Case Study on Improving Education in India

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Contents
1. 2. a. 3. 4. 5. Research Problem: ............................................................................................................................... 3 Data Description: .................................................................................................................................. 3 Outcome Variables: .......................................................................................................................... 3 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................................ 8

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1. Research Problem: The recent economic growth rate of India has been improved due to significant development in economic and social factors. This economic growth is still not accompanying with the education. Education is the core area of concern in the country since the growth in this segment is still low. There is a lack of sources in the education sector which has slowed down the growth and quality of education. 22 percent of the world population exists in India and 46 percent of the worlds illiterates have home in the country. Primary school participation rate in India is very low specifically in the rural areas (Kingdon, 1994 and Hanushek & Kimko, 2000). Government of India launched District Primary School Education Program in the year 1993-94 with the aim of providing free primary school education. Since then none of the studies conducted so far to check the quality of education through such program. With this view this research paper has been conducted to address the quality of education among primary schools in India under the initiative of District Primary School Education Program.

2. Data Description: The data has been collected using secondary research. In secondary research, a random data of 30 districts across India has been collected from national sample survey. Out of 30 districts, 15 districts are non DPED and 15 districts are covered under DPED program. The assessment of improving education in India has been conducted using education indicators like educational attainment and enrollment rates. Data sources have been used as CIA fact book for US central bureau of statistics. Districts covered under both the DPED and non DPED program have been identified from website of government of India for economic affairs. a. Outcome Variables: Outcome variables from the data are listed below: School enrollment rate in each district for children with age 5-11 and 12-15 years, both male and female Dropout rate for children with age 5-11 and 12-15 years Progression from primary level education to higher level education A proportion of children with no education for age group 12-15 years A proportion of children who completed primary education for 12-15 years

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3. Analysis The data has been collected for 30 districts in India. The below tables presented the descriptive statistics for the data collected across these states in India.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics 1990-2000 DPEP Non-DPEP 6572 7895 16.30% 11.34% 15.30% 9.56% 13.30% 6.56% 12.90% 16.30% 16.80% 12.56% 15.80% 12.36% 13.80% 9.36% 13.50% 16.90% 2001-2010 DPEP Non-DPEP 8543 8342 18.65% 10.90% 17.65% 11.10% 15.65% 8.10% 7.50% 10.90% 19.20% 9.70% 18.20% 8.70% 16.20% 5.70% 6.70% 10.10%

Number of Household Percent of Children 5-11 years 12-15 years Percent of Male Child 5-11 years 12-15 years Percent of Female Child 5-11 years 12-15 years Percent of Schedule Tribes Percent of Schedule Caste

Enrollment Rate
10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2005 2006 2007 All Children Male 2008 Female 2009 7% 8% 7%

6% 5% 4%

5% 3%

4% 3%

4% 3% 3%

2% 2% 1% 2010

Figure 1 Enrollment Rate among 5-11 years old The above figure 1 shows the enrollment rate among children of age 5 to 11 years. There has been a significant increase in the enrollment rate since 2005 to 2010 in both male and female child. Overall rate of enrollment for the year 2005 was 11% which has been increased to 56% in 2010. For the same period the enrollment for the male child was 12% which has been increased to 31%. For female child the 4|Page

enrollment for the same period was 5% to 28%. The above data shows the enrollment rate for both DPEP covered and Non DPEP covered states.

Enrollment Rate
10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 Male 2009 Female All Children 8% 7% 7%

6% 5% 4%

5% 3%

4% 3%

4% 3% 3%

2% 2% 1% 2010

Figure 2 Enrollment Rate among 12-15 years old

The above figure 2 shows the enrollment rate among children of age 12 to 15 years. There has been a significant increase in the enrollment rate since 2005 to 2010 in both male and female child. Overall rate of enrollment for the year 2005 was 10% which has been increased to 54% in 2010. For the same period the enrollment for the male child was 9% which has been increased to 29%. For female child the enrollment for the same period was 3% to 26%. The above data shows the enrollment rate for both DPEP covered and Non DPEP covered states.

Drop out Rate

10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2005 2006 2007 All Children Male 2008 Female 2009 8% 7% 6% 5% 4%

5% 3%

4% 3%

4% 3%

2% 1% 2010

Figure 3 Dropout Rate among 5-11 years old

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The above figure 3 shows the dropout rate among children of age 5 to 11 years. There has been a significant decrease in the enrollment rate since 2005 to 2010 in both male and female child. Overall rate of enrollment for the year 2005 was 7% which has been decreased to 2% in 2010. For the same period the enrollment for the male child was 7% which has been decreased to 1%. For female child the enrollment for the same period was 8% to 2%. The above data shows the dropout rate for both DPEP covered and Non DPEP covered states.

Drop out Rate

10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 Male 2009 Female All Children 8% 7% 6% 5% 4%

5% 3%

4% 3%

4% 3%

2% 1% 2010

Figure 4 Dropout Rate among 12-15 years old

The above figure 4 shows the dropout rate among children of age 12 to 15 years. There has been a significant decrease in the enrollment rate since 2005 to 2010 in both male and female child. Overall rate of enrollment for the year 2005 was 7% which has been decreased to 2% in 2010. For the same period the enrollment for the male child was 7% which has been decreased to 1%. For female child the enrollment for the same period was 8% to 2%. The above data shows the dropout rate for both DPEP covered and Non DPEP covered states.

In India, parents are less concerned for the education of daughter and hence there is a difference in the enrollment rate and dropout rates between male and female child. Also the education sources were limited. However these resources are still limited and DPEP program was initiated by the government to support the district level primary schools to improve increase the resources and improve the quality of education. The Indian states covered under DPEP program have the high ratio of using private schools than the states which are not covered under DPEP program.

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4. Conclusion: It has been observed from the national survey that the private school education has been improved over past few years in India. The difference between the male and female child education has been reduced at a rapid pace. Poor families in India are also using private schools. Government run schools may not have the good resources and quality of education due to high level of corruption and scarcity of good teachers. Private schools are more focused towards providing quality education since they have the concern towards profitability of the schools. Private schools pay market wages while the government teachers do not receive that mush of salaries. There should some steps that need to be taken by the Indian government to improve the quality of education by providing resources, providing more benefits to primary schools so that they can offer free primary education. In addition the this the focus should be on female child education since there is a huge gap between the male child education rate and female child education rate.

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5. Bibliography: Duraisamy. P. (2002) .Changes in returns to education in India, 1983-94: by gender, age-cohort and location.. Economics of Education Review 21: 609-622. Hanushek, Eric (2005) .The Economics of School Quality., German Economic Review, 6(3), 269-286. Hanushek, E. and L. Zhang (2006) .Quality-consistent estimates of international returns to skill., NBER Working Paper 12664 http://www.nber.org/papers/w12664. November. DISE (2006) Elementary Education in India: Analytical Report 2005, District Information System for Education, NIEPA, New Delhi. Glewwe, P. (1996), .The Relevance of Standard Estimates of Rates of Return to Schooling for Educational Policy: A Critical Assessment., Journal of Development Economics, 51, 267.290. Glewwe, P. (2002), .Schools and Skills in Developing Countries: Education Policies and Socioeconomic Outcomes., Journal of Economic Literature 40(2), 436.482. Govinda, R. and Y. Josephine (2004) .Para Teachers in India: A Review., UNESCO draft report. Hanushek, E. A. (2003b), .The Importance of School Quality., in: P. E. Peterson (ed.), Our Schools and Our Future: Are We Still at Risk?, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, pp. 141.173. Eric A. Hanushek & Lei Zhang, 2006. "Quality-Consistent Estimates of International Returns to Skill," NBER Working Papers 12664, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Hanushek, E. A. and D. D. Kimko (2000), .Schooling, Labor Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations., American Economic Review 90(5), 1184.1208. Jalan, J. and E. Glinskaya, .Improving primary school education in India: An impact assessment of DPEPPhase I,. 1999. Khera, R. (2006) .Mid day meals in primary schools: Achievements and challenges., Economic and Political Weekly, 18th November. Kingdon, G. (1994) An Economic Evaluation of School Management-types in India: A Case Study of Uttar Pradesh, Unpublished D.Phil. thesis, Economics Department, Oxford University.

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