FACTORS AFFECTING THE SLEEPING PATTERNS OF THE STUDENT NURSES OF WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES __________________________________ A Research Paper Submitted

to Mr. Dave Mariano Wesleyan University Philippines, College of Nursing _________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for ENGLISH 2 _________________________________ By: MARQUEZ, Khristelle Ann C. DOMINGO, Alona B. LAID, Ann Michelle C. MENDOZA, Cyd Charisse S. QUIPIA, Mary Grace A. BSN II 2

October 2011

Acknowledgement The researcher wishes to acknowledge gratefully the following for their support and assistance in the pursuit of attaining higher education and the realization of this work. We wishes to express our deepest and sincerest gratitude to those who directly or indirectly aided us in accomplishing this thesis study. Giving us assistance and support both moral and monetary aspects. The Almighty God, with His Divine Guidance and Blessings, who gave the researcher the wisdom, knowledge, bravery, teamwork, harmonization and heartiness to finish the study fruitfully and meaningfully. To the selected nursing students in the 2nd year level in the College of Nursing, Wesleyan University-Philippines, School Year 2010-2011, for their willingness, honesty, sincerity, integrity and full cooperation through expressing their ideas and opinions in filling up the research instrument used in the study. And finally to our loving parents, brothers, sisters and friends; for their inspiring thoughtfulness and understanding in giving us all the time and opportunity to attend to the demands of a nursing students life, depriving them of our constant companionship, affection and care, who gave us encouragement and unfailing moral and financial support which serve as an inspiration in successfully accomplishing in this study.

The Researchers -2

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SLEEPING PATTERNS OF THE STUDENT NURSES OF WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

Researchers: Khristelle Ann Marquez Alona Domingo Ann Michelle Laid Cyd Charisse Mendoza Mary Grace Quipia

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Research Abstract 2011

The study attempted to analyze the causes and effect of lack of sleep as perceived by level III student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

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1. How may the profile of respondents be described in terms of: 1.1 1.2 1.3 Age; Civil status and Gender

2. How may the factors that affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines be described in terms of: 2.1 Academic concepts and 2.2 Related Learning Experience 3. What are the perceived effects of the respondents to: 3.1 Lack of sleep and 3.2 Changing pattern of sleep

FINDINGS The following are the summary of findings of this study based on the sequence of the specific problems: 1. Profile of the Respondents For the age profile, 56% of the respondents are 19 years old and only 30% of the respondents are 18 years old followed by aged 20 with 10% the least was 2% which is aged 17 and 21 years old. -4-

For the gender profile, 62% of the respondents are female and only 38% are male. For the civil status profile, 96% of the respondents are single and only 7% are married.

2. Respondents agree that the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the academic concepts All of the items have a verbal interpretation of agree. Item 1 Writing of Nursing Care Plan ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 3.95 and in ranked 5th was item Browsing the internet for possible reference with weighted mean of 3.59.

3. Respondents agree that the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the related learning experience Item 1 Waking up too early for the transportation in ranked 1 st with a weighted mean of 3.92, item 4 and item 5 are tied The narrative report consume more time and The preparation of the duty apparatus with weighted mean of both 3.34 was ranked 3.5th. 3.1 Perceived effects of lack of sleep to the respondents Item 1 Restless ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 4.08 and while in ranked 5th was item No appetite with weighted mean of 3.59.

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3.2 Perceived effects of changing pattern of sleep to the respondents

Item 1 un able to sleep on time ranked 1 st with a weighted mean of 4.11 and item 3 Each of sleep ranked 3th with a weighted mean of 3.78.

CONCLUSIONS In the light of the above summary of findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Majority of the respondents belong to 19 years old; Majority of the

respondents, were females; Majority of the respondents were single; 2. Majority of respondents agreed that the student nurses were aware of the complications of cahnges in the sleeping patterns; 3. That the student were cunducting self actualization before going to related learning exposures.

RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings the following recommendations are suggested: 1. That adequate lecture on rest and sleep should be implemented in order

for the student nurses to regain its mind settings towards the clinical area; 2. That further studies along this line and those of similar nature be

conducted, using more variable bigger sample frame and in depth consideration to arrive at a more comprehensive and meaningful conclusion. -6

CHAPTER 1 Problem and its Settings Introduction Sleep is a very important part of our day. It is a physical and mental resting state in which a person becomes relatively inactive and unaware of the environment. In essence, sleep is a partial detachment from the world, where most external stimuli are blocked from the senses. According to Wikepidia

(2008), normal sleep is characterized by a general decrease in body temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, and most other bodily functions. In contrast, the human brain never decreases inactivity. Studies have shown that the brain is as active during sleep as it is when awake. Throughout an eight-hour sleep cycle, a normal adult alternates between two very different states, non-REM and REM or Rapid Eye Movement sleep. Stage 1 Sleep is a transition period from wakefulness to sleep. It is characterized by low voltage EEG and slow rolling eye movements. Stage 2 Sleep is characterized by a lack of eye movements, sleep spindles and K-complexes. The third stage of sleep is characterized by 20 to 40% of slow wave sleep. Stage 4 Sleep is characterized by delta waves. The underlying problem with shift work is that our bodies are designed to sleep at night. Shift workers sleeping at the wrong time often have less hours of sleep at a lower quality. This can lead to serious health problems, accidents on the job, and traffic accidents. Sleepy drivers take higher risks and have slower reaction time. If you work the night shift, be aware of these judgment errors that often occur. There is an overestimated performance, slower reaction time, decreased peripheral vision, poor -7-

multitasking, decreased vigilance, and decline in motor dexterity. When sleep deprived, people think and move more slowly, make more mistakes, and have difficulty remembering things. These negative effects lead to lower job productivity and can cause accidents According to Rosekind (2009), Loss of sleep causes decision making abilities are reduced up to 50%,micro-sleeps increase, communication ability decreases 30%, memory decreases 20%, mood is effected almost completely (100%), vigilance reduced by 75%, attention lapses up 50%, lengthy apathy as much as 50% increase In addition, due to our circadian rhythm, we all feel a little drowsy between 3-5 pm and 3-5 am. Conversely, the people are at our most alerts from 9-11 am and 9-11 pm. Adolescents have a slippage in their circadian rhythm which causes them to be about 1 hour off from adults. So, their alert times fall later and their drowsy times are 1 hour later. This is why they like to sleep late and stay up late.

Theoretical Framework The study entitled Cause and effect of lack of sleep as perceived by level II Wesleyan University Philippines Nursing Students was focused on the different profile such as age , gender and civil status, it also aimed to determine the length of sleep and sleeping time as well as the perceived effects. As we all know, sleep is a very important cycle in our day. But how about the persons who work at night? It means they didnt have normal sleeping patterns unlike normal persons who normally work at day. -8-

Good environment. Even you work at night, if you have a good environment it can also decrease stress factors. You can forget any hard works in a good place. Nutrition. Healthy eating is always important, but especially if you work at night. Make sure that their carbohydrates come from nutritious foods that can give them more energy. In this process, questionnaires were distributed. Unstructured interviews and observation were conducted to gather pertinent information from the respondents. These also included the analysis and evaluation of the gathered data and information from the respondents using statistical treatment such as frequency count, percentages and weighted means.

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Gender

Data gathering instruments

Input

Research Paradigm

Questionnaire Unstructured interview Observation Analysis and evaluation using statistical treatment Frequency count Percentages Weighted means
Process

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Improve nursing care

Output

Statement of the Problem The study attempted to analyze the factors that affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. How may the profile of respondents be described in terms of: 1.1 1.2 1.3 Age; Civil status; Gender?

2. How may the factors that affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines be described in terms of: 2.1 Academic concepts; and 2.2 Related Learning Experience? 3. What are the perceived effects of the respondents to: 3.1 Lack of sleep; and 3.2 Changing pattern of sleep? 4. What are the implications of the study to the nursing practice?

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Significance of the Study Sleep is very important to all of use. It gave us the energy we needed in the next day. It serves as the rest of our body from stressful activities. This study shows the factors that affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses. For the Researcher, the study would be an accomplishment for them by identifying the disorders that may occur to night workers. For the Nursing Students, this will serve as an instrument for them to understand their Stress and Psychiatric concept during their class in the school.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study The study concentrated on factors that affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses. The aspect about the age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment were looked into for the enhancement of the study. Furthermore, some other aspects that can be found in the study provided additional information on the topic for the purpose of providing further clarity to the study. The data was presented in this study covered those gathered during September 8, 2011 to October 17, 2011. Data was gathered by distributing questionnaires. Subjects of the study were 100 nursing students were considered as samples.

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Definition of terms Some terms used in the study were defined operationally or otherwise, to provide a clear and better understanding on the study being undertaken. Below are the following term used: Electroencephalography (EEG), in the broadest sense of the term, refers to the measurement of the electrical activity produced by the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity in the time-domain as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eyes. Sleep spindles (sometimes referred to as sigma bands) may represent periods where the brain is inhibiting processing to keep the sleeper in a tranquil state. K-complex is an EEG waveform that occurs during stage 2 sleep. It consists of a brief high-voltage peak, usually greater than 100 V, and lasts for longer than 0.5 seconds. K-complexes are often followed by bursts of sleep spindles. K-complexes occur randomly throughout stage 2 sleep, but may also occur in response to auditory stimuli. Microsleep is an episode of sleep which may last for a fraction of a second or up to thirty seconds. It often occurs as a result of sleep deprivation, or mental fatigue, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or hypersomnia. Microsleeps can occur at any time, typically without significant warning. In the middle of even lively conversations, the onset of a microsleep episode can cause sufferers to suddenly lose the thread of a conversation. - 13 -

A circadian rhythm is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioural processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. The term "circadian", coined by Franz Halberg, comes from the Latin circa, "around", and diem or dies, "day", meaning literally "approximately one day."

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES Foreign Literatures According to Roberts (2005), In the 1950s American physiologists Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman reported that periods of eye movement and twitching occur during sleep. They named these periods rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Aserinsky and Kleitman found that when subjects were awakened during REM sleep, they reported vivid dreams. Scientists believe that REM sleep is closely related to wakefulness because brain wave activity during REM sleep is marked by short, rapid wave patterns similar to brain wave activity of the waking state. According to the Fatima News Team (Thursday, August 16,2007)

Sleep characterized by little or no eye movement is called non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. During NREM sleep, breathing and heart rates slow down, and body temperature and blood pressure often decrease. When awakened from periods of NREM sleep, subjects are much less likely to report vivid, action-packed dreams. Brain wave activity during NREM sleep is dominated by large, slow waves that contrast markedly to the short, rapid wave patterns characteristic of REM sleep and the waking state. According to Manila Times (Sunday, March 25, 2008) Sleep research shows that certain regions of the brain play critical roles in sleep. The brainstem, the portion of the brain just above the spinal cord, is critical in REM sleep control, while the forebrain is particularly important in NREM sleep control. - 15 -

Local Literatures A study conducted by Salvador (2006) concluded that REM sleep is generated by a region in the brainstem, called the pons, and adjacent portions of the midbrain. Researchers have found that chemical stimulation of the pons will induce very long periods of REM sleep, while damage or injury to this brain region can greatly reduce or even prevent REM sleep. Animal studies have found that some neurons within the pons and midbrain are active only in REM sleep while other neurons in this region are entirely inactive only during REM sleep. Together, these neurons control muscle tone and other aspects of REM sleep. In REM sleep, most muscles in the body are turned off. This lack of muscle tone, called atonia, is particularly complete in the muscles of the back, neck, arms, and legs. According to FEU (2007), The combined effect of the sleep-active and sleepinactive neurons explains why sleepers do not physically act out the vivid dreams they have during REM sleep and instead only twitch or make small movements. Humans with malfunctioning REM sleep-active and REM sleep-inactive systems thrash around in their sleep, often punching their bedmates or hurting themselves as they act out their dreams.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODS, PROCEDURES, AND SOURCES OF DATA This chapter includes the methods and procedures used in data gathering, the subjects of the study, sampling technique, and instruments used administration and procedure, scoring and statistical treatment of data.

Method Used The researcher used descriptive method; this study was concerned with the description, analysis and interpretation of the effect of sleeping pattern of people who work during nighttime. This method aimed to present an analysis on the present situation of the topic.

Instruments Used The questionnaire and interview method was used in data gathering. The questionnaire was self-structured and utilizes close-ended types of questions. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first part contained questions about the respondents demographic data such as the age, sex and civil status. The second part assessed the perceived effects of sleeping pattern. In the formulation of the questionnaire, the researcher had reviewed several literatures, both foreign and local, that were related to the study. a. The researchers made the questionnaire were based on the statement of the problem; b. The researchers read literatures to come up with the effects of working at nighttime and their subtypes; c. A made questionnaire was subjected for correction and evaluation of the research adviser; - 17 -

d. A questionnaire was then reproduced and were subjected to a pre-test was conducted in the student nurses. A pre-test was conducted to know the areas that needed improvement; e. The questionnaire was again subjected for correction, based on the problems encountered during the pre-test; f. Revisions were made to the questionnaire, to eliminate the chances of encountering same problems during the pre-test. g. The questionnaire was evaluated by the research consultant. h. An approved questionnaire was reproduced and distributed to the respondents.

Statistical Treatment of Data For the statement of the problem number 1; It was computed to get the proportion of a part to a whole, example a given number of samples in relation to the entire population.

% = F/N x 100

Where: % - means percentage F means frequency of occurrence of each response N means the total number of respondents and the quotient multiplied by 100

For the statement of the problem number 2; the weighted means were used in the qualifications of data which used the five point scales. - 18 -

The formula used in extracting the weighted means (WM) was taken from Calderon (1993) as follows:

WM= TWF N

Where: TWF F N WM VI R = Total weighted frequency = Number of response for every item = Total number of respondents = Weighted mean = Verbal Interpretation = Ranking

The tables of equivalent used in extracting the weighted mean (WM) are as follows: Verbal Interpretation Rank Values Strongly Agree Agree Moderately Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree 5 4 3 2 1 - 19 Degree of Response 4.50 Above 3.50 4.49 2.50 3.49 1.50 2.49 1.49 Below

Statistical methods helped the researchers in making the researcher design or plan; furthermore, it helped the researchers in determining the validity and reliability of their research instruments. Statistical manipulation organized raw data, and statistical procedures were indispensable in determining the levels of significance of vital statistical measures.

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CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presented, analyzed and interpreted the data obtained from the questionnaires. The data were carefully tabulated, analyzed and properly interpreted.

Profile of the Respondents Table 1 Profile of the Respondents Age 17 18 19 20 21 Total Gender Male Female Total Civil status Single Married Total 96 4 100 96% 4% 100% 38 62 100 38% 62% 100% Frequency 2 30 56 10 2 100 % 2% 30% 56% 10% 2% 100%

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Table 1 was all about the demographic profile of the respondents.

For the age profile, 56% of the respondents are 19 years old and only 30% of the respondents are 18 years old followed by aged 20 with 10% the least was 2% which is aged 17 and 21 years old.

For the gender profile, 62% of the respondents are female and only 38% are male.

For the civil status profile, 96% of the respondents are single and only 4% are married.

It could be inferred that majority of the level III nursing student were 19 years old; female and singles; thus this mean that many of the female respondents were very apprehensive in answering the reasearch instruments.

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Respondents agree that the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the related learning experience Table 2 Sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the academic concepts ITEMS 1. Writing of Nursing Care Plan 2. The written report consume more time in research 3. The preparation of the PowerPoint presentation 4. Creating a nurse patient interaction 5. Arranging the plan of activities 6. Browsing the internet for possible reference OVERALL WM WM 3.95 3.91 VI Agree Agree RANK 1 2

3.87

Agree

3.60 3.60 3.59

Agree Agree Agree

4 5 6

3.75

Agree

Table 2 was all about the academic concepts affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines.

All of the items have a verbal interpretation of agree. Item 1 Writing of Nursing Care Plan ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 3.95 and items 2 refers to The written report consume more time in research in ranked 2nd with a weighted mean of 3.91, while item 3 The preparation of the PowerPoint presentation ranked 3 th with a weighted - 23 -

mean of 3.87 in addition, item 4 and item 5 are tied Creating a nurse patient interaction and Arranging the plan of activities with weighted mean of both 3.60 was ranked 4.5th , while in ranked 5th was item Browsing the internet for possible reference with weighted mean of 3.59.

Table 3 Sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the related learning experience ITEMS 1. Waking up too early for the transportation 2. Bed side preparation 3. The narrative report consume more time 4. The preparation of the duty apparatus OVERALL WM WM 3.92 3.36 3.34 3.34 3.60 VI Agree Agree Moderately Agree Moderately Agree Agree RANK 1 2 3.5 3.5

Table 3 was all about the related learning experience affect the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines. Majority of the items have a verbal interpretation of agree. Item 1 Waking up too early for the transportation in ranked 2nd with a weighted mean of 3.92, while item 2 Bed side preparation ranked 2 nd with a weighted mean of 3.36 in addition, item 3 and item 4 are tied The narrative report consume more time and The preparation of the duty apparatus with weighted mean of both 3.34 was ranked 3.5th.

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Perceived effects of lack of sleep to the respondents

Table 4 Perceived effects of lack of sleep to the respondents ITEMS 1. Restless 2. Mood swing 3. Irritable 4. Anxious 5. No appetite OVERALL WM WM 4.08 4.03 3.86 3.67 3.58 3.84 VI Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree RANK 1 2 3 4 5

Table 4 was all about the perceived effects of lack of sleep to the respondents

All of the items have a verbal interpretation of agree. Item 1 Restless ranked 1 st with a weighted mean of 4.08 and items 2 refers to Mood swing in ranked 2 nd with a weighted mean of 4.03, while item 3 Irritable ranked 3 th with a weighted mean of 3.86 in addition, item 4 and Anxious and with weighted mean of both 3.67 was ranked 4th , while in ranked 5th was item No appetite with weighted mean of 3.59.

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Table 5 Perceived effects of changing pattern of sleep to the respondents ITEMS 1. un able to sleep on time 2. headache upon rising 3. Each of sleep OVERALL WM WM 4.11 3.95 3.78 3.94 VI Agree Agree Agree Agree RANK 1 2 3

Table 5 was all about the perceived effects of lack of sleep to the respondents

All of the items have a verbal interpretation of agree. Item 1 un able to sleep on time ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 4.11and items 2 refers to headache upon rising in ranked 2nd with a weighted mean of 3.95, while item 3 Each of sleep ranked 3 th with a weighted mean of 3.78

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CHAPTER 5 Summary of the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations Findings Respondents agree that the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the academic concepts All of the items have a verbal interpretation of agree. Writing of Nursing Care Plan ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 3.95 and in ranked 5th was item Browsing the internet for possible reference with weighted mean of 3.59.

Respondents agree that the sleeping patterns of the student nurses of Wesleyan University Philippines affect the related learning experience Waking up too early for the transportation in ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 3.92, item 4 and item 5 are tied The narrative report consume more time and The preparation of the duty apparatus with weighted mean of both 3.34 was ranked 3.5th. 1. Perceived effects of lack of sleep to the respondents Restless ranked 1st with a weighted mean of 4.08 and while in ranked 5th was No appetite with weighted mean of 3.59. 2. Perceived effects of changing pattern of sleep to the respondents Item 1 un able to sleep on time ranked 1 st with a weighted mean of 4.11 and item 3 Each of sleep ranked 3th with a weighted mean of 3.78.

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CONCLUSIONS In the light of the above summary of findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

Majority of the respondents belong to 19 years old; Majority of the respondents, were females; Majority of the respondents were single;

Majority of respondents agreed that the student nurses were aware of the complications of cahnges in the sleeping patterns;

That the student were cunducting self actualization before going to related learning exposures.

RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings the following recommendations are suggested:

That adequate lecture on rest and sleep should be implemented in order for the student nurses to regain its mind settings towards the clinical area;

That further studies along this line and those of similar nature be conducted, using more variable bigger sample frame and in depth consideration to arrive at a more comprehensive and meaningful conclusion. - 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY

National Institute of Health (NIH). (1990). The treatment of sleep disorders of older people. NIH Consensus Statement, March 26-28, 8(3), 1-22. Bethesda, MD: Author Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. 2nd Ed. Sleep Pattern Disturbances.(pp. 431-432). Frisch, NC: Author

Others: Calisher, H. (1982). The scream on Fifty-seventh Street. In J.C. Oates (Ed.), Night Walks; a bedside companion (p.40). Princeton: Ontario Review Press. Antrobus, J.S. (Ed.). (1992). The Neurophysiology of Sleep and Dreaming. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaun. Monk, T.H. (Ed.). (1991). Sleep, Sleeping and Performance. Chichester, England; Willy Jackson, W.J. (1999). Brain Function: Sleep. In T. Nosch (Ed.). Essentials of Human Physiolog. Atlanta: Gold Standard Multimedia Inc. and Medical College of Georgia.

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Appendix Curriculum Vitae Name Nickname Age Sex Address Civil Status Nationality Birth Date Birth Place Religion Philosophy in Life : : : : : : : : : : : LAID, Ann Michelle C. Ann 17 years old Female Kapitan Pepe, Cabanatuan City Single Filipino 10 December 1993 Bongabon, Nueva Ecija Roman Catholic Two is better than one.

Educational Background Elementary Secondary Tertiary : : : Wesleyan University-Philippines MV Gallego Foundation Colleges Wesleyan University-Philippines - 30 -

Curriculum Vitae

Name Nickname Age Sex Address Civil Status Nationality Birth Date Birth Place Religion Philosophy in Life

: : : : : : : : : : :

MARQUEZ, Khristelle Ann C. Khristelle 17 years old Female Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija Single Filipino 23 May 1994 Mallorca, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija Christian Catholic Be yourself always.

Educational Background Elementary Secondary Tertiary : : : Castellano Elementary School Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School Wesleyan University-Philippines - 31 -

Curriculum Vitae

Name Nickname Age Sex Address Civil Status Nationality Birth Date Birth Place Religion Philosophy in Life

: : : : : : : : : : :

MENDOZA, Cyd Charisse S. Cyd 18 years old Female Carranglan, Nueva Ecija Single Filipino 18 September 1993 San Jose City, Nueva Ecija Methodist Without education is like a ball without direction.

Educational Background Elementary Secondary Tertiary : : : Carranglan Central School Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Wesleyan University-Philippines - 32 -

Curriculum Vitae

Name Nickname Age Sex Address Civil Status Nationality Birth Date Birth Place Religion Philosophy in Life

: : : : : : : : : : :

QUIPIA, Mary Grace A. Gagay 18 years old Female Guimba, Nueva Ecija Single Filipino 14 August 1993 Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija Roman Catholic In God, we trust.

Educational Background Elementary Secondary Tertiary : : : Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Academy Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College Wesleyan University-Philippines - 33 -

Curriculum Vitae Name Nickname Age Sex Address Civil Status Nationality Birth Date Birth Place Religion Philosophy in Life : : : : : : : : : : : DOMINGO, Alona B. Alonababy 17 years old Female Magsaysay Sur, Cabanatuan City Single Filipino 16 August 1994 San Jose, Floridablanca, Pampanga Born Again Christian Life is very fragile, handle it with Prayer.

Educational Background Elementary Secondary : : Marifer School of Divine Mercy St. Marys Academy of Guagua, Pampanga Wesleyan University-Philippines Tertiary : Wesleyan University-Philippines - 34 -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement..2 Research Abstract..3 ____________________________________________________________ Chapter 1..7 Chapter 2....15 Chapter 3.17 Chapter 4.21 Chapter 5.27 ____________________________________________________________ Bibliography29 Curriculum Vitae30