Charlotte Reeves

Page |1 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

Titrating Different Concentrations of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) with 1 Molar Concentration of HCL (Hydrochloric Acid) Aim: The aim of this experiment was to find out the titration rate of different concentrations of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) Hypothesis: What I expected from this practical experiment is that the higher the molar of Sodium hydroxide, the greater the amount of hydrochloric acid would be needed to neutralize or react with the solution. I also expected there to be some relation or pattern in the results that will be collected to support this theory. Apparatus:
Burette

Weighing Scales Beakers Weighing Boat Glass Stirrer Sodium Hydroxide (powder) Distilled Water Pipette (25ml, 10ml, 5ml) Burette Conical (Erlenmeyer) Flask 100ml & 250 ml Volumetric Flasks Procedure:

Hydrochloric Acid Weighing Scales White Tile

Burette Stand

Measuring Cylinder Spatula Burette Stand & Clamp Distilled Water Phenolphthalein Funnel
Some Equipment Used in a Titration Conical Flask

Firstly 20g of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) powder was weighed with scales precisely in a weighing boat, this was then added to a beaker. Then the powder in the beaker was washed with distilled water along with the weighing boat so that no powder was lost. This was then stirred vigorously until all the solution turned clear and all the solute was dissolved. This was then transferred into a 250ml volumetric flask, the beaker was then rinsed with distilled water again so that none of the solution was lost and poured into the volumetric flask. This was then topped up with distilled water until the meniscus (bottom curve of the liquid) touched the 250ml line. This was now a 2 molar solution of

Charlotte Reeves

Page |2 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

NaOH(aq). To produce a 1 molar solution, 50ml of solution was taken from the 250ml volumetric flask, this was then put into an 100ml volumetric flask using two 25ml pipettes. The ratio of stock solution to water was 1:1 so another 50ml of distilled water was needed to be added to the 100ml volumetric flask, again we knew the meniscus needed to touch the 100ml line. This same procedure was needed to be repeated twice to make the other dilutions. For 0.5M (molars) 25ml of NaOH (using a 25ml pipette) was taken from the 2 molar solution in a conical beaker and then topped up with 75ml of distilled water and for the 0.25 molar solution, 12.5ml of NaOH was taken from the 2 molar solution (using a 10ml and 2ml pipette, 0.5 was make using a quarter of the 2ml pipette) and then topped up with 87.5ml of distilled in a separate conical flask. We now had our bases to titrate. For the titration, a burette was filled with a 1 molar solution of HCL (hydrochloric acid) out of a beaker, making sure that the tap was closed before adding the acid, a funnel was needed to do this, to maintain accuracy I made sure that the HCL was always topped up to the 50ml line between titrations. Then 25ml was taken from the 2M solution using a pipette and placed in a beaker, 3 drops of phenolphthalein was added as an indicator of PH, this was now a pink solution. A white tile was added to the bottom of the stand to ensure that the colour change was seen. Then holding the beaker in one hand, the tap was opened slightly, then drops of HCL was mixing with the NaOH, the beaker being swirled in between to assess any colour change. When the colour of the solution in the flask turned clear the titration of 2M was complete. This was then recorded (e.g. 50ml of HCL used to titrate 2M of NaOH) and then repeated twice more for accuracy. The left over clear solution (of NaCl + H2O) was poured away in the sink and rinsed with purified water. The same method for titration and results for the 2M solution was repeated for the 1M solution, 0.5M solution and 0.25M solution. An extra titration was needed for the 0.5M titration due to an anomaly in the results Data:
The concentration of NaOH(aq)

My results from the titration are as follow; 2 Molar 1 56.5 2 48.2 3 49.2 1 24.1 1 Molar 2 21 3 22.4 1 13.2 2 12.8 0.5 Molar 3 26.5 4 13.1 1 8.9 0.25 Molar 2 8.9
4th Result added for accuracy Without anomaly Number of attempts.

3 8.2

Amount of HCl used to neutralise solution

Average for 2M = 51.3 Average for 1M = 22.5

Average for 0.5M = 16.4 (13.03) Average for 0.25M = 8.67

Charlotte Reeves Analysis:

Page |3 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

Titration is a neutralization reaction that is performed in order to determine an unknown concentration of acid or alkali; this allows it to determine the precise endpoint of a reaction and therefore the precise quantity of reactant in the titration flask. The burette in this practical is used to deliver the HCl in this experiment to react with the alkali in the beaker, the PH indicator that was added (phenolphthalein) was used to find the endpoint of the reaction which was when the reaction was PH neutral. An acid and an alkali react to make sodium chloride or salt in water. Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution, as seen earlier the 2M NaOH solution was 20g of solute to the 250ml of water, so this would be 80g in the litre.

In this titration of HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) the balanced equation is as follows

Equation as a word equation including all reactants and all products

Hydrochloric Acid

Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium Chloride (Salt)

Water

HCL(aq)

NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq)

H2O(l)

Formula for each substance in equation

Left Hand Side

Right Hand Side

Na 1

Na 1

O1

O1
Balanced equation with same number of elements on each side

H2

H2

Cl 1

Cl 1

Charlotte Reeves

Page |4 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

Hydrochloric acid dissolved in water forms H+ and Cl- ions

HCl -> H+ + ClIts a substance which forms H+ ions as the only positive ion in aqueous solution. Sodium hydroxide, when dissolved in water, forms Na+ and OH- ions

NaOH -> Na+ + OHAtomic Number 8

It forms OH- ions as the only negative ion in aqueous solution. Its an insoluble hydroxide.
Atomic Number 1

Atomic Number 11

Atomic Number 17

Alkali Metals 1 electron in outer shell

The bonding between sodium chloride is ionic; this is because the sodium atom loses the electron in its outer shell and becomes positively charged (N+) Chlorine gains an electron to become negatively charged chlorine ion (C-)
Halogens 7 electrons in outer shell

Na+

Cl-

The positive charge of the sodium ion and negative charge of the chloride ion are attracted and this holds the ions strongly together. These form a giant ionic lattice

Charlotte Reeves

Page |5 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

In my hypothesis I predicted that the higher the molar of NaOH the greater the amount of HCL it would take to react. To a degree this is correct, as I can see through my results that the average for 2 molar is 51.3ml which is higher than the average for 1 molar which is 22.5ml. However this isnt accurate enough. To find the formula for titration, this equation is needed

So for example 1M to find the unknown reaction we use the equation above 1M x 25ml V2 = = 1M x V2 1M x 25ml 1M = 25ml

This is quite close to the result that I produced in my practical, for 1 molar experiment my results were 24.1ml, 21ml & 22.4ml, the average being 22.5ml. I feel that the difference in my results to the expected results may be down to the possibility of cross contamination from the equipment used for example beakers that have been washed in the dishwasher may have leftover residue of salts, or my measuring to be slightly out when making the aqueous solution for example having 101ml instead of 100. I also had difficultly reading the pipette as it was quite high so I feel I may have been have been at a disadvantage as the hydrochloric acid start point may have been off the 50ml point. 2M x 25ml V2 = = 2M x V2 2M x 25ml 1M = 50ml

For the 2 molar experiment my results were 56.5ml, 48.2ml & 49.2ml, the average being 51.3ml. I feel that this was very close. On the 1st result it was 56.5ml I think that this was higher than the expected rate as I was releasing the liquid from the tap very quickly and didnt see the neutralisation of the two chemicals, making the level of accuracy quite poor. However on the next two results I improved this and released the HCl slower and therefore getting a more accurate result.

Charlotte Reeves 0.5M x 25ml V2 = = 0.5M x V2 0.5M x 25ml 1M = 12.5ml

Page |6 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

On the 0.5M titration I had to do 4 results as I had quite a large anomaly on my 3rd result, my results were 13.2ml, 12.8ml, 26.5ml &13.1ml. Through the equation above we can see the expected result was 12.5ml without the anomaly my the average of my results were 13.03ml, which again was quite close with the same problems as previously mentioned. However I feel that the anomaly was due to cross contamination as after the result I had realised that I had washed my beaker with tap water and this wasnt dried out properly, leaving a pool of water, however from this result I realised what errors I had made previously and corrected this on the following titration.

0.25M x 25ml = V2 =

0.25M x V2 0.25M x 25ml 1M

6.25ml

On the 0.25M titration my results wasnt very near the expected results, my results were 8.9ml, 8.9ml and 8.1ml, I know that afterwards I hadnt measured the correct amount of solution when making 0.25M solution from the 2 Molar solution, I found making 0.5ml (out of the 12.5ml needed) was quite difficult using a 2ml pipette, I think I could of corrected this by using a 1ml pipette (exactly half of it) or even finding a 12.5ml pipette.

Charlotte Reeves

Page |7 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

The Relative Molecular Mass of a compound is the sum of the masses of all the atoms present in the molecule

Relative Atomic Masses Element Symbol RAM

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sodium Sulphur Chlorine C H O Na S Cl 12 1 16 23 32 35.5

The molecule NaOH contains 1 sodium, 1 oxygen and 1 Hydrogen. So the relative molecular mass of NaOH is 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 The RMM of HCl (containing 1 Hydrogen and 1 Chloride) is 1 + 35.5 = 36.5. The solution of the titrations (NaCl(aq) + H20(l)) Relative molecular mass would be 76.5 Conclusion: The main aim of this experiment was to find out the titration rate of different concentrations of NaOH against 1 molar of HCl using an indicator to see the PH rate of reaction. In my hypothesis I thought that the higher the molar of sodium hydroxide, the greater the amount of acid (hydrochloric acid) it would take for the neutralisation to occur. From my results I can see that the hypothesis is correct but as I was doing the titration I noticed a correlation between my results, they seemed to half, the other results from the class supported this. Using the molar equation of M1 V1 = M2 V2 I could see that that my theory was along the same lines. I also realised from this experiment that the tiniest of errors can vastly alter the final results e.g. not washing properly using distilled water and drying equipment. I found that my results were quite close to the results that were expected and were quite close to the other classmates. In conclusion I feel that this experiment went quite well even though I could have improved in some different areas and to a degree that my hypothesis was correct

Charlotte Reeves Figures & Graphs:

Page |8 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

Charlotte Reeves References:

Page |9 Unit 1, Assessment 1, Task: Titration

Applied Science Level 3 Edexcel (Various Authors) - Text Book Handouts from lessons and information on STEPS Molarities www.about.chemistry.com http://www.sky-web.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Science/ Source for images http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/38_modern_periodic_table.jpg http://www.nanoelf.co.za/biodiesel-c-140.html