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(c) Simplified circuit symbol for the case where the source is connected to the body.
W i D = p C ox ( L
1 2 ) ( vGS Vt ) v DS v DS (1) 2
rDS = v DS 1 = iD ' W k p ( ) ( vGS Vt ) L
W i D = k ( )( vGS Vt ) v DS L
' p
Where, rDS is linear resistance. If vDSvGS-Vt (Saturation region )from equation (1)
W ( vGS Vt ) 2 i D = p C ox ( ) ( 2) L 2
On verge of saturation: replace VGS-Vt=VDS in either region equation (as shown by dashed line)
2 W v DS i D = p C ox ( ) L 2
Large-signal equivalent-circuit model of an n-channel and pchannel MOSFET operating in the saturation region:
Table 4.1
Aim
Design an amplifier of gain 30 v/v Choose the device Set DC bias Choose a circuit topology Design Analyse Re-design
Where to bias?
Max gain-------MAX IDRD------------MAX ID Min distortion ID= f (VGS)------SATURATION REGION Max current, ID captures variations of VGS faithfully ID= F (VGS, VDS)-----------LINEAR REGION Min current, ID varies with VGS , VDS ---(extra variation)
Transfer characteristics
v O = v DS = V DD R D i D where , i D = f ( v I )
Example 4.8.
vGS1=1.891-1.816=0.075V=75mV vGS2=1.816-1.741=0.075V=75mV
Example 4.8.
At vGS=1.891V , Vo=2.85V At vGS=1.816V , Vo=4V At vGS=1.741V , Vo=5.05V Vo1=4-2.85=1.15V Vo2=5.05-4=1.05V This shows non- linearity.
Operation as a Switch: When vI<Vt (vO=VDD, transistor operates in cut-off region) When vI=VDD ( vO0, transistor operates in linear region) Operation as a Linear Amplifier: Q is appropriate bias point located close to middle of curve It is also called quiescent point Q (VIQ,VOQ) By keeping vi sufficiently small to restrict operation to an almost linear segment of transfer curve. Voltage gain of amplifier at Q is: (CS amplifier is inverting due to negative slope)
dv O AV = dv I
v I = V IQ
Bias point Q1, too close to VDD: (RD too small) does not leave sufficient room for positive signal swing at the drain occurs when vgs decreases further can amplify only positive input cycles. output signal will be distorted Bias point Q2 is too close to the boundary of the triode region: (RD too Large) might not allow for sufficient negative signal swing occurs when vgs increased further can amplify only negative input cycles