MATHEMATICS: Shortcuts in Multiplication, Division, Addition & Subtraction - secrets in mental math calculation speed87 rate or flag this

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By eternaltreasures

There are many useful Math techniques, tricks, and secrets that can be valuable in your day to day work or study. Knowing these shortcuts are key to computation speed and accuracy in your Mental Mathematical Aptitude. This can be useful in applications such as IQ tests, aptitude tests, job application tests, military tests, college entrance tests and so many more uses in the office, workplace, or in your own home.

MULTIPLICATION:

Multiplication using multiples 12 x 15 = 12 x 5 x 3 = 60 x 3 = 180

Multiplication by distribution 12 x 17 = (12 x 10) + (12 x 7) ---> 12 is multiplied to both 10 & 7 = 120 + 84

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= 204

Multiplication by "giving and taking" 12 x 47 = 12 x (50 - 3) = (12 x 50) - (12 x 3) = 600 - 36 = 564

Multiplication by 5 --> take the half(0.5) then multiply by 10 428 x 5 = (428 x 1/2) x 10 = 428 x 0.5 x 10 = 214 x 10 = 2140

Multiplication by 10 ---> just move the decimal point one place to the right 14 x 10 = 140 ---> added one zero

Multiplication by 50 ---> take the half(0.5) then multiply by 100 18 x 50 = (18/2) x 100 = 18 x 0.5 x 100 = 9 x 100 = 900

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Multiplication by 100 ---> move the decimal point two places to the right 42 x 100 = 4200 ---> added two zeroes

Multiplication by 500 ---> take the half(0.5) then multiply by 1000 21 x 500 = 21/2 x 1000 = 10.5 x 1000 = 10500

Multiplication by 25 ---> use the analogy $1 = 4 x 25 cents 25 x 14 = (25 x 10) + (25 x 4) ---> 250 + 100 ---> $2.50 + $1 = 350

Multiplication by 25 ---> divide by 4 then multiply by 100 36 x 25 = (36/4) x 100 = 9 x 100 = 900

Multiplication by 11 if sum of digits is less than 10 72 x 11 = 7_2 ---> the middle term = 7 + 2 = 9 = place the middle term 9 between 7 & 2

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= 792

Multiplication by 11 if sum of digits is greater than 10 87 x 11 = 8_7 ---> the middle term = 8 + 7 = 15 because the middle term is greater than 10, use 5 then add 1 to the first term 8, which leads to the answer of = 957

Multiplication of 37 by the 3, 6, 9 until 27 series of numbers --> the "triple effect" solve 37 x 3 multiply 7 by 3 = 21, knowing the last digit (1), just combine two more 1's giving the triple digit answer 111

solve 37 x 9 multiply 7 by 9 = 63, knowing the last digit (3), just combine two more 3's giving the triple digit answer 333

solve 37 x 21 multiply 7 by 21 = 147, knowing the last digit (7), just combine two more 7's giving the triple digit answer 777

Multiplication of the "dozen teens" group of numbers -(i.e. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) by ANY of the numbers within the group: solve 14 x 17 4 x 7 = 28; remember 8, carry 2 14 + 7 = 21

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add 21 to whats is carried (2) giving the result 23 form the answer by combinig 23 to what is remembered (8) giving the answer 238

Multiplication of numbers ending in 5 with difference of 10 45 x 35 first term = [(4 + 1) x 3] = 15; (4 is the first digit of 45 and 3 is the first digit of 35 --> add 1 to the higher first digit which is 4 in this case, then multiply the result by 3, giving 15) last term = 75 combining the first term and last term, = 1575

75 x 85 first term = (8 + 1) x 7 = 63 last term = 75 combining first and last terms, = 6375

15 x 25 = 375

Multiplication of numbers ending in 5 with the same first terms (square of a number) 25 x 25 first term = (2 + 1) x 2 = 6 last term = 25

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answer = 625 ---> square of 25

75 x 75 first term = (7 + 1) x 7 = 56 last term = 25 answer = 5625 ---> 75 squared

DIVISION:

Division by parts ---> imagine dividing $874 between two persons 874/2 = 800/2 + 74/2 = 400 + 37 = 437

Division using the factors of the divisor: "double division" 70/14 = (70/7)/2 ---> 7 and 2 are the factors of 14 = 10/2 =5

Division by using fractions:

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132/2 = (100/2 + 32/2) ---> break down into two fractions = (50 + 16) = 66

Division by 5 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 20 1400/5 = (1400/100) x 20 = 14 x 20 = 280

Division by 10 ---> move the decimal point one place to the left 0.5/10 = 0.05 ---> 5% is 50% divided by ten

Division by 50 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 2 2100/50 = (2100/100) x 2 = 21 x 2 = 42

700/50 = (700/100) x 2 =7x2 = 14

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Division by 100 ---> move the decimal point two places to the left 25/100 = 0.25

Division by 500 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 0.2 17/500 = (17/100) x 0.2 = 0.17 x 0.2 = 0.034

Division by 25 ---> divide by 100 then multiply by 4 500/25 = (500/100) x 4 =5x4 = 20

750/25 = (750/100) x 4 = 7.5 x 2 x 2 = 30

ADDITION:

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Addition of numbers close to multiples of ten (e.g. 19, 29, 89, 99 etc.) 116 + 39 = 116 + (40 - 1) = 116 + 40 - 1 ---> add 40 then subtract 1 = 156 - 1 = 155

116 + 97 = 116 + (100 - 3) = 116 + 100 - 3 ---> add 100 then subtract 3 = 216 - 3 = 213

Addition of decimals 12.5 + 6.25 = (12 + 0.5) + (6 + 0.25) = 12 + 6 + 0.5 + 0.25 ---> add the integers then the decimals = 18 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 18.75

SUBTRACTION:

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Subtraction by numbers close to 100, 200, 300, 400, etc. 250 - 96 = 250 - (100 - 4) = 250 - 100 + 4 ---> subtract 100 then add 4 = 150 + 4 = 154

250 - 196 = 250 - (200 - 4) = 250 - 200 + 4 ---> subtract 200 then add 4 = 50 + 4 = 54

216 - 61 = 216 - (100 - 39) = 216 - 100 + 39 = 116 + (40 - 1) ---> now the operation is addition, which is much easier = 156 - 1 = 155

Subtraction of decimals 47 - 9.9 = 47 - (9 + 0.9) ---> "double subtraction" = 47 - 9 - 0.9 ---> subtract the integer first then the decimal

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= 38 - 0.9 = 37.1

18.3 - 0.8 = 18 + 0.3 - 0.8 = (18 - 0.8) + 0.3 ---> subtract 0.8 from 18 first = 17.2 + 0.3 = 17.5

WORKING ON PERCENTAGES:

30% of 120 = 10% x 3 x 120 ---> it is much easier working with tens (10%) = 10% x 120 x 3 = 12 x 3 = 36

five percent of a number: 5% 360 x 5% = 360 x 10%/2 ---> take the 10% and divide by 2 = 36/2 = 18

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360 x 5% = 360 x 50%/10 ---> take the half(0.5) and divide by 10 = (360/2)/10 = 180/10 = 18

ninety percent of a number: 90% 90% of 700 = (100% - 10%) x 700 = (100% x 700) - (10% x 700) ---> 100% minus 10% of the number = 700 - 70 = 630

What is 18 as a percentage of 50? = 18/50 = (18/100) x 2 ---> method: division by 50 (explained above) = 0.18 x 2 = 0.36 = 36%

What is 132 as a percentage of 200? = 132/200 = (132/2)/100 = [100/2 + 32/2]/100 ---> solution by "double division" = (50 + 16)/100

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= 66/100 = 0.66 = 66%

What is 270 as a percentage of 300? = 270/300 = [(270/3)/100] ---> "double division" (using the factors of 300) = 90/100 = 90%

What is 17 as percentage of 500? = 17/500 = (17/50)/10 = (17/100) x 2/10 ---> solution using the procedure: division by 50 = (0.17 x 2)/10 = 0.34/10 = 0.034 = 3.4 %

percentages close to 100: 95% of 700 = (100% - 5%) x 700 = (100% x 700) - (5% x 700) = 700 - (10% x 700/2) -------> 5% is 10%/2 = 700 - 70/2

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= 700 - 35 = 665

percentages less than 10 percent: 3% of 70 = (3/100) x 70 = (70/100) x 3 ---> divide by 100 then multiply the percent value = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1

DECIMALS:

To convert or express percentages as decimals, divide by 100 or simply just move the decimal point by two places to the left of the given number, thus:

1% = 1/100 = 0.01 2% = 2/100 = 0.02 = 1/50 3% = 3/100 = 0.03 4% = 4/100 = 0.04 = 1/25 5% = 5/100 = 0.05 = 1/20 6.25% = 6.25/100 = 0.0625 = 1/16 7% = 7/100 = 0.07 7.5% = 7.5/100 = 0.075 10% = 10/100 = 0.1 = 1/10

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12.5% = 12.5/100 = 0.125 = 1/8 20% = 0.2 = 1/5 21% = 0.21 25% = 0.25 = 1/4 30% = 0.3 = 3/10 33.33% = 33.33/100 = 0.3333 = 1/3 37.5% = 0.375 = 3/8 40% = 0.4 = 2/5 50% = 0.5 = 1/2 60% = 0.6 = 3/5 62.5% = 0.625 = 5/8 66.66% = 66.66/100 = 2/3 75% = 0.75 = 3/4 80% = 0.8 = 4/5 87.5% = 0.875 = 7/8 100% = 1 125% = 1.25 = 1 1/4 150% = 1.5 = 1 1/2 200% = 2

FRACTIONS:

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What is three quarters of 80? = 3/4 x 80 = (80/4) x 3 ---> divide by 4 then multiply by 3 = 20 x 3 = 60

How many quarters in two and a half? 2.5/.25 = 10 ---> there are 10 quarters in $2.50

Improper fractions:

3/2 = 1 1/2 = 1.5 = 150%

4/3 = 1 1/3 = 1.3333 = 133.33% ---> useful number for volume of sphere, etc.

9/5 = 1 4/5 = 1.8 = 180% ---> conversion factor for Celsius/Fahrenheit temperatures

V = 4/3 pi * r^3

where:

V = volume of sphere

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r = radius of sphere

F = (1.8 C) + 32

where:

F = temperature in Fahrenheit C = temperature in Celsius

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