1.

INTRODUCTION

Soil and water resources form the base of all human and animal life. An intensive
utilization of these natural resources has been a prerequisite for all economic development.
However, these resources are limited and highly interdependent, and intensification of the
utilization of one resource can lead to its exhaustion. Man is overexploiting the natural
resources, especially land and water, and this has a deleterious impact on other natural
resources. The problem is increasing day by day and unless remedial measures are taken, the
effects on the environment can be disastrous.

Increased use of water and the need for increased food production coupled with
expanding population has resulted in an increased pressure on the land and water resources.
Erratic monsoon behaviour and monsoon failures have worsened the situation in many parts
of India which are now facing shortage even for water drinking supply. Adding to the
problem, unscientific cultivation practices, especially in hilly areas, have resulted not only in
soil erosion which in turn leads to siltation of streams, rivers, tanks and reservoirs, but also in
increased removal of rainwater as surface runoff. Thus, sustainability is being increasingly
accepted globally as an explicit goal in the development and management of natural
resources.

The term sustainability implies the ability of a natural resource system to produce
socially optimum level of output, which is necessary to meet in perpetuity the needs and
aspirations of the people dependent on the system with no detrimental effects on the resource
system and significantly greater risks on future generations. In other words, sustainability
implies not only conserving natural resources but also maintaining ecological functions and
supply of natural resource products which are essential to the livelihoods of local people. And
for sustainable development it is essential that natural resources are used in a sustainable
manner.

Watershed management approach is an attempt towards attaining sustainability of the

renewable natural resources of land, water and forests.

1
1.1 The Watershed Approach

With a view to ensure the utilization of basic natural resources and vegetation to the
optimum extent and for achieving integrated development in a given area, the concept of
watershed is strongly advocated.

A watershed may be defined as a geo-hydrological unit draining at a common point by

a system of streams. However, it is more than a geographical unit and includes the ecosystem
within the confines of a drainage divide, an ecosystem being defined as the interacting system
of biological community and its non-living environment. The importance of watershed lies in
the fact that it directly influences water, soil and vegetation, which form the basis of human
activity.

In the watershed approach, a watershed is used as a unit for planning and management
of land, water, forests, and other resources of watershed. The approach is holistic and
multidisciplinary enabling the planners and mangers to consider simultaneously various
physical, biological, socio-cultural, economic and institutional factors operating within a
watershed and its surrounding environment and formulate a comprehensive and integrated
development plan to achieve specific private and social objectives. In the watershed
approach, natural and human resources are interdependent and interact with one another.

1.2. Need for watershed

The need behind adopting a watershed approach is for stable economic growth of the
area, proper and optimum utilization of natural land and water resources, particularly in the
field of agriculture. A watershed affects the people in their every walk of life and this
approach has a strong biophysical and economic logic. The technological advancement will
constantly increase the output from a unit of land and water. This approach is ideal for
managing vital resources of soil, water and vegetation and for an integrated development of
different aspects in the watershed in accordance with their nature, problem and potential with
least interference in other areas. Maintenance and evaluation of developmental works carried
out in a watershed is also easy as it is possible to have a close watch over them by making

2
observation at one point only. When a watershed is properly managed for water and soil, it is
also properly managed simultaneously for other resources. Watershed being natural
hydrological entities responds more effectively to the various engineering, biological and
economical treatments designed to maximise production. Benefits from an integrated
watershed management involving natural and human resources take into account socio-
economic, agro physical, geomorphologic, institutional and hydrological factors operating
within its boundary. It is a process oriented development and is one of the proven methods of
rural development. It is the menu of integrated development where all aspects are
simultaneously considered.

1.3. Watershed Management

Watershed management refers to the integrated use, regulation, and treatment of water
and land resources aimed at achieving a complex development objective combining poverty
alleviation and sustainable use of land, water and vegetation resources with the active
participation of local communities, their institutions and organisations, and in harmony with
the ecosystem. It is a process of formulating and carrying out a course of action involving
manipulation of natural, agricultural and human resources on a watershed to provide
resources that are desired by and suitable to the society, but under the condition that soil and
water resources are not adversely affected. Thus, watershed management is an integrated
participatory approach for holistic and sustainable development.

1.4. Watershed Development

The terms watershed management and watershed development are often considered
synonymous and are used interchangeably. Watershed management involves a series of
functions like planning, organising, controlling, monitoring and decision-making etc.
Watershed development on the other hand is understood as the creation of physical structures
to harness the natural resources within the boundary of a watershed apparently without giving
much emphasis to the aspects of management of the same. Some of the important
components of watershed development are explained here:

3
Check Dams: Protecting channels means preventing injurious erosion in waterways within
the flow channels. Check dams are one method that serves multiple purposes. They help
conserve water, which can be used for irrigation. Secondly, they help to raise the water table
and prevent erosion by being a barrier to the runoff. Impervious nature off the structure is
obtained through using pre-fabricated sheets of concrete.

Gully Plugging: This measure serves two purposes. Firstly, it helps in reduction of peak flow
rates through the gully and secondly it provides a stable channel for the flow that must be
handled. The former helps in preventing the siltation of the check dams. Stabilisation of
gullies is accomplished best by providing vegetative protection for the gully channel and
modifying the cross-section and grade of the channel to a level that vegetation can withstand.

Gabion Structure: Gabion Structures consist of loose rocks enclosed within a wire mesh,
which are established before the check dam to prevent the siltation of the latter and provide a
barrier to the heavy monsoon flow in the gullies. They help slow down the flow of water and
decrease its corrosive intensity, thereby decreasing erosion.

Trenching: Various treatments along the contours are very important soil conservation
measures. They control run off and erosion, improve sub surface drainage for favourable
aeration and workability in soil in root zones, and conserve soil moisture. Narrow
excavations along the contours are other conservation techniques. The economical
dimensions are 0.3 Mts. both in width and depth in this land. Wherever the degree off erosion
is very high due to sub soil intensive rains or high runoff or velocity, higher dimensions of
trenching are to be adopted. The soil excavated is to be conveniently put as a bund on the
down slope side. Stone packing is done in the field; the soil can be conveniently put on the
top of the pack or on a berth in between the thick wall and trench. Trenching proves to be a
good conservation technique especially when plants are grown along the trench for utilizing
the high moisture along the trench.

4
Bench Terracing: Sloping lands with surface gradient up to 3% having adequate soil cover
can be leveled through bench terracing with their slopes inwards towards the mountains for
bringing under cultivation. It helps in soil conservation and holding runoff water on terraced
area for longer duration giving rise to increased infiltration recharge.

Irrigation Tanks: These are essential structures, which help in the conservation of water and
in minimizing wastage. Through adequate connection with the source through pipes or
channels, the farmers collect water in the tanks during the nighttime, which can be used, for
irrigation in the daytime in the summers. Similarly the heavy runoff during the monsoon
seasons can be diverted to these tanks and this water can be more efficiently used during the
dry months.

Earthen Dams: These structures serve the same purpose as served by concrete check dams
where the intensity and quantum of flow is not very high. Besides they provide significant
savings in cost over the former besides having a longer life. Impervious nature off the
structure is obtained through using soil and stone mixture.

Percolation Tanks (Joharis): These are simple mud structures, which provide water to the
livestock and also help to recharge the underground water table.

Farm Ponds: Farm ponds are similar to percolation tanks but for the concretization of their
banks and provision for some layering of the bed to prevent quick seepage of the water. They
serve the livestock’s need for water and can also be used for irrigation, besides helping in
recharging the ground water table.

Lift Irrigation: In villages where no upstream source of water is developed it becomes

necessary to use lift irrigation to provide water for irrigation. In this the water is lifted up by
means of an electric motor to a storage tank.

Natural Spring Development: In some places in the mountains the Bawadis or natural
springs need to be dug and their enclosure protected by means of enforcement of their
boundary walls, which, increases their life and the availability of water.

5
Ferro-cement Tank: These are rainwater-harvesting structures of 5000 l capacity made up of
Ferro-cement and chicken wire with a simple filter at the top used for supplementary drinking
water collection from roof tops.

Plantation: The plantations serve multiple purposes, which have an important bearing on the
livelihood systems of the people. Forest trees provide fuel and other goods essential to
meeting basic needs at the rural household and community level. Forests and forestland
provide food and environmental stability necessary for continued food production, besides
also generating income and employment in the rural community. They also protect the
cropland against wind and water erosion besides helping in countering gully erosion. The
trees, which are to be planted for increasing the water table, include Beuns and Kashimiri
Willow while Bamboo, Poplar, Pine are to be planted for commercial utilization. Trees like
Lasunia, Shahtoot, Robinia, Beul and Kachnar are to be planted to supplement the fodder
requirement of the people.

Grassroots planting: Areas where plantation are difficult for reasons like very steep slopes,
poor soil or other limitations, they can be developed as pasture lands by planting Bhabhar
and Napier grasses which will provide firmness to the soils and at the same time can be used
by the villagers for procuring fodder.

6
2. THE STUDY

2.1 Scope of Study

The study titled “Watershed management for environment friendly sustainable

development” entailed conducting a baseline survey, analysis of the findings from the survey
and formulating a project proposal. The study required a comprehensive examination of the
socio-economic situation of the concerned region, evaluation of the status of the natural
resources of the region, and formulation of a suitable plan to address the problems in the
region. The proposal had to be formulated in a manner that was in conformance with the
needs and aspirations of the local people, matching with the competencies of the
implementing agencies, and meeting the requirements of the funding organisation.

2.2 Objectives of study

Following objectives have been tried to achieve through this study:

Identification of the characteristics of the area vital for watershed management.

Identification of resources and resource use pattern.
To study the socio-economic aspects of the area and ascertain the needs and
requirements of the local people.
Suggesting suitable measures for sustainable development without causing minimal
interference to the ecology of the area in the form of a project proposal for watershed
management.

2.3 Limitations

Some of the limitations of this study are:

Lack of technical expertise posed a major hindrance in conducting a comprehensive

technical assessment of land and water resources.

7
 The study was undertaken in the months of June and July, which fall in the season of
Tomato harvesting, thus limiting the availability of respondents in villages.
Due to very poor communication facilities in the project area and challenging terrains
the mobility was restricted.
The questionnaires used were not tested in the field before the operational study.

2.4 Methodology

The methodology used for the study comprised of collecting both, the primary as well as
secondary data.

2.4.1 Primary Data

Extensive fieldwork was conducted in the beneficiary villages by using questionnaires for
household survey, focussed group discussions and PRA techniques.

1. Questionnaire: A personal information questionnaire was developed to ascertain the

socio-economic condition and the felt needs of the villagers for which there was an
open ended question.

2. Resource mapping: Resource mapping was carried out to develop an understanding of

the village resources and for gaining insight into the kind of watershed development
needed and where the structures for the greater common good can be created.

3. Village transect: This technique was employed to assess the availability of resources
in the village and for locating the water sources which could be developed for more
efficient usage. It also helped in triangulation of the information provided by the
villagers.

4. Focussed Group Discussions: These were used to identify their primary needs and
problems as well as for identification of suitable sites for the various soil and water

8
 conservation measures, especially those related to irrigation. The local knowledge of
the farmers was used to assess the sources of water and the variations in the
availability of water at different times of the year.

2.4.2. Secondary Data

The secondary data were collected from the following sources:

1. Survey of India: Topographic sheets of the area

2. Y.S.Parmar University of Forestry and Horticulture: They provided information

regarding climate and rainfall.

3 Patwari records: Data pertaining to land use were obtained from the Patwari of the
Shilanji Panchayat.

4. Reports: Existing reports and proposals based on comprehensive studies in the area of
study were a source of invaluable information.

9
3. THE PROJECT

3.1 The Title

The title of the project is “Watershed management for environment friendly

sustainable development.”

3.2 The location

The micro-watershed selected comprises three villages viz. Katogara-Chamechi,

Rohru-Bhuil and Chbiul-Kharmanji consisting of 570 hectares of land within the Giri river
catchment, in Shilanji Panchayat of Rajgarh tehsil, within the Sirmaur district of Himachal
Pradesh.

3.2.1 The state

Himachal Pradesh, known as Dev Bhoomi (Land of gods) is a hilly and mountainous
region known for its natural beauty and rich culture. It is situated entirely in the western
Himalayas barring some parts, which fall under Shivalik ranges. It is well known for its fruits
like apple, peach, plum etc. the state generates most of its income from forests, hydel power,
road transport, tourism and industries like fruit processing, sericulture etc. Its geographic
location is such that it is of strategic significance for the country.

It is spread over an area of 55,673 square kilometers and has a population of 6077248.
The decadal growth rate for the state has been 17.35 % for the decade 1991- 2001. The
average density is 109 persons per square kilometer. Administratively the state is divided into
twelve districts namely Chamba, Kangra, Lahul and Spiti, Mandi, Hamirpur, Una, Bilaspur,
Solan, Sirmaur, Shimla and Kinnaur.

The people of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and religious. They celebrate the
festivals with great enthusiasm and are very keen to preserve their art and culture. The

10
inhabitants of different regions can easily be recognised particularly the women. Most of the
population is confined to valleys and lower slopes of the hills.

Economy of the state is largely agrarian. The industrial base is comparatively weaker.
The agricultural production to a greater extent depends on the whim and fancies of the
weather. The irrigation facility is not very good. Thus timely rainfall in sufficient amount is
the only hope for the farmers. Agriculture being the major occupation of the people, the
importance of the agriculture in the economy can hardly be overemphasised. Steep and hilly
terrain, hazards of the climate, small and scattered land holdings, thin sandy soil, limited
irrigation facilities are the major hurdle as far as the agriculture is concerned. The scope of
increasing the cultivable area is not much. Since the alternative source of livelihood is
limited, the peasantry has to make its existence under the difficult conditions where the
nature is stern mother. High and torrential rainfall and the nature of the rocks combine to
cause erosion, landslide and hinder transport. Soil erosion further leads to decrease in the
agricultural yield.

Difficult terrain, severe winter, lack of adequate transport facility and other
infrastructure have been obvious hindrances in the industrial development. This limitation
causes unemployment and compels people to depend on agriculture.

Extensive, efficient and economical means of transport and communication are

essential for economic, social and cultural development. On account of remoteness of
location and hilly terrain, the state has remained practically isolated and thus economically
and socially backward .

3.2.2 The district

Sirmaur is one of the twelve districts if Himachal Pradesh. It lies in the outer
Himalayan ranges commonly called Shivaliks between 77º01’12’’ and 77º49’40” East
longitude and 30º22’30’’ and 31º01’20” North latitude and except of the Dun valley which is
called Kiar-do-dun the district is predominantly mountainous with deep, valleys lying
between ranges of varying elevation. It is bounded by Shimla district in the north, the rivers

11
Tons and Yamuna in the east, district Panchkula of Haryana in south - west and by Solan in
north- west.

The river Giri is the biggest river in the district which originates from Katkhal /
Jubbal tehsil of Shimla and flows down to south – east and divides the Sirmaur district into
almost two equal parts known as cis-Giri and trans-Giri. It ultimately joins the river Yamuna
near Paonta Sahib. The district is divided into six tehsils namely Rajgarh, Pachhad, Nahan,
Paonta Sahib, Shilai and Renuka.

The population of the district is 4, 58,351 comprising 7.54 percent of the state
population with a density of 162 persons per square kilometres. The sex ratio is 901 with a
literacy rate of 70.85 percent (male –79.73%, female-60.93%).

4.2.3 The Tehsil

The profile of Rajgarh tehsil also known, as the “Peach-valley of Asia” is as follows:

Table 1: Profile of Rajgarh

Particulars Area in hectares
Geographical area 41249
Area under forest 15228
Area under grassland 7716
Area under cultivation 6017
Irrigated area 1685
Non-irrigated land 4332
Area under horticulture 5000

3.2.4 The micro-watershed

The micro-watershed area comprises 570 hectares of land spread out across three
villages of Katogara-Chamechi, Rohru-Bhul and Chabiul-Kharmanji. The study area has a
population of 604 and lies in Shilanji Panchayat. NH 6 from Solan passes through the area.
The area is located 30 km. from Solan. The area extends longitudinally from the hamlets of
Katogara-Chamechi in the North-east to the village of Rohru-Bhuil in the South-west.

12
Table 2:Area Covered
Sl. Name of Area (in
Panchayat Name of Hamlets
No. Village Ha.)
Katogara-
1. Shilanji Tikkar, Suddar, Dhabri 236
Chamechi
Rohru-
2. Shilanji Jubbel, Brad 158
Bhuil
Chabiul-
3. Shilanji Bagor 176
Kharmanji
Total Land 570

3.3 Physiography, relief and drainage

The region is mountainous with deep and narrow valleys separated by spurs and
ridges. The altitude varies from 1800m to about 300m. Rockslides and block falls have
become more common since the construction of the road through the Katogara area. The
region lies in the lower Himalayas.

The area is drained by Baghra-Ka-Khala, which forms the primary water channel that
ultimately flows into Pervi Khala and is a perenneiel source of water for the region.
Numerous other seasonal streams also run across the area to drain into the Pervi Khala.

Among the other water sources are the natural springs, the only source of water for
drinking, irrigation and livestock for the people residing in the upper area and whose drying
up are causing a serious threat to their livelihoods.

3.4 The Climate

The region experiences a distinct summer, winter and monsoon season and there is a
wide range of variation in temperature among the seasons as well as within them. The climate

13
varies with altitude, and is sub-humid in the valley floor in the lower part of the area. The
temperature can vary to a large extent between the high pasturelands above Rohru to the
habitations lying along the Pervi Khala. Usually the winter season is predominant and
stretches from November to March. There is a large difference between the daytime and
night-time temperature in the winters. In the valley floor frost is common during the winters.
The region otherwise has distinct seasons of summer (April to June), monsoon (July to
September), and autumn (October). June is the hottest month with near maximum
temperature of 33°C. During the summers the melting snow leads to profuse surplus water in
the rivers, and this is when irrigational channels or Kuhls get filled. The bulk of the
precipitation is received in the monsoon season from June to August. Snowfall is a normal
feature especially in the regions above 1600m, though the weather pattern is gradually
changing according to the local populace and the amount of snowfall is on the decline and is
often delayed. The months of March, April, May, October and November are generally dry.
The snow may at times be received in December.

Figure 1: Temperature Variations

TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
TEMPERATURE

40
(Centigrades)

30 mean max
20 mean min
10 averege
0
ne

Au ly
st

ct
n

ch

ov
ay
r il
b

ec
p
ja

Ju
Fe

Se
gu

O
Ap

Ju

N
M
ar

D
M

MONTHS

Figure 2: Rainfall

14
 RAINFALL RAINFALL

300
200
mm
100
0
Jan

Nov
June
March
Feb

Sep
July

Dec
August
April
May

Oct
MONTHS

3.5 Geological Formation

The Geological formation of the area mainly comprise of crystalline and metamorphic
rocks, such as granite, limestone, shale, slate, mica schist and quartzite with un-fossiliferous
deposits of ancient origin. Granite and gneiss rocks are generally confined to higher regions
of the tract.

3.6 Soil

The soil in this area was formed in-situ and is deficient is organic matter. Depth is
variable. Texture varies from sandy-loam to clayey-loan with all the intermediate formations.
Soil is deficient in nitrogen and phosphorous with poor nutrient holding capacity. Soils are
acidic, in reaction and respond well to liming. The dipping strata have profound influence in
the moisture regime of these soils. As a result of excessive grazing, faulty agricultural
practices, road construction and other biotic influences gully and sheath-erosion is quite
common.
3.7 Social Profile

3.7.1. Demographic overview

15
 The population of the area comprises of 107 households with a population of 604
persons of which 304 are males and 300 are females. Thus the sex ratio comes to 987, which
is greater than the sex ratio of the district i.e. 901. The density of population is 106 persons
per square kilometres

The population of the area comprises only Hindus. The relation among different
castes remains cordial. The caste wise break-up is shown in table 3 and the details of the
demography are attached in annexure.

Table 3: Caste wise break-up of population

Other Backward
Village General % Scheduled castes % Caste % Total
Katogara-Chamechi 91 43 119 57 210
Rohru-Bhuil 91 44 114 56 205
Chabiul-Kharmanji 142 75 27 14 20 11 189
Total 324 54 260 43 20 3 604

Figure 3: Social profile of beneficiaries

CASTE WISE BREAK-UP

3%
General
43%
Scheduled castes
54% Other Backward Caste

3.7.2 Literacy and education

The literacy levels in the area is as high as 90.49 percent with 97.11 percent of male
literacy and 83.70 percent of female literacy, which is quite higher than the literacy rates of
India and Himachal Pradesh.

16
 The drop out rates in the area are low for both male and female as people are aware of
the benefits of education and they send their wards to the towns like Solan for acquiring
higher education. The children take great pain to go to school as the nearest high school is at
Chambi Dhar which is around 6 kilometres from all the villages.

Table 4: Educational status

Village Literate Primary Middle Secondar Plus Graduate Total
y two
Katogara- 10 53 44 38 31 9 185
Chamechi
Rohru- 28 44 39 22 12 3 157
Bhuil
Chabiul- 8 39 40 36 22 8 153
Kharmanji
Total 46 145 123 96 65 20 495

3.7.3 Role of women

Women play a pivotal role in the family as well as on economic front. They are
responsible for the household chore, collection of fuel wood and fodder as well as farming
activities like sowing, sieving, winnowing.

Each village of the area has a Mahila Mandal which is actively involved in educating
the women through awareness on issues like health, education and sanitation. They are also
involved in making savings and have a fund that can be used on some need based activity.
3.7.4 Health and Sanitation

It was found that the common problems ailing women in the micro watershed area
were anaemia and lower back pains as they have to fetch water from long distances in the
difficult terrains in summer. There are a number of seasonal diseases too, like diarrhoea,
gastro-intestinal infections due to unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities. Out

17
of 107 households only 16 had latrines while there was no provision of community latrines.
Thus open defecation is also a major problem in the route of sound health.

3.8 Economic profile

Out of the 107 households surveyed 83 percent were primarily having agriculture as
their source of livelihood with an average land holding of 5.32 hectares but irrigated land
holding of 0.35 hectares per household and thus people engage in subsidiary activities like
working as labour in Public Works Department of the Forest Department. In families where
there is someone educated they join the Army or some other Government service.

Over 42 percent of the beneficiaries fall into the category of marginal farmers i.e. with
land holdings of less than 1hectares and 34 percent are small farmers with land holding of 1-2
hectares thus suggesting that the land holdings in the area are generally small and scattered,
which is another hindrance in the better agricultural production. Scattered agricultural lands
compel the farmers to put more efforts in their work.

Figure 4: Economic profile of the area

Classification of farmers based on land holding (in

percentage)
0.83
6.67 Marginal farmer
15.83 Small farmer
42.5
Small Medium farmer
Medium farmer
34.17
Large farmer

Table 5: Land holding pattern of the area

Marginal Medium Large
farmer Small farmer (1-2Small Medium farmerfarmer farmer
Village (< 1 ha) ha) (2-4 ha) (4-7 ha) (>7 ha) Total
Katogara-Chamechi15 15 4 2 0 36
Rohru-Bhuil 20 11 8 6 1 46

18
Chabiul-Kharmanji 16 15 7 0 0 38
Total 51 41 19 8 1 120

Figure 5: comparative profile of villages

Clas s ification of farm ers
100% 0
6
2.17 0

13 18
90% 11

80%
17
percentage

70%
42 39
60%
24 Large farm er
50% Medium farm er

40% Sm all Medium

farm er
30% Sm all farm er
42 43 42
20% Marginal farm er

10%

0%
Katogara- Rohru-Bhuil Chabiul-
Chamechi villages Kharmanji

3.8.1 Standard of living

On the basis of responses to the questionnaire, it was found that there are only 17
percent pucca houses and 83 percent kucha houses. During the survey the Stock of physical
assets were also taken. It can help in assessing the economic status of the people in the area.

Table 6: Detail of assets

Village TV % Radio % Telephone % Fridge % Car %
Katogara- 26 76 28 82 16 47 9 26 3 9
Chamechi
Rohru- 18 45 21 53 4 10 0 0 1 3
Bhuil
Chabiul- 24 73 23 70 12 36 4 12 0 0
Kharmanji
Total 68 64 72 67 32 30 13 12 4 4

19
Village Motorcycle / % LPG/ % Sewing % Latrine %
Scooter Stove machine
Katogara- 3 9 20 59 24 71 13 38
Chamechi
Rohru-Bhuil 0 0 14 35 12 30 2 5

Chabiul- 0 0 20 61 21 64 1 3
Kharmanji
Total 3 3 54 50 57 53 16 15

3.9 Land Usage Pattern

The land of the watershed region is divided into cultivated land, irrigated land,
cultivable wasteland, uncultivable wasteland and forestland.

Table 7: Land Use

S.N. Village Total Cultivate Irrigated Cultivable Uncultivable Forest
area d land land wasteland wasteland land
1 Katogara- 236 23 15 28 56 114

20
 Chamechi
2 Rohru- 158 24 6 24 94 10
Bhuil
3 Chabiul- 176 29 16 25 90 16
Kharmanji
Total 570 76 37 77 240 140

Figure 6: Land usage pattern of the area

LAND USAGE PATTERN

25% 13%
Cultivated land
6%
Irrigated land
Cultivable wasteland
14% Uncultivable wasteland
Forest land
42%

The total land area of the proposed watershed is 570 hectares of which only 13% is
cultivated land and only 6 % of the land is irrigated through Bandhas to which water is
supplied by the Baghar-ka-Khala during the monsoons and thus the lands are provided to
water but this only lasts for 6 months and is only possible in the two hamlets. The other
hamlets are devoid of irrigation and only a minor part is irrigated through the natural springs
and drinking water pipelines. Most of the lands are uncultivable wastelands which are a
result of growing desertification due to decrease in rainfall and also due to erosive actions of
gullies which cut away the land during rainy season.

43.10. Cropping Pattern

21
 The cropping pattern of a region are determined by its local climatic conditions, soil
type, topography, and availability of resources, farmer’s food requirement and marketability
of farm products. Two principal harvests are cultivated in the succession in a year. The first
harvest is known as the kharif and in it maize, potato, ginger, chillies and pulses are grown.
Sowing of maize and pulses commences almost with the first shower of rain after the summer
and harvesting takes place during October. The second harvest is known as rabi in which
wheat, barley etc. usually sowing starts during the first half of October and the harvesting
commences towards the last week of March. The usage of fertilizer is quite high. Commonly
used chemical fertilizers are urea, NPK and CAN. Organic fertilizer is also used as almost all
the farmers keep cattle.

Peaches are commonly grown in this area, as the climatic conditions are suitable
while other fruit trees include plum, walnut and apricots. The fruit trees are generally planted
mixed with field crops or on bunds or on the private pasture lands.

Table 8: Major crops: Sowing and harvesting period

Crop Sowing Period Harvesting Period
Maize May – June Sep – Oct
Wheat Nov – Dec April
Tomato Feb – March Nov - Dec
Barley Nov – Dec April
Ginger May October
Pea Nov – Dec March – Apr
Garlic Sep March – Apr
Capsicum

Table 9: Yield of major crops

S.No. Crop Yield in quintals/Bigha
Unirrigated Irrigated

22
1. Maize 2 4
2. Wheat 2 3
3. Tomato 8 25
4. Potato 10 16
5. Capsicum 6 10
6. Garlic 5 8
7. French beans 4 6
8. Pulses 0.5 1.5
9. Paddy 1.5 4
10. Peas 4 8

The lack of irrigation forms a major hurdle in getting a good yield of crops. The cash
crops like vegetables such as tomato, potato, capsicum and ginger offer tremendous
opportunity to the farmers, however these crops demand a greater amount of water and lack
of irrigation poses a major hindrance to the betterment of the economic status of the farmers.
Hence the risks and uncertainty pervades in the entire farming system of the region.

3.11 Livestock

Livestock plays an integral role in the lives of the farmers. Almost all family own some form
of livestock. The major livestock of the region are given in figure 4.

Figure 7: Livestock and their number

LIVESTOCK DETAILS

400
300
200 number
100
0
e
lo

ep
x
ow

ul
O
ff a

he

/m
C

Bu

t /S

se
or
oa

H
G

23
 The common animals kept are cows, buffalos, oxen, horses, mules, goats and sheep.
Cows are tended for meeting the requirement of milk for the households. Beside the cattle are
also sources of supply of manure. The cows kept mostly are local in breeds, which fetch
around 2 litres of milk while the crossbred, and Jerseys are few in number due to their
demand of more nourishing feed and fodder. Oxen are mainly kept for ploughing purpose.
Buffaloes are meant for milk and Ghee. The goat is poor man’s cow. It is also a principal
source of meat for the masses. It is also considered to be near cash as it can be sold during the
hard economic times. Sheep is mainly for wool and also for mutton and manure. Horses and
mules support in the transportation in the rough terrains. The primary sources of fodder are
the Ghasnis and the forest. Often, farmers are compelled to buy fodder or rent Ghasnis from
those who have them in excess. The farmers also have to purchase feed from the market.

3.12 Infrastructure

One of the parameters for determining the development of the area is to make an
assessment of the facilities that have reached the population of the area and the accessibility
of the same. The infrastructure status of the area can be seen in table 9.

Table 10: Infrastructure status

Facility Katogara- Rohru-Bhuil Chabiul- Remarks
Chamechi Kharmanji
Drinking water IPH IPH IPH 2-3 taps in
every village,
not sufficient
Electrcity Yes Yes Yes
Road Yes No, nearest No, nearest road
road 4 kms 4 kms
Primary Health No, Nearest at No, Nearest at No, Nearest at
Center Chambi dhar at 3 Chambi dhar at Chambi dhar at
kms 5kms 7kms
Veterinary No, Nearest at No, Nearest at No, Nearest at
center Chambi dhar at 3 Chambi dhar at Chambi dhar at
kms 5kms 7kms

24
Post office Rohru Ghati,2 Rohru Ghati Rohru Ghati, 2
kms
kms
Bank Habban, 5 kms Rajgarh, 6 kms Rajgarh, 5 kms
School Primary school No No Nearest High
school at
Chambi Dhar
Public toilets No No No

3.13 Objectives of the project

The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the benefits from the micro
watershed project are in line with the need of the villagers and thus aims at sustainability
through environment friendly management of resources but for the varying gestation periods
required for the results of the interventions to be visible it has been classified into long term
objectives and short term objectives.

Long Term Objectives

 To improve the productivity and sustainability of agriculture and natural resource
management in the project area, so increasing the level and security of incomes,
especially those of marginal farmers.
 To improve watershed protection, reduce erosion and improve moisture retention in
priority areas.
 To build and strengthen local institutions to enable them to assist the local population in
achieving viable and sustainable agriculture, natural resource management and watershed
protection.

Immediate Objectives
 Increasing the availability of water through adequate conservation measures.
 Improved stability of soils and water holding capacity of the area.

25
 Increased production of food, fodder fuel and income from grasslands and forests on a
sustainable basis.
 Improve capacity of villagers and village institutions to manage the watershed included
the natural resources in the region.
 Increasing awareness among the farmers about soil and water conservation practices and
the interrelatedness of soil, water and vegetation interaction.

3.14 Need of the project

The project area is categorised as backward due to poor socio-economic condition of

the people. The area is facing various problems like deforestation, land degradation, poorly
developed agriculture system, transportation etc. in which the most important is the water
problem. Besides the drinking water problem scarcity of irrigation facility is also there, which
result in low crop, fuel and fodder yield.

The base line survey was done and the project is an outcome of the findings. During
the course of field visits, it came out very clearly that water, for drinking as well as irrigation
needs, is the prime need in the area.

Therefore, it is felt necessary to make efforts for ensured supply of water to every
field, remove poverty from project area, restore-ecological balance, and improve socio-
economic improvement of the people. The overwhelming evidence from natural resource
management projects is that without people’s involvement, the benefits are not sustainable in
the long term. Participation policies are highly relevant to proposed area and are consistent
with the overall development strategy of reducing the poverty, protecting environment,
developing human resources and fostering farm-sector growth. The activities included in the
project proposal will achieve all the need-based objectives of the project.

3.15 Approach to implementation of Watershed project

26
 The strategies for generating sustained participation and capacity building at the grass
roots level, in the project area involves a holistic approach to project implementation. The
strategies for implementation of the project must correspond with the basic needs of the
community. It must aim at utilisation of local resources of manpower, material, talent and
leadership. The implementation strategy should be such that it leads to permanent
improvements in community’s capacities and confidence levels. And lastly it must ensure
equitable distribution on benefits across various segments of the community. Only then, in
the long run, community participation in its true sense is achieved.

The project implementation is carried out in phases and at each phase various levels
of community participation in the project is desired.

3.15.1 Community Development

The Community Development programme combines all elements of organized

activity, which are needed to achieve effective participation of the local community in a
project.

The process of Community Development should involve the following steps: 1

 Establishing rapport with the community.
 Apprising the situation- identifying problems and needs of the community.
 Planning the programme and projects.
 Selecting the initial projects (entry point activities) and long-term projects.
 Securing the participation of people and involving them.
 Developing effective communication channels. Development and use of organisational
channels – Panchayat, farmer’s organisations, Mahila Mandals and Youth club etc.
 Developing adequate leadership.

3.15.2 Community Participation

The success of any developmental project or programme is dependent on the active

participation of the local community and target groups in the process of programme planning,

1
Dahama .O.P. (1973), Pg.25, Extension and Rural Welfare.

27
implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The various ways in which community
participation in micro watershed programmes can be sought are through:

 Active participation in programme planning and formulation

 Active participation in programme implementation.
 Active participation in programme monitoring and evaluation.
 Active participation in protection and maintenance of community assets created through
the programme.
 Rendering shramdan for implementation of the project or entry point activities.
 Formulations of equitable benefit sharing arrangement among all beneficiaries of the
project.

3.15.3 Community Organisation in watershed

In order to seek community participation in all the activities of the project,

formulation and strengthening of grass root organisations is required. Empowerment and
strengthening of these groups are a must for sustainability of the project activities after the
completion of the project. Community organisations decrease the dependence of people on
the project implementation agency (referred to as PIA here after) thereby making the
programme self-sustaining and gaining access to control the resources.

The community organisation under watershed development includes organisation of

awareness camps, watershed committees, self help groups, user groups and entry point
activities. The entry point activities are essential to establish credibility of the PIA and create
a rapport with the local community before the commencement of the project.

3.15.4 Institutional Set-up

The institutional setup for the implementation of the project is one of the main
components of the implementation strategy. The institutional setup for the watershed should
be such that it encourages the community members to freely participate in the
implementation and functioning of the project. The setup should encourage potential
innovators and leaders of the community to develop their capacities and capabilities for

28
developmental activities. The setup should be such that, it’s functioning should be transparent
and the rules and regulations of the institutions should be simple for the community members
to follow. The roles and responsibilities of various members should be clearly defined and a
mechanism for internal monitoring of the setup to every ones satisfaction should be in place,
with a proper grievance redressal system in place. The institutional setup should strive to
become not just a forum for watershed management but also other developmental issues in
the project area.

The following three tier institutional structure is recommended for the management of
the watershed project:

1. Watershed User Group: From each village all the beneficiary farmers would constitute a
users group. There can be more than one user group from a village depending on the physical
location of the structures, depending on the number of hamlets. A total of 11user groups can
be formed representing the entire population in the project area. The user group would be the
basic unit from a village/ hamlet for participating in the project implementation.

2. Watershed Users Association: The watershed users association would consist of members
of all the watershed users groups. This group shall be collectively responsible for charting out
the time frame and action plan for individual activities in terms of precedence, precise
location and manner of execution. It shall meet biannually to decide the plan of action for a
half-year period as well as review the implementation of previous scheduled activities. It
shall hold the members of the watershed committee accountable for efficient and timely
conduct of the watershed plan prepared by them.

3. Watershed Committee: The watershed committee would be formed at the micro watershed
level. Each users group would choose among themselves a member as their representative to
the watershed committee. The representation of SCs, IRDP and women would be encouraged
as the former have been historically underprivileged while women play a central role in the
farmers’ livelihood system by playing a pivotal role in the family’s economic activity. The
Pradhan of the Panchayat will also be member of the committee to facilitate co-ordination
with the Panchayat. The committee would elect a president from among themselves who
shall co-ordinate the functions of the watershed committee. The committee shall perform the
following functions:

29
 Finalisation of the work schedule of the village in co-ordination with the PIA.
 Ensuring contribution from the villagers in form of land clearing, site preparation, pit
digging etc.
 Monitoring of construction works.
 Settle any disputes arising in the way of implementation of the project.
 Take responsibility for future maintenance of the structures.
 To penalise people who damage the structures or allow their cattle in the plantation
 Ensure equitable distribution of benefits accruing from the project to all intended
beneficiaries.
 Organise co-operative effort for marketing of the farm and dairy produce.
 Maintain liaison with different organisations and government departments to bring in
benefits of any new schemes to the area.
 To review the progress in implementation of the different components of the project
periodically and to bring shortcomings arising thereof, to the notice of the watershed
association members and RUCHI’s personnel involved with the project for satisfactory
solution.

A watershed development fund would be established in the name of the committee.

The fund would be equivalent to the amount of contribution made by the community in the
form of shramdan, construction material etc. These contributions will be calculated at the
prevailing market prices. The fund shall be made available to villagers as short-term credit
on a rotational basis. Also linkages with the Self Help Groups would be established by
providing them interest on the money deposited by them in the committee fund In the long
run the money of the fund shall be used for the maintenance and repair work of the structures
constructed in the watershed.

An elaborate rulebook of the committee shall be drafted listing in detail and clearly
defining the various roles, regulations, rules and responsibilities of the members of the
watershed committee. It would contain the water sharing mechanism within various user
groups and also list the sanctions on various beneficiaries on non-compliance of the rules of
the committee.

30
 A nominal user levy on the use of water from the structures created will be charged on
a per Bigha basis. The money collected would be deposited in the fund of the watershed
committee, and would be used for future maintenance work. If some does not require water
he can sell his share to someone else.

3.15.5 Self Help Groups

Apart from the watershed committee formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for
credits in the project area would be encouraged. SHGs are very effective tools for generating
resources within the community and creation of awareness for social issues. These SHG’s
would be formed for men and women separately, The SHG’s to be formed should be a
homogeneous group, as people with common needs would be able to function better together;
they should take up activities jointly which are meant for the welfare of the entire group. The
groups are to develop thrift habits out of their earnings and meet their consumption /
production needs out of the savings generated on a repayable basis with interest charged on
the borrowed amount. The interest to be paid on the borrowed amount can be fixed by the
members through mutual consent; it generally varies from 12 percent to 24 percent.

The SHGs would have linkages with the watershed committee wherein they will be
able to deposit money with the committee and earn interest on it. On its part the watershed
committee shall be entitled to further lend the money to anyone in the project area on the
guarantee of the member representing that particular area. Non-repayment of principal or
interest would attract penalties in form of restrictions on project benefits on the entire user
group, thus imposing social responsibility on the entire user group to ensure compliance with
regard to repayment of principal and interest by the debtor.

3.15.6 Farmer’s Organisation

Farmer’s organisations play a very important role in watershed development projects.

Development of Kissan Clubs would be promoted in the watershed. These clubs would be
encouraged to adopt new and better, environmentally sustainable farming practices.

31
 The clubs would be organised at the village level and farmers would be encouraged to
come forth and share their experiences regarding various farming practices. Collective
learning and discussions on the best practices would be initiated with the help of the
implementation agency. Linkages with the local Agriculture and Horticulture University at
Solan (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University) would be developed. Opinion leaders and innovators from
these Kissan clubs would be taken on educational trips to the University, where they would
learn about the new farming practices and disseminate the same to local farmers in their
respective villages.

Till date no efforts has been made by the farmers to collectively market their produce,
they are at the mercy of the middle men, who exploit the farmers by quoting prices lower
than that prevailing in the markets. The Kissan Clubs would also act as co-operatives and
initiate collective marketing of the cash crops grown in the watershed. The use of collective
bargaining power would enable the farmers to obtain better prices for their produce and even
directly ship their produce to markets in Chandigarh.
3.15.7 Local Leadership and change Agents

Local leadership can play a vital role in organizing community members and
mobilizing social action for carrying out the programmes of environmental security. Similarly
there are change agents who come from outside but assimilate in the society by working with
the local people to build up local capability for developmental works. It is very necessary to
organize local leadership at various levels to manage collective action of the community. In
the hill regions the services of ex-army personnel and retired government servants who have
come back from active service and have settled here must be utilized as a catalyst of change.

Similarly the educated youth in the region must be mobilized and educated on the
various aspects of the project. Educated youth are more receptive to new concepts and change
in the community. Their leadership qualities must be developed and utilized effectively for
community participation.

3.15.8 Participation

Beneficiary contribution to project activities is necessary both to ensure participation

and ensure sustainability. Beneficiaries will be involved in the planning for activities, where
they are clear about who is to be benefited and to what extent. Besides a participatory

32
approach leads to a certain degree of self-reliance and instils a sense of ownership towards
the project in the beneficiaries. In keeping with these objectives a contribution of 10 percent
is expected from those who shall benefit from a particular intervention. The amount of the
contribution shall be put in through by means of contribution through labour/ material of an
equivalent amount.

3.16 Action Programme

On the basis of the problems identified specific measures have been suggested but in
keeping the whole environment of the region as the unit.

Table 11: Problems identified and recommendations

Resource Problem Recommended measure
Lands
Landslide Afforestation
Soil erosion Gully plugging, check dam,
trenching, terracing
Top soil erosion Plantations of useful trees or
grassroot plantation
Reduction in soil fertility Use of organic manure
Desertification Proper land and water
management
Undulated topography Land levelling
Water
Irrigation Development of water
sources, conservation
structures
Drinking water Development, protectionand
repair of water sources
Lowering water table Percolation tank, trenching,
plantations
Water storage Irrigation tank, ferro cement
tanks
Livestock
Lack of fodder Planting fodder trees nad

33
 grasses

4.17 Duration of the project

The project shall be for duration of one year. The break up of the activities in
quantifiable terms that are to be done in a year is given in Table 12.

Table 12: Physical targets and time schedule

Items I Year Time required for
completion
Community organisation Round the Continuing process
year
Check Dam 3 6 months
Channel for collecting water 2400m 1 year
Gabion structure 90cum 3 months
Trenching 600cum 6 months
Farm Pond (20ftx30ftx6ft) 3 6 months
IrrigationTank (15ftx188ftx6ft) 6 6 months
Percolation Tank 6 6 months
HDPE Pipe (0.75”) 2000m 3 months
GI Pipe (1.0”) 1500m 2 months
Ferro cement Tank 24 2 months
Filter Chamber 10 4 months
Earthen dam 1 1 month
Gully plugging 300 cum 2 months
Terracing 600 m 6 months
Plantaions 15000 1 year

3.18. Personnel required for implementation of the project

Table 13: Full-time Personnel

S.No. No. of Already Additional Cost (per
personnel available Proposed annum)
needed, with with (Rs.)
their CAPART
qualifications assistance

34
1 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 2 1,20,000

To get the latest information technology of various sectors, to update the knowledge
of project workers, to get low cost & sustainable technology and to get innovative ideas
against various problems of the area, one part time consultant will be hired. The cost to be
incurred on the consultant’s services is estimated to be rupees 50000/- per annum. The expert
services will be utilised for technical inputs during the course of project execution.

3.19 Technology to be adopted

The technology to be used for socio-economic development through natural resource

management would be simple, low-cost and self-representative based on vegetative measure
and people’s movement. The indigenous as well as the modern but low cost technologies will
be taken up. Improvements may be introduced as the project marches on through a
continuous joint learning process. The technology selected encompasses natural resource
conservation measures and diversified mixed production systems. It is meant to address the
livelihood support systems of the farmers and its central focus is the improvement of rainfall
productivity through a judicious blend of water conservation engineering structures and
farming and irrigation practices. It is also meant to target soil fertility through reduction in the
intensity and quantum of erosion.

3.20. Marketing arrangements

Solan, Rajgarh and Parwanoo are the nearest markets with permanent shops.
Yashwant Nagar, Sanora and Dhanech are also nearest marketing centres where surplus
grains and cash crops can be sold.

3.21 Arrangements for maintenance of assets

35
 The post-implementation period involves the functioning of systems set up during the
implementation phase, which carry with them the burden of sustainability in terms of
ensuring that soil and water conservation works remain an integral part of the land use
systems and do not disappear in the future through neglect. To achieve this a Resource
Development Fund shall be set up through a five percent one time contribution from the users
group. These sums shall be deposited with the users committee, which will release the same
as and when needed for repair, maintenance or renovation work on the structures that would
have been created.

3.22. Economic and Social Benefits expected

The project shall deliver benefits to the people that shall be spread over a long period of
time (at least 5 years). These benefits have been enumerated below:

 It would help bring about 50 ha of land under irrigation and 70 ha. of cultivable wasteland
under cultivation.
 Increase the agricultural output through provision of better irrigation facilities and
improved agricultural practices (20%-30% increase in cash crops).
 Build capacity in the user groups to plan, implement and monitor natural resource
management activities, and provide experiential learning for future enterprise by the
farmers.
 Rehabilitation and regeneration of wastelands and poor scrubland in the watershed
through extensive plantation of trees.
 Increased awareness among farmers about how to implement and maintain appropriate
land use systems brought about through use of innovative agricultural practices and soil
and water conservation techniques.
 Increased availability of fodder, fuel, timber and other forestry produce due to increased
soil moisture.
 Improved accessibility to water for both livestock and human beings .
 Reduction in soil erosion through check of water run off.
 Recharging the underground water table.
 Building and strengthening of local institutions technically, managerially and financially.

36
  Reduction in migration rate.

S.N Name of Activity Unit cost Quantity Total Beneficieries Funding Required
Cost contribution
@ 10%
1. Check Dam 154000 3 462000 46200 415800

2. Earthen Dam 90000 1 90000 9000 81000

3. Percolation Tank 35000 6 210000 21000 189000

4. Farm Pond (20’x30’x6’) 90000 3 270000 27000 243000
5. IrrigationTank (12’x18’x6’) 57000 6 342000 307800
6. Gully plugging 225/cu.m 300 cu.m 67500 6750 60750
7. Gabion Structure 630/cu.m 90 cu.m 56700 5670 51030
8. Trenching 83/cu.m 600 cu.m 49800 4980 44820
9. Terracing 12/m2 600 m2 7200 720 6480
10. Ferro cement Tank (5000 l) 12500 24 300000 30000 270000
@ 2.5/l
11. Channel 180/ m 2400 m 432000 43200 388800
12. Lift Irrigation @ 75000 2 150000 15000 135000
13. HDPE pipe ( 1” dia ) 30/m 2000m 60000 6000 54000
14. Pipe laying cost 10/m 2000m 20000 2000 18000
15. Plantation 10/ plant 15000 150000 15000 135000
16. Vegetative Barrier 10 \ plant 1000 10000 1000 9000
17. Grassroot Plantation 1 9000 9000 900 8100
18. Bawri (natural spring) 20000 3 60000 6000 54000
19. Khurli (str. for livestock) 3000 3 9000 900 81000
20. Filter chamber 832 10 8320 832 7488
21. Fuel efficient chulha 1100 30 33000 3300 29700
22. Training Camp 3000 6 18000 18000
23. Exposure tour for 30 farmers 500/far/d 1 for 5 days 75000 75000
TOTAL 2889520 245452 2682768
Administrative cost @10% 288952 288952
GRAND TOTAL 3178472 245452 2971720

3.23 Financial implication of the Project

REFERENCES

Negi, S S. Himachal Pradesh – The Land and the People. New Delhi: Indus Publishing
Company (1993).

37
FAO of the United Nations. Forestry for Local Community Development. Rome:
Publications Division, FAO of the UN (1978).

Sati, Dinesh; Oberoi, Rajeev and Rautela, Piyoosh. Handbook on Watershed Management.
Dehradun: Society of People for Development (1998).

SCSA. Resource Conservation Glossary (3rd ed.). Iowa, USA: Soil Conservation Society of
America. (1982)

Jensen, R Jens. “Watershed Development: Concept and Issues.” Watershed Development:

Proceedings of Danida’s International Workshop on Watershed Development. New Delhi:
The Watershed Development Coordination Unit (1996)

SIDT. Participatory Process Documentation. Bandh: RUCHI (1999)

S Bagchi, Kathakali and Phillip, Mini. Wastelands In India: An Untapped Potential. New
Delhi: UPALABADHI, Trust For Developmental Initiatives (1993)

ANNEXURE 1
Budget estimates

1. Ferro cement Tank of 2,500 lt. Capacity

38
S.N Item Quantity Cost (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
a) Material & Supply
1. Cement 8 Bags 160/- 1280.00
2. 8 No. G.I. wire 13 Kg. 30/- 390.00
3. Binding wire 2.5 Kg. 30/- 75.00
4. M.S. Bar 6 mm dia 30Kg. 20/- 600.00
5. Wooven wire mesh 30 m. 40/- 1200.00
6. G.I. Nipple/tap - 300/- 300.00
7. Sand 40 cu.ft. 15/- 600.00
8. Stone aggregate 20 cft. 15/- 300.00
8. Water sealant LS LS 140.00
b). Carriage - - 200.00
c). Labour Cost :
1. Mason (Skilled) 7 days 200/- 1400.00
2. Labour 10 days 80/- 800.00
Total 7285.00
Rupees Seven Thousand two Hundred Eighty Five Only.

2. Detailed Estimate Of Gabion Structure

Take 1 cu.m. = 10 cuft.
Materials:
1. Stone for packing inside of 8 No 15 cu.m. @ Rs. 150/- cu.m 2250.00
G.I. wire mesh (add 20% for porosity)

2. 8 No. G.I. wire mesh for cage 18.5 cu.m. @ Rs. 90/- cu.m. 1665.00
----------
Sub total = 3915.00
Labour :
5 skilled man days @ Rs. 200/- day 1000.00
12 unskilled man days @ Rs. 80/- day 960.00
---------
Sub total = 1960.00
---------
Total (A+B) = 5,875.00

Add contingencies 425.00 Grand total = 6,300.00

Unit rate 6,300/10 = Rs. 630/-cu.m.
3. Detailed estimate of check dam

39
S. Particulars Nos L B D/H Quantity
N
1 Excavation in earth work. Lead 2 1.50 2.30 6.60 45.54cu.m.
30 mtr Lift 1.5 mtr. For
anchoring
In main wall foundation 1 12.00 2.30 1.80 49.68cu.m.
95.22cu.m.
2 Stone soling in foundation 10 cm 1 12.00 2.30 0.10 2.76 cu.m.
thick
3 RCC 1:2:4 in foundation 1 12.00 2.30 0.10 2.76 cu.m.

4 Stone masonry with 1:6 C/S 1 12.00 2.30 1.60 44.16 cu.m.
mortar in foundation
Stone masonry in super structure 1 12.00 2.30+1.50 4.80 109.44cu.m.
with 1:6 C/S mortar 2
153.60cu.m
5 Deduction for RCC filler wall 1 12.00 0.20 6.40 15.36cu.m
Actual quantity 138.34cum
6 Plastering with 1:4: C/S mortar 1 12.00 -- 6.60 79.20sq.m.
(inner)
7 Plastering with 1:6 C/S mortar 1 12.00 -- 6.66 79.92sq.m.
(outer)
8 RCC 1:2:4 work in filler wall (as 1 -- -- --
per item no.5) 15.36cu.m.

Detailed cost estimate for check dam

S.N Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount
1 Stone for soling 2.70 cu.m. 55/- 148.50
2 Masonry stone 117.5 cu.m. 80/- 9,400.00
3 Cement 267 bag 160/- 42,720.00
4 Sand 1135 cu.ft. 15/- 17,025.00
5 Stone ballast 380 cu.ft. 18/- 6,840.00
6 MS Bar 7.21 qtl. 2000/- 14,420.00
Total 90,553.50

Labour requirement
S.N Particulars Unskilled Skilled
1 Excavation in earth work 54 --
2 Stone soling 18 4
3 RCC work 62 14
4 Stone masonry work 260 80
5 Plastering work (inner) 18 6

40
6 Plastering work (outer) 12 7
Total 424 111

Labour cost :
424 unskilled mandays @ Rs. 80/-day = 33,920.00
111 skilled man days @ Rs. 200/-day = 22,200.00
Total = 56,120.00
Total cost = labour cost + material cost
= Rs. 1,46,673.50
Add 5% contingencies = Rs. 7, 333.50
Total = Rs. 1,54,007.00
Say Rs. 1,54,000/- (One lac fifty four thousand only)

Estimate of cost for Irrigation tank size 12’x18’x6’:

(A) Material cost

80 Bags of cement @ Rs.160/Bags - 12,800.00

470 cuft sand @ Rs.15/cuft - 7,050.00
200 cuft stone ballast @ Rs.15/cuft - 3,000.00
255 cuft stone for soling @ Rs.12 - 3,060.00
4712 Nos. stone for masonry @ Rs.4/No. - 18,848.00
---------------
44,758.00
---------------

(B) Labour cost

30 days of skilled person @ Rs.200/days - 6,000.00

80 days of unskilled person @ Rs.80/days - 6,400.00
--------------

41
 12,400.00
--------------

Grand total = (A)+(B) = 57,158 or say

57,000/- Fifty seven thousand rupees only.

5. Estimate of cost for Irrigation tank size 20’x30’x6’:

Material cost

120 Nos. of cement bags @ Rs.160/bags - 19,200.00

600 cuft sand @ Rs.15/cuft - 9,000.00
250 cuft. Stone Ballast @ Rs.15/cuft - 3,750.00
350 cuft stone for soling @ Rs.12/cuft - 4,200.00
7505 Nos. of masonry stone @ Rs.4/Nos. - 30,020.00
----------------
66,170.00
----------------

(B) Labour cost

60 days skilled labour @ Rs.200/day - 12,000.00

150 days of unskilled labours @ Rs.80/day - 12,000.00
---------------

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 24,000.00
---------------

Total cost = (A)+(B) = 90,170.00

or say 90,000/- Rupees Ninety thousand only.

6. Abstract of cost of Gully plugging

Material cost: -

S. N. Item No. L B B/H Qty. Rate Amount

1. Dry stone 4.5 1.5+0.75 2.25 11.39 cum.

masonry in 2
super structure

Deduction for 11.39(-20%) 9.112 cum. 195.00 = 1776.84

Porosity 20%
of the total qty.
for actual stone
consumption

Labour cost :-

Mason 1 Nos. @ Rs. 150/- 150.00

43
Unskilled 2 Nos. @ Rs. 70- 140.00
290.00

Grand Total = Rs. 2,066.84 Say Rs. Two thousand seventeen only

Unit rate/cum. 2,066,84/9.112= Rs.226.57/ cu.m. = Rs. 225/-cum.

7. Details of measurements/abstract of cost rain water filter chamber

S.N. Description of items Qty. Rate Unit Amount

in Rs.
1. Excavation of earth work in 1.11 125.70 Per cum. 139.50
foundation 1.37x1.07x0.76
2. Stone soling 1.37x1.07x0.08 0.11 670.00 Per cum. 73.70
3. P/L of plain cement conc. In 0.11 1702.69 Per cum. 187.20
1:3:6 at foundation
1x1.37x1.07x0.08=0.11
4. P/L of plain cement conc.in
walls of chamber (1:3:6)
Long walls
2x1.37x0.08x0.60=0.13
Short walls
2x1.07x0.08x0.60=0.10
0.13+0.10=0.23 0.23 1702.69 Per cum. 391.60
792.00

Add 5% contingency charges. = 39.60

44
Grand Total = 792.00+39.60 = 831.60 Say Rs.832/-

45
8. Estimate of Percolation Tank
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sr. No. Description of Item No. L B H/D Qty. Rate/Unit Amount

Excavation in earth
Work ˆ d²*h 1 3.14 x 142 x 1.20 184.63 m³ 92.85/ m³ 17143.00
4

Dry Stone Masonry

With mud mortar 1 43.96 0.45 1.00 19.78 m³ 800.80 m³ 15840.00

3. Mud Plaster inner side 1 43.96 - 1.00 43.96 m² 11.30/ m² 497.00

Add excavation of
Trenching to canalizing
The water &
Protection of silt - lum-sum - 16.37m³ 92.85/ m³ 1520.00

----------
35000.00
Grant Total = 35000.00
Say Rs. Thirty Five Thousand Only

46
9. Estimate of Trenching
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sr. No. Description of Item No. L B H/D Qty. Rate/Unit Amount

Excavation in drains
& Channels (P/J work) 1 10.00 0.60 0.60 3.60 75.95/m³ 273.00

Add 10% contingencies (+) 27.00

Grand Total = 300.00

Rate for 3.6 m³ = 300

Rate for 1 m³ = 83.33/ m³

Say Rs. = 83/ m³ (Say Rs. Eighty Three Only Per cum.)

47
10. Estimate of Channel
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sr. No. Description of Item No. L B H/D Qty. Rate/Unit Amount

Excavation in drains
& Channels (P/J work) 1 10.00 0.65+0.35/2 0.42 2.125m³ 75.95/m³ 161.39

2. Stone soling in bed 1 10.00 0.35 0.10 0.35m³ 362.30/m³ 126.80

3. Stone soling in bed 2 10.00 0.375 0.10 0.75m³ 362.30/m³ 271.72

4. P.C.C. in bed (1:3:6) 1 10.00 0.20 0.075 0.15

P.C.C. in sides (1:3:6) 2 10.00 0.075 0.33 0.495
----------
0.645 1271.30/m³ 819.98

5. Providing Form Work 2 10.00 0.33 - 6.60 44.30/m² 292.38

----------
1672.27
Add extra for carriage of material Lum-Sum 130.00
----------

48
 Grand Total 1802.27

Rate for/RM 1802/10

Say Rs. = 180.00/mtr.Say Rs. One Hundred & Eighty Only

11 Abstract Cost Of Natural Springs (Bawdies)

S.No. ACTIVITY QUANTITY Cost (Rs) Amount
Rs
01 Stone soling in foundation 25 cu ft 8 200
02 Stone for masonry in substructure and
superstructure 1950 3 5850
03 Stone filling 200 cu ft 3 600
04 Stone ballast 80 cu ft. 16 1440
05 Sand 150 cu ft 15 2250
06 Cement 25 bags 150 3750
07 Steel 105 kg 16kg 1680
08 Skilled mandays 8 150 1200
09 Unskilled mandays 35 60 2100
Total 19070

Total Amount Rs. 19,070 + contingencies = Rs. 20000 (twenty thousand only)

ANNEXURE 2
Resource development in the watershed

49
Sl. Name of No. of Gully Chec Earthe Farm Ferrocement Contour Gabion Pipeline Channel Natural Percolation Plantation Lift
No Village/ Irrigation Plugging k n Dam Pond Tank Trenching Structur Repair Source Tank (Y/N) Irrigation
. Hamlet Tanks (Y/N) Dam (Y/N) e Developmen
t

1 Katogara yes yes 1000m yes

2 Chamechi 1 1 yes 1 yes

3 Rohru 1 yes Yes yes

4 Bhuil yes 1 1 Yes yes 1 1 yes

5 Jubbal yes 1 yes

6 Brad yes yes 1400m yes

7 Chabiul 1 yes 1 yes 3 yes

8 Kharmanji 1 yes 1 1 1 1 yes 1

9 Bagor 1 yes 1 1 yes 1

10 Dhabri 1 yes yes 1 yes

11 Tikkar yes yes

Total 6 3 1 3 3 3 6 2

50