Louis De Broglie

Louis de Broglie's father was Victor, Duc de Broglie, and his mother was Pauline
d'Armaillé. Louis studied at the Lyceé Janson de Sailly in Paris completing his secondary
school education in 1909. At this stage he did not envisage a career in science, but was
interested in taking literary studies at university. He entered the Sorbonne in Paris taking
a course in history, intending to make for himself a career in the diplomatic service. At
the age of 18 he graduated with an arts degree but he was already becoming interested in
mathematics and physics. After being assigned a research topic in history he chose, after
worrying greatly about the decision, to study for a degree in theoretical physics.

In 1913 de Broglie was awarded his Licence ès Sciences but before his career had
progressed much further World War I broke out. During the War de Broglie served in the
army. He was attached to the wireless telegraphy section for the whole of the war and
served in the station at the Eiffel Tower. During these war years all his spare time was
spent thinking about technical problems. He explained how he was attracted to
mathematical physics after the War (see for example [9]):-

When in 1920 I resumed my studies ... what attracted me ... to theoretical physics was ...
the mystery in which the structure of matter and of radiation was becoming more and
more enveloped as the strange concept of the quantum, introduced by Planck in 1900 in
his researches into black-body radiation, daily penetrated further into the whole of
physics.

Taking up research in mathematical physics, de Broglie nevertheless maintained an

interest in experimental physics. His brother Maurice de Broglie was at that time carrying
out experimental work on X-rays and this proved a considerable interest to de Broglie
during the first few years of the 1920s during which he worked for his doctorate. De
Broglie's doctoral thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the
quantum theory) of 1924 put forward this theory of electron waves, based on the work of
Einstein and Planck. It proposed the theory for which he is best known, namely the
particle-wave duality theory that matter has the properties of both particles and waves.

In a lecture de Broglie gave on the occasion when he received the Nobel Prize in 1929 he
explained the background to the ideas contained in his doctoral thesis (see for example
[9]):-

Thirty years ago, physics was divided into two camps: ... the physics of matter, based on
the concepts of particles and atoms which were supposed to obey the laws of classical
Newtonian mechanics, and the physics of radiation, based on the idea of wave
propagation in a hypothetical continuous medium, the luminous and electromagnetic
ether. But these two systems of physics could not remain detached from each other: they
had to be united by the formulation of a theory of exchanges of energy between matter
and radiation. ... In the attempt to bring the two systems of physics together, conclusions
were in fact reached which were neither correct nor even admissible when applied to the
energy equilibrium between matter and radiation ... Planck ... assumed ... that a light
source ... emits its radiation in equal and finite quantities - in quanta. The success of
Planck's ideas has been accompanied by serious consequences. if light is emitted in
quanta, must it not, once emitted, possess a corpuscular structure? ... Jeans and Poincaré
[showed] that if the motion of the material particles in a source of light took place
according to the laws of classical mechanics, then the correct law of black-body
radiation, Planck's law, could not be obtained.

During an interview in 1963 de Broglie described how, given the above background, his
discoveries came about:-

As in my conversations with my brother we always arrived at the conclusion that in the

case of X-rays one had both waves and corpuscles, thus suddenly - ... it was certain in
the course of summer 1923 - I got the idea that one had to extend this duality to material
particles, especially to electrons. And I realised that, on the one hand, the Hamilton-
Jacobi theory pointed somewhat in that direction, for it can be applied to particles and,
in addition, it represents a geometrical optics; on the other hand, in quantum phenomena
one obtains quantum numbers, which are rarely found in mechanics but occur very
frequently in wave phenomena and in all problems dealing with wave motion.

The wave nature of the electron was experimentally confirmed in 1927 by C J Davisson,
C H Kunsman and L H Germer in the United States and by G P Thomson (the son of J J
Thomson) in Aberdeen, Scotland. De Broglie's theory of electron matter waves was later
used by Schrödinger, Dirac and others to develop wave mechanics.

After his doctorate, de Broglie remained at the Sorbonne where he taught for two years,
becoming professor of theoretical physics at the Henri Poincaré Institute in 1928. From
1932 he was also professor of theoretical physics at the Faculté des Sciences at the
Sorbonne. De Broglie taught there until he retired in 1962. From 1944 he was a member
of the Bureau des Longitudes. In 1945 he became an adviser to the French Atomic
Energy Commissariat.

His greatest honour was being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1929. We have quoted above
from his lecture given at the award ceremony. Let us quote further from the lecture (see
for example [9]):-

Thus I arrived at the following general idea which has guided my researches: for matter,
just as much as for radiation, in particular light, we must introduce at one and the same
time the corpuscle concept and the wave concept. In other words, in both cases we must
assume the existence of corpuscles accompanied by waves. But corpuscles and waves
cannot be independent, since, according to Bohr, they are complementary to each other;
consequently it must be possible to establish a certain parallelism between the motion of
a corpuscle and the propagation of the wave which is associated with it.

After receiving the Nobel Prize in 1929 De Broglie worked on extensions of wave
mechanics. Among publications on many topics he published work on Dirac's theory of
the electron, on the new theory of light, on Uhlenbeck's theory of spin, and on
applications of wave mechanics to nuclear physics. He wrote at least twenty-five books
including Ondes et mouvements (Waves and motions) (1926), La mécanique ondulatoire
(Wave mechanics) (1928), Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la
mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution (1956), Introduction à la
nouvelle théorie des particules de M Jean-Pierre Vigier et de ses collaborateurs (1961),
Étude critique des bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire (1963).
The last three mentioned books were published in English translations as Non-linear
Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation (1960), Introduction to the Vigier Theory of
elementary particles (1963), and The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A
Critical Study (1964).

He wrote many popular works which demonstrate his interest in the philosophical
implications of modern physics, including Matter and Light: The New Physics (1939);
The Revolution in Physics (1953); Physics and Microphysics (1960); and New
Perspectives in Physics (1962).

In 1933 de Broglie was elected to the Académie des Sciences becoming Permanent
Secretary for the mathematical sciences in 1942. The Académie awarded him its Henri
Poincaré Medal in 1929 and the Albert I of Monaco Prize in 1932. Other honours which
he received included the Kalinga Prize which was awarded to him by UNESCO in 1952
for his efforts towards the understanding of modern physics by the general public. The
French National Scientific Research Centre awarded him its gold medal in 1956. Further
honours included the awarding of the Grand Cross of the Légion d'Honneur and Belgium
made him an Officer of the Order of Leopold. He received honorary doctorates from the
Universities of Warsaw, Bucharest, Athens, Lausanne, Quebec, and Brussels. He was
elected to honorary membership of eighteen academies and learned societies in Europe,
India, and the United States.
De Broglie described himself as:-

... having much more the state of mind of a pure theoretician than that of an experimenter
or engineer, loving especially the general and philosophical view ... .

The central question in de Broglie's life was whether the statistical nature of atomic
physics reflects an ignorance of the underlying theory or whether statistics is all that can
be known. For most of his life he believed the former although as a young researcher he
had at first believed that the statistics hide our ignorance. Perhaps surprisingly, he
returned to this view late in his life stating that:-

... the statistical theories hide a completely determined and ascertainable reality behind
variables which elude our experimental techniques.

Let us end our biography with the tribute paid to de Broglie by C W Oseen, Chairman of
the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences:-

When quite young you threw yourself into the controversy raging round the most
profound problem in physics. You had the boldness to assert, without the support of any
known fact, that matter had not only a corpuscular nature, but also a wave nature.
Experiment came later and established the correctness of your view. You have covered in
fresh glory a name already crowned for centuries with honour.

Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson