumentalism() 75
internal inequalities() 33
international() see global( )
investment, foreign() 150151
issues and problems in sociology() 122
context of() 37
as critique() 1322
definition and preliminary considerations() 713
Italy, labour movement in() 5290
Japan, economy of() 456061139
Kautsky, K.(K) 76
Kennedy, J.F.(JF) 136
Kerr, C.(C) 2728
kinship relations() see family()
78
Kumar, K(K) 26
labour()
contract, capitalist() 54
migrant() 161
wage-() 35
see also bargaining; division of labour; unions; work( )
Landes, D.S.(DS) 15
language, ubiquitous() 21
large organisations() 2838404548
transnational() 148151
law()
condified() 8081
rights in() 5254
laws, universal, in social science() 10
Lefebvre, H(H) 112113
legal() see law( )
less developed countries() 146
Lvi-Strauss, C.(C-) 21
liberal criticism of Marxism() 159
liberal-democratic state, rise of() 2732
liberty, ideal of() 4 see also freedom()
life() see everyday; expectancy; way of life( )
Lipset, S.M.(SM) 27
local communities() see communities( )
logic()
of industrialisation() 28
in social science() 10
love() see affective individualism( )
managerial power() 314649 see also power, corporate( )
market economies() 147148
markets, housing() 105107108
marriage()125131
affective ties in() 120127
age at() 126127
break-up() 128130131
length of() 131
remarriage() 130131
unemotional ties() 118119
married women, working() 122123 see also women( )
Marshall, T.H.(TH) 5255
Marx, K., and Marxism()
on bureaucracy() 798286
on Marxism, capitalism and socialism() 313342
153157158160
79
on class() 3537505465747679157
critique of() 157164
and Dahrendorf() 29303134
and feminism() 116
governments() 3940154
and industrial society theory() 2425
on racial oppression() 161
and revolutions() 8889
on sexual oppression() 163
on state() 7279162
on underdevelopment() 138139
and urbanism() 100101103
matriarchal society() 163164
Means, G.C.(GC) 30
megacorporations() 4648 see also large organisations()
megalopolis() 94
Meier, A.(A) 107
mental hospitals() 113114
merchant capitalism phase() 139143
method in social science() 10
Mexico() 141150
Michels, R.(R) 8485
middle class, new() 57589 see also class()
migration()
rural-urban() 594100
of Turkish workers to Germany() 161
Miliband, R.(R)
on capitalism and socialism() 3741
on citizenship rights() 39415455
on class() 434450
on Dahrendorf() 3739
on Marx() 344344
on state() 737576
military power and conflict() 80139140142152155 see also war(
)
millenarian movements() 87
mobility()
social() 323338394150
spatial() 109135136
modern state () see under state()
modern and pre-capitalist cities, compared() 929498
100
modernisation() see under industrial capitalism( )
monopoly, rare() 48
80
Moore, R.(R) 103

moral character of everyday life()112113
decay() 128
Morse, S.(S) 135
mortality()
decline in rates() 7127143
from European diseases() 142143
infant() 150
ubiquitous and visible() 126
multiple sovereignty() 8990
nationalism() 16152153
nation-states() 1718
nationalism and militarism() 1680152153
naturalistic model of society() see ecological( )
nature()
human relationship to()159161
see also countryside(
separate from human life() 102
)
negative power of workers() 6486
neighbourhoods in cities() 103108111 see also ecological( )
neo-proletariat() 6466
Netherland() 61
non-class of non-workers() 6466
non-manual class() see white-collar()
North America()
indigenous population destroyed()142
merchant capitalism and colonialism in() 140143 see also
Canada; United State( )
North/South division() 146
see also underdevelopment( )
Nuclear family() 115117120127130
objectivity in social science() 11 see also science( )
Offe, C. (C) 789108
oil()
crisis()1973197469
producing countries()OPEC151
oligarchy, iron law of() 84
one-parent families() 131133
open space() 102 see also countryside( )
opportunity, equality of() 2632333941 see also rights( )
organizations() see bureaucracy()large organizations()
Ottoman Empire() 140
ownership()
and control of production()303137384450
81
diversification() 96
of housing() 105106
private() 56
see also property()
Paradoxical relation of capitalism and bureaucracy() 8283
Park, R. E. (RE) 95100
parliamentary socialism() see under parties( )
Parsons, T. (T) 115
participatory democracy() 86
parties, political() 273279
bureaucratized() 83 see also political; socialism( )
past
immediate, recovery of() 14 see also capitalist; history(
)
patriarchy() 163164
and family() 121125
pay() 35123124
peasant rebellions() 8788
personal fulfillment and sexuality() 130
Peru() 141
planned economy() 146147
planning, urban() 109110
poetry of life() 112113
Poland() 86
political()
citizenship rights() 161732373951557986
clashes, internal, and revolutions()8991
dualism in colonial societies() 144145
power of capitalist class() 36
science() 72153 see also parties; revolutions; socialism( )
politico-military power() 139 see also military( )
population()
growth() 579394 see also migration; mortality( )
Portugal() 141
post-capitalism() 5559
post-colonialism phase() 144145146
post-industrial society() 5961
Poulantzas, N. (N) 7378
power()
administrative() see bureaucracy( )
corporate() 303137384450
power-continued military, and conflict() 8013914021525
negative, of workers() 6486
political, of capitalist class() 36
82
state() 100164165
over work processes, loss of 82
of working class() 64778586
pre-capitalist() 151621
everyday life() 112113
and modern cities, compared()929498100
Pred, A. R. (AR) 136
prediction and control() 1012
prisons() 113114
privacy, restricted() 119
private rented housing()105106110 see also ownership( )
production()
expropriation of means of() 35
levels, global contrasts() 64147152
for profit() 56
specialized() 16
profit, production for() 56
progressive movement, industrialization as() 26
proletarianisation of clerical work() 58123
property()
alienability() 101102
qualifications for voting rights() see also ownership( )
prose of life() 112113114
protest movements, urban() 107108
public() see state( )
race()
and housing() 106107
and oppression() 161162
rational-legal norms() 80
rebellions, peasant() 8788
recession() 63
re-commodification() 79
redistribution of wealth, needed() 161
relationships patterns of() 12
relative autonomy of state() 747677
religion and pre-industrial society() 15
remarriage() 130131
rented housing() 105106108111
repetition of patterns of activity() see reproduction( )
repression()
in family() 129
of sexuality() 130 see also oppression( )
reproduction , social() 81112
restricted patriarchal nuclear family() 120
83
revenue of state and economy() 7678

revolution()
American() 488
Chinese() 90
French() 45368890
industrial() 561560
labour movement() 52
modern state and() 8791
Russian() 8990
socialist()158
two great() 491688
Rex, J. (J) 103105109111
rights()
bargaining() 273239515355
development of() 5255
legal() 5254
political and civil() 161732373951557986
in traditional societies() 21
see also equality( )
Rogers, B. (B) 121
Roman Empire() 140
Rousseau, J. J. (JJ) 2021
routine() 80113
Rudwick, E.M.(EM) 107
rules() 81
ruling classes division in() 7475 see also class( )
rural-urban migration() 594100
Russia() see Soviet Union( )
Saint-Simon, Comte H. de(H) 24252660
satisficers, mega corporations as() 4648
Sau, R. (R) 147
Scandinavia, working women in() 124 see also Sweden( )
science()
sociology as() 1911 ( )
Scoott, J.W. (JW) 122
Second World() 146147 see also socialism, parties and countries(
)
second industrial revolution as premature concept() 60
secular ideals of revolution() 4
sequestration of human activity() 113114
servants() 121122
service industries, growth of() 5868123
sex() see gender( )
sexual oppression() see exploitation( )
84
sexuality()
liberation from() 131
marriage and() 125131
personal fulfillment and() 130
Simmel, G. (G) 99
size of families() 125127
Sjoberg, G. (G) 939798
Skocpol, T. (T) 899091
Slave trade() 143161
social()
activity, patterns of() 1112
change() see change( )
evolution() 1920
inequalities() 334944452161
mobility and education() 323338394150
movements and modern state() 8791
order, dissolution() see revolution( )
reproduction() 81112 see also rights( )
socialism/socialist(/)
bureaucracy and() 8283
criticism of() 28
economy of countries with() 146147
and oppression, removal of() 163164
participatory democracy and() 86
parties and countries() 1839415166687786146147158
159
revolution() 158
undeveloped() 4052
society()
cities as expressions of() 98100111
sociology as study of() 89
sociological imagination() 1322
sociology( ) see capitalism( ) class( ) family( ) industrial
capitalism()issues and problems()Marx()social()
socialism()state()urbanization()
South America()
indigenous population destroyed() 142
industrial development() 151
merchant capitalism and colonialism in() 140141143
South America-continued post-colonial() 146
transnationals in() 150151
South Korea, economy of() 61151
sovereignty, multiple() 8990
85
Soviet Union()
convergence theory on() 28
economy() 146
Marxism in() 3940
revolution() 8990
socialism in() 158159
as super-power() 140
space, patterns of social activity over() 1112
Spain() 141143
spatial mobility() 135136
lack of() 109
specialized production() 16
stagflation() 152
state()
democratic() 4
economy and() 373845717678
as expression of class power() 3637
housing() 105106108111
importance of() 16
liberal-democratic, rise of() 2732
modern() 437191
power() 3637100164165
relative autonomy of() 747677
see also socialism, parties and countries( )
step-families() 133134
Stone, L. (L) 117118120
strike, right to() 32 see also bargaining( )
structuralism() 75
struggles for rights() 5455
subject of social science, human involvement with() 12156
super-determinism() 75
super-powers, emergence of() 140 see also Soviet Union; United States(
)
Suttles, G. (G) 107
Sweden()
labour movement in() 51
socialism in() 6668
unemployment() 6267
Switzerland() 61
Szelinyi, I. I109100
Taiwan, economy of() 61151
technological change and new classes() 5960
technology, new, and social change() 510141516265369157
158
86
and new classes() 5661

textile industry() 122
things, social phenomena as() 11
Third World()
economy() 147152
exploitation of() 138141145150
family size in() 125126
First World and() 137146
transnational in() 148151
underdevelopment concept() 2938137139
urbanization() 6
Tilly, C. (C) 8991155
Tilly, L.A.(LA) 122
Time()
patterns of social activity over() 1112
space convergence() 136
Tonnies, F. (F) 99
totalitarianism, need for theory() 164
traditional societies() see pre-capitalist( )
transformation see change transition, zones of 106
transnational corporations() 148151
transport and communication() 135136154
global() 147148
travel() see transport( )
Turkish guest workers in Germany() 161
underclass of white-collar sector() 58
underdeveloped countries concept() see Third World( )
underdevelopment, development of() 141142145153
underdeveloped countries concept() 137
unemployment() 6263656769
unions() 77
as large organization() 40 see also bargaining ( )
United Kingdom()
Economy()456168
Industrial concentration in() 45
marriage and divorce in() 126128129
merchant capitalism and colonialism of() 141,143
transnational from 149
urbanism in() 56101104108
United States
convergence theory on() 28
divorce and marriage rates() 129
87
economy() 6168147148
ethnic minorities in() 161162
individuals living alone in() 131132
revolution() 488
socialism, lack of() 4052
step-families in() 134
as super-power() 140
transnationals from() 149
urbanism in() 9497106107108111
womens earnings in() 124
see also North America()
unity()
of human race() 21
of industrial order() 2728
unmarried couples() 131132
urbanization() 561492114
Chicago School() 95100104
in colonial societies() 144
everyday life and() 112114
life expectancy and() 126
migration and() 594100144
pre-capitalist and modern() 929498100
Useem, M. (M) 45
USSR see Soviet Union()
Venezuela() 151
Victorian prudery() 130131
violence() see military( )
Vogel, E.P. (EF) 61
Voting() see political citizenship( )
Wages() 35123124
Wallerstein, I. (I) 138139155
walls, city() 9394
war and social change() 8990 see also military
Washington, G.G 136
way of life approach in urban studies() 9697112114
Wealth, distribution() 49161
Weber, M. () 28808796
Welfare()
re-commodified() 79
rights, development of() 5355
state and() 71
88
working class utilization() 78

Wertheimer, B.M.(BM) 124
Western Europe()
Housing() 108
see also individual countries(
Industrial concentration in() 45
)
Western societies() see industrial capitalism( )
Westernization, modernization as() 29
white-collar worker, increase in() 56586368
Housing for() 108
Wirth, L.(L) 96100112
women()
domesticity() 121122125163
exploitation of() 58122124162164
earnings() 123124
feminism and womens movement() 121124164
working() 122125163
work()
industrial() 14
loss of control over() 82
womens() 122125163 see also labour( )
working class()
end of() 6270
extended() 6768
family() 122127
housing() 105106108111
power() 64778586
and welfare utilization() 78
see also class; unions( )
workplace
and home separated() 116121163
urban() 102103
world()see global( )
world system() see under capitalism( )
Worsley, P.(P) 45
Wright Mills, C.(C) 13
Wright, E.O.(EO) 59
Yugoslavia() 86
89

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1

Her Majestys Stationery Office

Prvoir pour pouvoir

Emile Durkheim 1858-1917 20

New Rules of Sociological Method, London: Hutchinson

hunting and gathering society

set the scene

Clark Kerr et al., Industrialism and Industrial Man, Harmondsworth, Penguin,

Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society,

A.A. Berle and G.C. Means, The

57 Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in

9 Ralf Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society, London,

concentration of the economy

T.H. Marshall, Citizenship and social

Daniel Bell, The Coming of

Alain Touraine, The

FEzra F. Vogel, Japan as Number One: Lessons for

social trendsLondon, HMSO, 1985

Andr Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class, London, Pluto, 1982

time savings accounts

Ulf Himmelstrand et al., Beyond Welfare Capitalism, London,

extended working class

Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes,

party machine politics

David Beetham, Max Weber and the Theory of Modern

Robert Michels, Political Parties, London, Collier-Macmillan, 1968

87social rebellionsocial revolution

Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millenium, London, Mercury Books,

Charles Tilly, From Mobilisation to Revolution, Reading, Mass.,

Theda Skocpol, State and Social Revolutions,

1700 100000 250

enveloping megalopoliscity of cities

Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, Glencoe, The

distribution of city neighbourhood

79 Robert E. Park, Human Communities, Glencoe, The Free Press,

44 1938 Louis Wirth,

5 Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, Glencoe, The Free

built environmentopen space

John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community

A. Meier and E. M. Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, New

29 Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World,

Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain, London, Macmillan,

the extended familynuclear

Open lineage family

restricted patriarchal nuclear family 16

closed domesticated unclear family 20

Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of

Barbara Rogers, The Domestication of Women, London, Kogan Page, 1980

What hath God wrought?135

RAllan R. Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of

Willy Brand et al., North-South: a

348 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, New York,

the development of underdevelopment

Andr Gunder Frank, Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin

Peter Worsley, The Three Worlds. Culture and World Development,

Ranjit Sau, Unequal Exchange, Imperialism and

Robert Gilpin, U.S. Power and the Multinational

289 S. Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale, New York, Monthly Review

Charles Tilly, The Formation of National States in Europe, Princeton,

1 3839 Karl Marx and

expropriation of means of production() 35

Turkish guest workers in () 62

industrial capitalism() 5556

Moore, R.(R) 103