CAREER POINT .

PRE-MEDICAL

CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE

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Classification & Nomenclature

PRE-MEDICAL

CAREER POINT .

CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE

1. KEKULES PRINCIPLE Carbon has four valencies. Carbon has a property of catenation. It can make a large chain with addition of other carbons. A carbon atom can share 2, 4 or 6 electrons with other carbons & can form single, double or triple bond. For a carbon atom, it is not possible to make more than 3 bonds with adjacent carbon atom because a carbon atom complete its octet from overlapping which consists directional property. 2. THE FOUR VALENCIES OF CARBON ATOM CAN BE REPRESENTED BY FOLLOWING WAY Structure
C
C C C

bonds 4 3 2 2

bonds 0 1 2 2

Hybridisation sp3 sp2 sp sp

Shape Tetrahedral (Non planar) Planar (Trigonal) Linear Linear

Bond Angle 10928' 120 180 180

No. of Bond angles 6 3 1 1

3. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON There are four types of carbon present in organic compounds. The carbon which is directly attached with one, two, three and four carbon atoms are known as primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary carbon atom respectively. On the basis of carbon atom, hydrogen atoms bonded with 1, 2 or 3 are named as primary, secondary or tertiary hydrogen atom respectively.

3C 1C

4C

CCCCC 2C C C

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds Open chain compounds or Acyclic compounds Closed chain or ring compounds or cyclic compounds

Saturated

Unsaturated Homocyclic or Carbocyclic Alicylic Alicylic Aromatic Heterocyclic

Aromatic

Benzenoid

Non-benzenoid

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CAREER POINT . SPECIAL POINTS : Saturated compounds having carbon-carbon single bonds. e.g. CH4, CH3CH3, CH3CH2CH3 Unsaturated compounds having atleast one carbon-carbon multiple bond (= or )

PRE-MEDICAL

e.g. CH2=CH2, HCCH, HCCCH3, H2C=CHCH3, CH2=C=CH2, CH2=CHCCH, HCCCCH Homocyclic compounds having similar types of atoms in the complete cycle. Whereas heterocyclic compounds having atleast one different atom (O, S, N) in the cycle. Alicyclic = Aliphatic + homo/hetero cyclic (Alipher = Fats)
O
O

O O O NH O

e.g.
Homocyclic

Heterocyclic

Aromatic compounds having sweet smell (aroma), cyclic resonance and follow Huckle's rule (4n + 2 = electrons) e.g. Benzenoid compounds :

Benzene Naphthalene

Biphenyl

Anthracene

Phenanthrene

e.g. Non-Benzenoid compounds :

Azulene e.g. Heterocyclic compounds :

O Furan

NH

N Pyridine

Thiophene Pyrrole

5. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES The organic compounds which are structural ly similar having same functional groups, combinedly gives a series known as homologous series and the members as homologues. The homologous series is characterised by : (i) The two adjacent members are differ by a CH2 group or 14 atomic mass unit. (ii) All the members of a series have same general formula, general methods of preparation and similar chemical properties due to same functional group. (iii) The homologues shows difference in physical properties due to change in molecular mass and structural arrangement of molecule.

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Classification & Nomenclature

PRE-MEDICAL SOME STANDARD HOMOLOGOUS SERIES ARE : S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Name of Series Alkane Alkene Alkyne Halo alkane Alcohol Ether Aldehyde Ketone General Formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n2 CnH2n+1X CnH2n+2O CnH2n+2O CnH2nO CnH2nO I-homologue CH4 CH2=CH2 HCCH CH3X CH3OH CH3OCH3 HCHO
CH3CCH3 O

CAREER POINT .

II-homologue CH3CH3 CH2=CHCH3 HCCCH3 CH3CH2X CH3CH2OH CH3OCH2CH3 CH3CHO

CH3CCH2CH3 O

9. 10.

Carboxylic acid Ester

CnH2nO2 CnH2nO2

HCOOH
HCOCH3 O

CH3COOH
HCOCH2CH3 O

or CH3COCH3
O

11. 12.

Amide Nitro alkane

CnH2n+1NO CnH2n+1NO2

HCONH2
O CH3N O

CH3CONH2
O CH3CH2N O

13.

Amine

CnH2n+3N

CH3NH2

CH3CH2NH2

6. NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Mainly three system are adopted for naming of an organic compound : (a) Common Name or Trivial Name System (b) Derived Name System (c) IUPAC Name or Jeneva Name System 6.1 SOME COMMON NAMES BASED ON SOURCE : S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Compound CH4 CH3OH CH3CH2OH
NH2CNH2 O

Common Name Marsh gas (Fire damp) Wood spirit (Carbinol) Grain alcohol Urea (Carbamide)

Source Marshy places Destructive distillation of wood Grain Urine

5.

HCOOH

Formic acid

Formica (Red ants)

Classification & Nomenclature
4

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CAREER POINT . S.No. 6. 7. 8. Compound CH3COOH HOOCCOOH

CH3CHCOOH OH

Common Name Acetic acid Oxalic acid Lactic acid

PRE-MEDICAL Source Acetum (Vinegar) Oxalis plant Lactum (Milk)

9. 10.

CH3CH2CH2COOH
HOCHCOOH HOCHCOOH

Butyric acid Tartaric acid

Butter Tamarind

11. 12.

HOCHCOOH CH2COOH

Malic acid Citric acid

Malum (Apple) Citron (Lemon)

CH2COOH HOCCOOH CH2COOH

6.2 SOME STANDARD COMMON NAMES (TO BE REMEMBER) : S.No. 1. Common Name Isoheptane or Triptane Structure Formula
CH3 CH3CHCCH3 CH3 CH3

2.

Isooctane

CH3 CH3CHCH2CCH3 CH3 CH3

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Ethylene Acetylene Allylene Crotonylene Allene Ketene Acetone or Dimethyl Ketone Pavaldehyde

H2C = CH2 HC CH HCCCH3 CH3CCCH3 CH2=C=CH2 CH2=C=O

CH3CCH3 O
CH3 CH3CCHO CH3

11.

Chloral

Cl3CCHO
Classification & Nomenclature
5

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PRE-MEDICAL S.No. 12. 13. Common Name Acrolein or Acryl aldehyde Acetophenone or Methyl phenyl Ketone
CH3C O

CAREER POINT . Structure Formula CH2=CHCHO

14.

Benzophenone or Diphenyl Ketone

C O

15.

Pinacol

CH3 CH3 CH3CCCH3 OH OH

16.

Pinacolone

CH3 CH3CCCH3 O CH3

17.

Mesityl oxide (Dimer of acetone)

CH3C=CHCCH3 CH3 O

18.

Phorone (Trimer of acetone)

CH3C=CHCCH=CCH3 CH3 O CH3

19. 20 21. 22. 23. 24.

Oxalic acid Malonic acid Succinic acid Gluteric acid Adipic acid Pimelic acid

HOOCCOOH HOOCCH2COOH HOOC(CH2)2COOH HOOC(CH2)3COOH HOOC(CH2)4COOH HOOC(CH2)5COOH

25.

Maleic acid

HCCOOH HCCOOH

(Cis)

26.

Fumeric acid

HCCOOH HOOCC H

(Trans)

27. 28. 29.

Cyanic acid Isocyanic acid (Tautomer of cyanic acid) Isourea (Tautomer of urea)

HOCN O=C=NH
H2NC=NH OH

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Classification & Nomenclature

CAREER POINT . S.No. 30. 31. 32. Common Name Chloroform (Anaesthatic agent) Chloropicrin (Nitro Chloroform) Chloretone (Chloroform + acetone)

PRE-MEDICAL Structure Formula CHCl3 Cl3CNO2

CCl3 CH3CCH3 OH

33. 34.

Pyrene (Fire - extinguisher) Westrosol or Triclene

Cl Cl

CCl4
C=C H Cl

35. 36.

Westron Tetraclene or Perclene

Cl Cl
Cl Cl

CH CH
C=C Cl Cl

Cl Cl

37. 38.

Isoprene Chloroprene (Monomer of Neoprene Polymer)

CH2=CCH=CH2 CH3 CH2=CCH=CH2 Cl

CH3CCH2COC2H5 O O

39.

AAE (Aceto acetic ester) or EAA (Ethyl aceto acetate)

40. 41. 42. 43.

Acrylic acid Crotonic acid Cinnamic acid Glycol

CH2=CHCOOH CH3CH=CHCOOH
CH=CHCOOH

CH2OH CH2OH

44.

Glycerol

CH2OH CHOH CH2OH

45.

Phosgene or Carbonyl chloride

ClCCl O

46.

Glyceraldehyde

CH2OH CHOH CHO

Classification & Nomenclature

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PRE-MEDICAL S.No. 47. Common Name Glyceric acid

CH2OH CHOH COOH

CAREER POINT . Structure Formula

48.

Glyoxal

CHO CHO

49. 50.

Glycine -Alanine

H2NCH2COOH
H2NCHCOOH CH3

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

Tilden reagent Grignard reagent Frankland reagent Hinsberg reagent (used in N-compounds) Mustard Gas (Explosive used in I-world war) Lewisite (Explosive used in II-world war) Semicarbazide Schiff's Base or Anil Methylal

ClN=O RMgX RZnR

SO2Cl

ClCH2CH2SCH2CH2Cl ClCH=CHAsCl2
H2NNHCNH2 O

RCH=NR
CH3CH OCH3 OCH3
OCH2CH3 OCH2CH3

60.

Ethylal

CH3CH

61. 62. 63. 64. 65

Mercaptal Mercaptol Mercaptan Mercaptide Mesitylene

R H
R R

C
C

SR SR
SR SR

RSH RSR
CH3 CH3

H 3C

66.

Toluene

CH3
Classification & Nomenclature
8

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CAREER POINT . S.No. 67. Common Name Cummene or Isopropyl benzene Acetanilide

PRE-MEDICAL Structure Formula

CHCH3 CH3

68.

CH3CNH O

69.

Benzanilide

CNH O

70. 71. 72. 73. 74.

Anisole Phenetole Azo benzene Hydrazo benzene Phthalic acid

OCH3 OC2H5 N=N

NHNH

COOH COOH

75.

Phthalic anhydride

CO CO
CO CO

76. 77.

Phthalimide Anthranilic acid

NH

COOH NH2

78.

Sulphanilic acid (Forms zwitter ion) Aspirin (Analgesic)

SO3H NH2

79.

COOH OCCH3 O
OH COCH3 O

80

Salol (Antiseptic)

81

Oil of wintergreen

OH COPh O

82. 83.

o-Cresol o-Toluic acid

OH CH3 COOH CH3

Classification & Nomenclature
9

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PRE-MEDICAL S.No. 84. 85. 86. Common Name o-Toluidene p-Benzoquinone Gammexane or Lindane or BHC (Benzene hexachloride)
Cl Cl Cl

CAREER POINT . Structure Formula

NH2 CH3
O O (Antiaromatic)

Cl Cl Cl
OH CHO OH COOH

(Alicyclic)

87. 88. 89.

Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid Picric acid

O2N

OH NO2 NO2

90. 91. 92.

Tosyl chloride Styrene o-Xylene

CH3

SO2Cl
CH=CH2

CH3 CH3

6.3 SYSTEMATIC COMMON NAMES OF HYDROCARBON :

CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 n-Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3 Isopentane

CH3CHCH3 CH3

CH3CCH3 CH3 Neopentane

n-Butane CH2=CHCH2CH3

Isobutane CH3CH=CHCH3 CH2=CCH2 CH3

Isobutylene -Butylene -Butylene SPECIAL POINTS : prefix "n" is used for unbranched carbon chain. prefix "iso" is used when one methyl group is attached on 2nd carbon from either terminal prefix "neo" is used when two methyl groups are attached on 2nd carbon from either terminal. Prefix "/" is used to locate the position of double bond.

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CAREER POINT . 6.4 RADICALS : COMMON NAMES OF HYDROCARBON RADICALS

n-Propyl Iso propyl CH3CH2CH2 CH3CH | CH3

PRE-MEDICAL

n-butyl Isobutyl s-butyl t-Butyl

CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH3CHCH2 | CH3 CH3CH2CHCH3 | CH3 | CH3C | CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 CH3CH2CHCH2 CH3 | | CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CH2 | CH3 CH3CHCHCH3 | | CH3 CH3 | CH3CCH2 | CH3 | CH3CCH2CH3 | CH3 CH2CHCH2CH3 | CH3

n-Pentyl s-Pentyl Active s-pentyl Isopentyl Active isopentyl

Neopentyl

t-Pentyl

Active pentyl

Vinyl Allyl Propargyl

Phenyl Benzyl

CH2=CH CH2=CHCH2 HCCCH2

or CH2 CH Ph

Benzal or Benzylidene

Benzo or Benzylidyne

C
Classification & Nomenclature
11

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PRE-MEDICAL

CAREER POINT .

6.5 COMMON NAMES OF HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES : For systematic common names of these compounds we are dividing whole functional groups in following two systems : 6.5.1 SYSTEM - I : In this system prefix is decided by hydrocarbon radical (as discussed above) and suffix is given by following table: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 e.g.
CH3CHSO3H | CH3 Isopropyl sulphonic acid

Functional Group SO3H OH SH NH2 /NH / N O S X

C || O

Suffix sulphonic acid alcohol thioalcohol amine ether thioether halide ketone cyanide isocyanide

CN
N ==C

CH3 | CH3COH | CH3 t-Butyl alcohol

* CH3 CHCHCH3 | | CH3 NH2 Active isopentyl amine or Active isoamyl amine

CH3OCH2CH3

Ethyl methyl ether

CH3CH2NCH2CH3 | CH2CH3 Triethyl amine

CH2 Br Benzyl bromide

CH3CCHCH3 || | O CH3 Isopropyl methyl ketone

CH3N=C

Methyl isocyanide

CN
CH2=CHSCH2CCH

CH

CN

Propargyl vinyl thioether

Benzal (di) cyanide

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Classification & Nomenclature

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CAREER POINT . 6.5.2 SYSTEM II : In this system prefix is decided by total number of carbon atoms in the compound If total carbon Prefix One Form Two Acet Three Propion Four Butyr Five Valer

PRE-MEDICAL

And suffix is given by following table : S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 e.g.

HCOOH Formic acid

Functional Group COOH

CO CO O

Suffix ic acid ic anhydride Alkyl oate yl halide amide aldehyde onitrile

C OR || O

COX CONH2 CHO CN

N ==C

oisonitrile

CH3 CCl || O Acetyl chloride

O || CH3C CH3C || O Acetic anhydride

CH3 CHCHO | CH3 Isobutyraldehyd

CH3 | CH3 CCONH2 | CH3 Neovaleramide

CH3 COCH3 || O Methyl acetate

O || CH3C
O

CH3CH2C || O Acetic propionic anhydride

SPECIAL POINTS :

Prefix "Acryl" is used for the compounds which have total three carbon atoms and double bond is on 2nd carbon. (only for system II groups) e.g CH2 = CHCOOH CH2 = CHCHO CH2=CHCONH2 (only for system II groups) e.g CH3CH = CHCOOH CH3CH = CH CHO CH3CH = CH COCl Crotonic acid Croton aldehyde Crotonyl chloride
Classification & Nomenclature
13

Acrylic acid Acryl aldehyde Acrylamide

Prefix "Croton" is used for the compounds which have total four carbon atoms and double bond is on 2nd carbon

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PRE-MEDICAL

CAREER POINT .

Prefix "Pyruv" is used when CH C is directly attached with (system II) functional groups. 3 O e.g. CH3CCOOH CH3CCHO CH3CCOBr CH3CCONH2 O O O O Pyruvic acid Pyruvyl bromide Pyruvamide Pyruvaldehyde CN and NC groups are considered in both systems.
e.g.
System (I)

CH3CHN= C | CH3

Isopropyl isocyanide Isobutyroisonitrile

System (I)

Isopropyl cyanide Isobutyronitrile

System (II)

CH3CHCN | CH3

System (II)

System (I)

Vinyl cyanide Acrylonitrile

System (I)

CH2=CHCN
System (II)

CH2=CHN= C
System (II)

Vinyl isocyanide Acryloisonitrile

7. DERIVED NAME SYSTEM

According to this system name of any compound is given according to the representative compound of the homologous series. This system is reserved for following homologous series :
Series Name of Homologous series Name of Representative compound Structure of group

1 2 3 4 5. 6. 7. 8.

Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alkanol Alkanal Alkanoic acid Alkanoyl halide Alkanamide

Methane Ethylene Acetylene Carbinol Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetyl halide Acetamide

>C=C< CC
C OH C CHO C COOH C COX

| C CONH2 | CC C O

9.

Alkanone

Acetone

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CAREER POINT . e.g.

H | CH3C CH3 | CH3 Trimethyl methane

PRE-MEDICAL
H | CH3 CH2 C CH3 | CH3 Ethyl dimethyl methane H | CH3CH2COH | CH3 Ethylmethyl carbinol H O | || CH3C COH | CH3 Dimethyl acetic acid
CH3 CH3 C=C CH3 H

CH3 | CH3C CH3 | CH3 Tetramethyl methane

CH3 | CH3C | CH3

H | CCHCH3 | | H CH3

CH3O | || CH3 C C H | CH3 Trimethyl acetaldehyde

H CH3 CH3 H

Tertiarybutyl Isopropyl methane

H O | || CH3 CH2 C CH | CH3 Ethylmethyl acetaldehyde
CH3 CH3 H H

C=C

Symmetrical dimethyl ethylene

CH3 CH3

C=C

C=C

CH3 CH3
CH3CCCH3 Dimethyl acetylene

Unsymmetrical dimethyl ethylene

Trimethyl ethylene

Tetramethyl ethylene

8. IUPAC NAME SYSTEM OR GENEVA NAME SYSTEM

(International union of pure and applied chemistry) 8.1 Parts and format of IUPAC name :
Secondary prefix + Primary Prefix + Root word + Primary suffix + Secondary suffix

It represents substituents It is used in cyclic It represents number of or branches compounds (cyclo) carbon atoms in selected principle carbon chain

It represents saturation or unsaturation in principle carbon chain e.g. ane, ene, yne

It represents (main) functional group.

8.2 Rules for IUPAC nomenclature : Rule 1 : Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms which have maximum number of substituents, multiple bonds and functional groups. Priority order : Functional group > Multiple bond (= or ) > Substituent Rule 2 : Selected principle carbon chain is numbered from the side where substituent or multiple bond or functional group is nearer (lowest possible number): Priority order : Functional group > Double bond > Triple bond > Substituent e.g. CH3 | 2 3 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 CH3CHCCH2CH3 CH3CHCH2COOH CH3CH2 CH2CH2CHCH3 || | CH2 4 CH2 CH2CH3 1 2 1 5 CH3 2-Isopropy but-1-ene 3-Methyl heptane or 3-Methyl pentanoic acid 2-Methyl ethyl but-1-ene
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Classification & Nomenclature

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PRE-MEDICAL

CAREER POINT .

SPECIAL POINTS : If the compound contain more than one similar alkyl groups, their positions are indicated separately and an appropriate numerical prefix di, tri, tetra......, is attached to the name of the substituent. The positions of the substituents are separated by commas CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 CH3 C CH2 CH5CH3 e.g. 1 CH32CH3CH4CH25CH3 CH3 2,3 Dimethyl pentane 2,2,4- Trimethyl pentane

If there is different alkyl subsitituents present in the compound, their names are written in the alphabetical order. However, the numerical prefixes such as di, tri etc, are not considered for the alphabetical order. For example , C2H5
1

CH32CH3C4CH25CH3 CH3 CH3 3 Ethyl-2,3-dimethyl pentane

If two different alkyl groups are located at the equivalent positions, then numbering in the carbon chain is done in such a way that the alkyl group which comes first in alphabetic order gets the lower position. C2H5 CH3
1

CH32CH23CH4CH5CH26CH3 3 Ethyl-4-methylhexane

If a compound has two or more chain of the same length, then principle chain is selected in such a way that greater number of substituent works as prefix. 5 CH34CH23CHCH2CH3
2 1

CHCH3

CH3 3 Ethyl -2- methyl pentane In case some functional group (other than C=C and C C) is present in molecule, it is indicated by adding secondary suffix after the primary suffix. The terminal e of the primary suffix is generally removed before adding the secondary suffix. The terminal e of the primary suffix is removed if it is followed by a suffix begining with a, i, o, u or y .

e.g.

4 3 2 1 CH3CHCHCH3 CH3 OH 3-Methyl butan-2-ol

4 3 2 1 CH2=CHCH2COOH But-3-enoic acid

Some of functional group always works as prefix Functional group Prefix name

X OR CC
O NO2

Halo Alkoxy Epoxy Nitro Nitroso 1 2 3 4 CH2CHCH2CH3

O 1, 2-Epoxy butane
Classification & Nomenclature
16

NO
3 2 1 CH3CH2CH2OCH3 1-Methoxy propane

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CAREER POINT .

PRE-MEDICAL

If the molecule contains more than one dissimilar functional groups, the numbering of the parent chain is done in such a way that the functional group of higher priority gets the lower number. The order of priority of various groups for the sake of numbering is given in following table :
S.No. 1 2 3 4 Functional group
COH || O

Prefix carboxy sulpho alkoxy carbonyl or carbaloxy halo formyl or halo carbonyl

Suffix oic acid sulphonic acid oic anhydride alkyl ....... oate

SO3H
COC || || O O

COR || O

CX || O

oyl halide

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 e.g.

CNH2 || O CN r N= C
CH || O C || O OH SH NH2

carbamoyl or amido cyano carbyl amino or isocyano formyl or oxo keto or oxo hydroxy mercapto amino alkoxy halo nitro

amide nitrile isonitrile al one ol thiol amine ene yne

O C=C CC X NO2
Suffix CH3 | 4 CH33C2C1CH3 | || OH O

Prefix 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutan -2- one

CH3 2C1CH=O || O 2-keto propanal

CH2 2CH21COOH | CN 3-cyano propanoic acid

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Classification & Nomenclature

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PRE-MEDICAL 8.3 Sometimes a special suffix is used for given functional groups : S.No. Functional group Suffix 1 COOH Carboxylic acid 2 COOR Alkyl . carboxylate 3 COX Carbonyl chloride 4 CONH2 Corboxamide 5. CN Carbonitrile 6. NC Carbo isonitile 7. CHO Carbaldehyde

CAREER POINT .

It is used in acylic compounds when 3 or more functional groups are presents. e.g. CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3 | | | | | | COOH COOH COOH CHO CHO CHO Propane 1,2,3,-tricarboxylic acid
CN CH3CCH2CH2 CN CN

Pentane 1,2,4,-tricarbaldehyde CH2CHCH2

CN CH2 CN CN

Butane-1,3,3-tricarbonitrile
e.g.

3-Cyanomethyl pentane-1,5-dinitrile

It is used in cyclic compound when functional group is directly attached to the cycle.
COOH

COCH2CH3 O

Cyclopropane carboxylic acid

Ethyl cyclobutane carboxylate

CHO

Cl

C O

Cl

CHO CHO

4-Chloro cyclohexane carbonyl chloride

OH COOH 2-Hydroxy benzene carboxylic acid or 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid

Cyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarbaldehyde
NH2 CONH2 3-Amino benzene carboxamide or 3-Amino benzamide

8.4 IUPAC NOMENCLATURE ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS :

Names of alicyclic compounds are given by putting another prefix cyclo before the root word which depends upon the number of carbon atoms in the ring. The suffixes ane, ene or yne are written depending upon saturation or unsaturation in the ring.

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Classification & Nomenclature

18

CAREER POINT .

PRE-MEDICAL

If some substituent or functional group is present, it is indicated by some appropriate prefix or suffix and its position is indicated by numbering the carbon atoms of the ring. The numbering is done in such a way so as to assign least possible number to the functional group or substituent in accordance with the rules already discussed.
e.g.
OH 1 2 3
NO2 3

Cyclohexane
CH3 3 2 CH 3

Cyclopentene
CH3 C2H5

CH3 3-Methylcyclo-hexanol
O 1 2 3 OH

CH3 1-Methyl-3-Nitrocyclohexene
4 3 2 1 CH3CHCH=CH2

2 1

1 2,3-Dimethylcyclopentene

1-Ethy-2-Methylcyclobutene

3-Hydroxycyclohexanone

3-Cyclopentyl-1-butene

8.5. IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF COMPOUNDS WITH BOND LINE FORMULA

In this representation of organic molecules, carbon and hydrogen atoms are not shown and the lines representing carbon carbon bonds are drawn in zig-zag manner. A single line () represents a single bond, two parallel lines (=) represents a double bond and three parallel lines () represent a triple bond. The only atoms specitically written are those that are neither carbon nor hydrogen bound to carbon. The intersection of lines represent carbon atoms carrying appropriate number of hydrogen atoms.
e.g.
2

2 1 2

4 5

Methylpenta-1,3-diene

5 4 6-Ethyl-1-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene

2 3

1 6

1 OH O 5 6 2,6-Dimethylhept-2,5-dien-oic acid 3 4

2 1 3

4 5

Hexa-1,3,5-triene

4 5 Pent-1-en-3-ol

23 OH

Br 2 1

5 O 2-Bromopentan-3-one

8.6 IUPAC NOMENCLATUERE OF BRIDGED BICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

Saturated bicyclic systems having two or more atoms in common are named by prefixing bicyclo to the name of the cyclic parent hydrocarbon system containing the same total number of carbon atoms in the skeleton. The number of carbon atoms in each of the three bridges, connecting the two tertiary carbon atoms is indicated in parentheses, in descending order and arabic numerals are used to indicate the number of carbon atoms and the numbers are separated by full stops.
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PRE-MEDICAL

CAREER POINT .

The bicyclic system is numbered starting with one of the tertiary bridging cabon and proceeding through longest bridge to the second bridging carbon continuing back to the first bridging carbon through the second longest chain. Numbering is completed by numbering the shortest bridge beginning with the atom next to the first bridging carbon.
e.g.
1 6 5 4 2 3
7 6 5 1 2 8 9 3 4

Bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane

Bicyclo [3,2,2] Nonane

8.7. IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF SPIRO BICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

Spiro bicyclic hydrocarbons contain two rings consisting of carbon atoms only and the two rings are linked by a common carbon. These compounds are named by placing prefix spiro before the name of the acyclic parent hydrocarbon with same number of skeletal carbon atoms. The numbers of skeletal atoms linked to the spiro atom are indicated by arabic numbers, separately by a fullstop. The numbers are written in ascending order and enclosed in square brackets. Numbering of a spiro bicyclic hydrocarbon starts with a ring carbon next to the spiro atom and proceeds first through the smaller ring and then through the spiro atom and around the second ring. For example : e.g.
1 2 3 7 4 6 5
8 9 10 1 2 CH3 5 7 6 4 3

Spiro [2,4]

2-Methylspiro [4, 5] deca-1, 6-diene

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