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Open Channel Flow Budi S. Wignyosukarto

September 12, 2011

Grand Coulee Dam

hAp://users.owt.com/chubbard/gcdam/html/gallery.html

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Columbia Basin Irriga8on Project

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ProperGes of Open Channels

Free water surface
PosiGon of water surface can change in space and Gme

Many dierent types

River, stream or creek; canal, ume, or ditch; culverts

Many dierent cross-secGonal shapes

Fundamental of Open Channel

Geometric elements of Open Channel Velocity and Discharge HydrostaGc Pressure Mass, Momentum and Energy transfer in Open Channel. Open Channel Flow ClassicaGon ConservaGon laws

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HydrostaGc Pressure

Geometric Element
Kedalaman aliran h Lebar Muka Air T Keliling Basah P Luas tampang basah A Radius hidraulik R Kemiringan dasar So

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Definition of Geometric Elements

Gupta, Fig. 10.1 y = depth of ow

d = depth of ow section
T = top width
P = wetted perimeter
A = ow area
R = hydraulic radius = A/P
D = hydraulic depth = A/T

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Flow ClassicaGon
Uniform (normal) ow: Depth is constant at every secGon along length of channel Nonuniform (varied) ow: Depth changes along channel
Rapidly-varied ow: Depth changes suddenly Gradually-varied ow: Depth changes gradually

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Kedalaman air normal, pembendungan, loncat air dan pengaruh muka air hilir

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State of Flow
Flow in open channels is aected by viscous and gravitaGonal eects Viscous eects described by Reynolds number, Re = VR/
GravitaGonal eects described by Froude number, F = V/(gD)1/2

Viscous Eects in open channels

For Re < 500, viscous forces dominate and ow is laminar For Re > 2000, viscous forces are weak and ow is turbulent For Re between 500 and 2000, there is a transiGon between laminar and turbulent ow

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GravitaGonal Eects
CriGcal ow is the point where velocity is equal to the speed of a wave in the water, Froude Number (Fr) For Fr = 1, ow is criGcal For Fr < 1, ow is subcriGcal
Wave can move upstream

For Fr > 1, ow is supercriGcal

Wave cannot move upstream

Velocity DistribuGon In A Channel

Depth-averaged velocity is above the bed at about 0.4 8mes the depth

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EquaGons of MoGon
There are three general principles used in solving problems of ow in open channels:
ConGnuity (conservaGon of mass) Energy Momentum

For problems involving steady uniform ow, conGnuity and energy principles are sucient

ConservaGon of Mass
Since water is essenGally incompressible, conservaGon of mass (conGnuity) reduces to the following: discharge in = discharge out Stated in terms of velocity and area:

Q = V1A1 = V2A2

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Control Volume for Open Channels

Gupta, Fig. 10.4

ConservaGon of Energy
ConservaGon of energy applied to control volume results in the following:
V12 V22 Z1 + y1 + 1 = Z 2 + y2 + 2 + hf 2g 2g
where Z1,Z2 are elevaGons of the bed, y1, y2 are depths of ow, V1, V2 are velociGes, 1, 2 are kineGc energy correcGons, and hf is the fricGonal loss. (10.6)

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Momentum
Basic relaGonship in mechanics: Change in momentum in the s direcGon

Fs
Sum of forces in the s direcGon

= (mvs )
mass Velocity in the s direcGon

Momentum cont.
For a constant mass and a per unit width consideraGon: (rectangular channel)

(mvs ) = q(v2 v1 )

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Momentum forces Open Channel ApplicaGon

L P1
Wsin

v1

v2
Rf

P2

Fs

= P1 + W sin P2 R f

Momentum Forces cont.

Rf is the fricGonal resistance. P1 and P2 are pressure forces per unit width given by:

y 2 P= 2

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Momentum contd.
Combining terms we get:

2 y1 y 2 2 + W sin R f = q( v 2 v1 ) 2 2

Exercises

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