DOE/ID/12009-T1-1

THERMAL RESERVOIR SITE EVALUATION

rogress Report, January 16-November 1,1979

W. Richard Hahman, Sr.

November 1979 Date Published

'

Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology Geological Survey Branch universitv of A rizona Tucson, Arizona

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Geothermal Energy

DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF THE NORTHERN HASSAYAMPA PLAIN, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA

C l a u d i a Stone

INTRODUCTION

Ld

A p r e l i m i n a r y a s s e s s m e n t of t h e geothermal p o t e n t i a l of

t h e western h a l f of t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n h a s been

made,

A s i n g l e shallow w e l l w i t h a measured t e m p e r a t u r e of

5 l o C i n i t i a l l y called a t t e n t i o n t o t h e area.
F i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were carried o u t between J a n u a r y

and J u l y , 1979.

The f i e l d program c o n s i s t e d of (1) tempera-

t u r e l o g g i n g of a v a i l a b l e water w e l l s and m i n e r a l t e s t holes,

( 2 ) c o l l e c t i n g s o i l samples f o r mercury a n a l y s i s , (3) t a k i n g

water samples f o r major c a t i o n and a n i o n a n a l y s e s , and (4)

c o n d u c t i n g reconnaissance geologic mapping a l o n g t h e n o r t h -

east s i d e of t h e B e l m o n t Mountains.

P a r t s of t h i s report are

t a k e n from p u b l i s h e d maps and r e p o r t s and from u n p u b l i s h e d

f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s conducted i n 1972-73 b y Fugro, I n c . ,

Long Beach, C a l i f o r n i a , and used here w i t h t h e i r p e r m i s s i o n .

GENERAL SETTING
The n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n is bounded by th.e Hiero-

g l y p h i c Mountains o n t h e n o r t h e a s t , t h e V u l t u r e Mountains o n
t h e n o r t h , and t h e Belmont and White Tank Mountains on t h e

s o u t h w e s t and s o u t h e a s t s i d e s ( F i g . 1). The Hassayampa R i v e r , a n i n t e r m i t t e n t stream, flows s o u t h t h r o u g h t h e center

of t h e r e g i o n and d e f i n e s t h e a p p r o x i m a t e e a s t e r n boundary of
t h e p r e s e n t area of i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

O t h e r b o u n d a r i e s of t h e

s t u d y area are t h e Belmont and V u l t u r e Mountains.

N
1 1/20 4

I8MLS

258M1LS

SCALE 1:62,500 I

1/2 -

2
0

3 Miles

FIGURE I: LOCATION DIAGRAM

D a i l y a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s a t Wickenburg, s l i g h t l y n o r t h e a s t of t h e V u l t u r e Mountains, v a r y between 8.2OC (46.7OF) and 30.4OC (86.7'F)

of a b o u t 18.4OC (65.1F).

w i t h a mean a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e P r e c i p i t a t i o n ranges from 0.15

t o 2.24 i n c h e s p e r month; t h e annual normal p r e c i p i t a t i o n

a t Wickenburg is 10.76 i n c h e s (NOAA, 1 9 7 3 ) .

HYDROLOGIC SETTING

S u r f a c e Water Throughout t h e e n t i r e Hassayampa d r a i n a g e area (1074

km ) t h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l r u n o f f is less t h a n 0.1 i n c h .

Sur-

f a c e r u n o f f i n t h e s t u d y area is c h a n n e l l e d i n t o t w o major i n t e r m i t t e n t streams, S t a r Wash and J a c k r a b b i t Wash, which t r e n d s o u t h and s o u t h e a s t w a r d , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S t a r Wash

enters J a c k r a b b i t Wash east o f t h e B e l m o n t Mountains.

S e v e r a l m i l e s f u r t h e r s o u t h J a c k r a b b i t Wash enters t h e Hassayampa R i v e r . Ground Water

Contours of water-level a l t i t u d e s above mean sea l e v e l

( F i g . 2 ) were drawn o n t h e b a s i s o f a v a i l a b l e water w e l l
h

d a t a , b e d r o c k o u t c r o p s , and a n u n p u b l i s h e d g r a v i t y s u r v e y o f l i m i t e d extent ( 1 0 7 km 2 ) i n t h e I n d i a n B u t t e s area (Fugro, 1979). The p a u c i t y o f d a t a r e n d e r s any i n t e r p r e t a -

t i o n conjectural and s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n as a d d i t i o n a l d a t a
are a c q u i r e d . With t h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n a t t e m p t is made

t o e x p l a i n t h e h y d r o l o g i c s e t t i n g of t h e region.

The a l t i t u d e of ground water above mean sea l e v e l de-

creases t o t h e s o u t h e a s t , reaches a l o w n o r t h e a s t of t h e
Belmont Mountains ( F i g . 2) and t h e n g e n t l y rises again, c r e a t i n g a saddle-like configuration. T h i s u n d u l a t i o n is

l i k e l y c a u s e d by either s h a l l o w i n g of bedrock between t h e

Belmont Mountains t o t h e w e s t and t h e White Tank Mountains

t o t h e east, o r mounding of ground water between t h e two

ranges.

In either case, i t appears t h a t t h e c o n s t r i c t i o n

between t h e Belmont and White Tank Mountains creates a n a t u r a l ground-water d i v i d e between t h e n o r t h e r n and s o u t h e r n Hassayampa areas. The shallow w a t e r - l e v e l gradients i n

t h e center of t h e s t u d y area, opposed t o steeper g r a d i e n t s

closer t o t h e r a n g e f r o n t s , i n d i c a t e a h i g h l y permeable
a q u i f e r b e n e a t h t h e central p o r t i o n of t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n .
Depth t o water below t h e l a n d s u r f a c e r a n g e s from a b o u t

13 m i n t h e Belmont Mountains t o a reported d e p t h of greater

t h a n 200 m s o u t h of t h e V u l t u r e Mountains.

Shallow water

l e v e l s a l o n g t h e n o r t h e a s t s i d e of t h e Belmont Mountains i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e water there is b e i n g h e l d up by a pediment.

Near t h e center of t h e p l a i n , depth t o water is a b o u t 145 m

and i t decreases t o t h e s o u t h e a s t . Recharge t o t h e a q u i f e r is from t h e c o n t i g u o u s mountain

ranges, w i t h t h e rate of recharge b e i n g . s m a l 1 owing t o l o w

precipitation.
The i n t e r m i t t e n t n a t u r e of t h e Hassayampa

R i v e r makes i t u n l i k e l y t h a t much recharge t o t h e ground

b,

F i g u r e 2.

PROPOSED BEDROCK A M ) HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS

EXPLANATION
e----435 1645

Upper number is depth t o water below l a n d s u r f a c e ( f e e t ) ; lower number is a p p r o x i m a t e a l t i t u d e of water l e v e l above mean sea l e v e l ( f e e t ) .

---/300---

Contour of a p p r o x i m a t e water l e v e l above mean sea l e v e l ( f e e t ) . Dotted where d a t a are i n s u f f i c i e n t . Contour i n t e r v a l is 100 feet.

General d i r e c t i o n of ground water f l o w .

Bedrock o u t c r o p .
/

Inferred faults.

/-

Area of s h a l l o w bedrock.

Figure 2.

Proposed Bedrock and Hydrologic conditions, Northern Hassayampa Plain, Arizona.

:cJ

water system is derived from t h i s source.

Published ground

water data from t h e study area are p r e s e n t l y inadequate to

q u a n t i t a t i v e l y e v a l u a t e water balance elements such a s recharge and withdrawal rates and recent water l e v e l changes.

GEOLOGY
The Hassayampa P l a i n l i e s wi:hin
t h e B a s i n a n d Range

physiographic p r o v i n c e of w e s t - c e n t r a l A r i z o n a .

The n o r t h -

e r n Hassayampa P l a i n is separated from t h e s o u t h e r n p l a i n

by a n e i g h t - m i l e wide c o n s t r i c t i o n c a u s e d by t h e p r o x i m i t y

of t h e B e l m o n t t o t h e White Tank Mountains.

V u l t u r e Mountains.

P u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s on t h e V u l t u r e

Mountains a r e g e n e r a l l y l i m i t e d t o e a r l y a c c o u n t s of m i n i n g a c t i v i t y a t t h e V u l t u r e gold mine o n t h e s o u t h s i d e of t h e mountain. On t h e Geologic Map of A r i z o n a , Wilson, Moore

and Cooper (1969) show t h e V u l t u r e Mountains as b e i n g cornposed of Precambrian g r a n i t e , g n e i s s , a n d s c h i s t , a n d C r e -

t a c e o u s a n d e s i t i c and r h y o l i t i c rocks.

These rocks are i n -

t r u d e d by sills, p l u g s , and n o r t h - t r e n d i n g d i k e s of lateC r e t a c e o u s t o T e r t i a r y age. Tertiary-Quaternary basalt

R e h r i g and

flows cap much of t h e w e s t end of t h e complex.

H e i d r i c k (1976) i d e n t i f i e d d i s t i n c t i v e t e c t o n i c a l l y - o r i e n t e d

s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e V u l t u r e Mountains w h i c h t h e y i d e n t i f i e d as
Laramide a n d l a t e - T e r t i a r y

i n age.

A c o m p r e h e n s i v e report

by R e h r i g , S h a f i q u l l a h , a n d Damon o n t h e g e o c h r o n o l o g y a n d

geology of t h e V u l t u r e Mountains is i n press.

Belmont Mountains.

P u b l i s h e d r e f e r e n c e s to t h e Belmont

Mountains a n d t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n a r e n o t found i n

the literature.

R e s u l t s of u n p u b l i s h e d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e geo-

l o g i c mapping a l o n g t h e s o u t h s i d e of t h e Belmont Mountains

and w i t h i n t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n were made a v a i l a b l e

LJ

for this study

Fugro, Inc., Long Bench, California.

A d d i t i o n a l geo

c i n f o r m a t i o n is based on f i e l d i n v e s t i -

g a t i o n s and a i r p h o t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . The Belmont Mountains is a small norkhw.est-trending r a n g e t h a t separates t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n from t h e southern plain.
T h e s o u t h e a s t end of t h e range terminates

t i t h a p i l e of C r e t a c e q u s ( ? ) a n d e s i t e w i t h maximum e l e v a t i o n

of 675.3 m.
.granite r i d g e

The main s e c t i o n of t h e range comprises a b a r r e n

about 7.2 km l o n g , w i t h a maximum e l e v a t i o n of

956.4 m.

The age of t h i s g r a n i t e is shown a s Precambrian on, To t h e

t h e s t a t e geologic map ( W i l s o n and o t h e r s , 1.969).

x d r t h w e s t of t h e granise r i d g e are low h i l l s of P r e c a m b r i a n

s o h i s $ and r e m n a n t s of Cretaceous a n d e s i t e (Wilson and o t h e r s ,

1969).

I n t h e s t u d y area there are no g r a n i t i c o u t c r o p s

However, n o r t h e a s t of t h e
.

n o r t h e a s t OF t h e g r a n i t e ridge.

s c h i s t .and zindesite h i l l s , numerous g r a n i t i c h i l l s p r o t r u d e

t h r o u g h t h e d e k r i t a l s e d i m e n t as. f a r n o r t h as J a c k r a b b i t Wash, con'firming t h e existence of a p'ediment there.

A geo-

logid crqss section (Fig. 3) shows d e t a i l s across t h e area.

Of t h e i s o l a t e d o u t c r o p s exami'ned,

one h i l l is composed

of .granite h t r u d e d i n t o s c h i s t .

T h i s g r a n i t e is q u i t e d i s - .

t i n c f ; from o t h e r g r a n i t i c r o c b examined.
schi$t-intruding g r a n i t , e s Contain. ubiquitous.
gr

Specifically, t h e
.

i t e is l a c k i b g b i o t i t e wh'ich t h e other

U e h e d f a l m a g n e t i t e i n t h i s rock is

P h e n o c r y s t s of s u b h e d r a l t o e u h e d r a l q u a r t z , The
. .

a l k a l i feldspar., and plqgioc.lase are abundant

Elevation in feet above mean sea level

2400
CL

Nun water bearing busin fill

Water beuring busin fill EI Granitic bedrock i

1
S

2200.
0

2000 18001600. 14001200-

1000

9
Xgure 3 .

+miles

Horizontal Scale Io=I mile

SW-NE cross section (A-A') showing water-bearing and non-water bearing basin fill and inferred Jackrabbit Wash fault.

groundmass h a s been destroyed by potassic% l t e r a t i o n , and a

44

late-stage p r o p y l i t i c a l t e r a t i o n is i n d i c a t e d by small t o
large c l o t s of chlorite/epidote.

Q u a r t z p h e n o c r y s t s com-

p r i s e a b o u t 17 modal p e r c e n t of t h e s c h i s t - i n t r u d i n g

granite.

I n contrast, t h e o t h e r g r a n i t e samples are alloB i o t i t e comprises a b o u t 2.8 per c e n t

Epidote is

triomorphic g r a n u l a r .

and q u a r t z , 25 t o 35 p e r c e n t of t h e rock. p r e s e n t i n trace amounts o n l y .

t o sericite.

Feldspar is b e i n g altered

Two i n f e r e n c e s c a n b e made from these o b s e r v a t i o n s .

1) The g r a n i t i c r o c k s represent a t l e a s t t w o separate

episodes of i n t r u s i o n and ( 2 ) each had a d i s t i n c t thermal history.

With respect t o t h e episodes of i n t r u s i o n , it is

l i k e l y t h a t there were more t h a n t w o e v e n t s .

Zones of

h i g h l y f r a c t u r e d r o c k p r o b a b l y s u r r o u n d these p l u t o n s and

c o u l d p r o v i d e open f r a c t u r e networks f o r t h e storage or c i r c u l a t i o n of hydrothermal f l u i d s a t d e p t h . The d i s t i n c -

t i v e thermal h i s t o r i e s s u g g e s t t h a t a t least some of t h e f r a c t u r e c h a n n e l s are sealed by s e c o n d a r y m i n e r a l i z a t i o n due t o hydrothermal a l t e r a t i o n . However, t h e same hydro-

t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n c o u l d e q u a l l y w e l l h a v e created a n im-

permeable, shallow cap rock, s e a l i n g off a geothermal

r e s e r v o i r a t depth.
Northwest of t h e B e l m o n t Mountains, t h e rocks are

i d e n t i f i e d as C r e t a c e o u s a n d e s i t e by Wilson and others

(1969), b u t t h e r o c k - t y p e

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n is a t least

11

partly i n error.
0.f

F i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s reveal t h e o c c u r r e n c e

e x t e n s i v e , n o r t h w e s t - t r e n d i n g r i d g e s of b l a d k and g r a y

cj

o b s i d i a n and banded r h y o l i t e f l o w s , some of w h i c h exceed

75 m i n h e i g h t .

The o b s i d i a n f r e q u e n t l y e x c e e d s 15 m i n

t h i c k n e s s , is p h e n o c r y s t free, and is v e r y dense and c o h e r e n t .

I n places i t rests atop t h e r h y o l i t e flows and f o r m t h e

r i d g e top;

I n o t h e r areas t h e q b s i d i a n is interbedaed be-

neath r h y o l i t e . flows,
to t h e southwest.

The e n t i r e s e q u e n c e d i p s m o d e r a t e l y

Additional f i e l d work is n e c e s s a r y i n

. t h i s area t o d e t e r m i n e (1) t 4 e s o u r c e area oi t h e r h y o l i t i c

rocks, (2) s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,

and (3) w h e t h e r t h e

sequence represents a series of r h y o l i t i c l a v a f l o w s , the

more l i k e l y e x p l a n a t i o n , o r a composite ash f l o w e v e n t i n

w h i c h t h e o b s i d i a n l a y e r s represent the densely-welded

in-

teriors of i n d i v i d u a l ash f l o w c o o l i n g u n i t s .

( A saxiqjle o f .

t h e o b s i d i a n is p r e s e n t l y b e i n g age d a t e d , as a young age,

less t h a n a b o u t o n e rn.y.,

would pr0vid.e a s i g n f f i c a n t heat

s o u r c e f o r a geo..thermal r e s o u r c e . ) Structure.
Two discrete tectonic o r i e n t a t i o n s are

i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e V u l t u r e Mouneains by R e h r i g and H e i d r i c k (1976). elongate

An older s e t of s t r i k e maxima, measured along a n

Laramide p l u t o n and associated d i k e s i n the V u l t u r e

Mountains, is o r i e n t e d n o r t h e a s t t o east and carresponds

w i t h s t r i k e maxima, a l s o of Laramic@ age, d e t e r m i n e d by t h e

a u t h o r s for e i g h t - o u t - o f - n i n e
B a s i n and Range p r o v i n c e .

other regions i n t h e A r i z o n a
A younger s e t of s t r i k e

di
12

maxima are o r i e n t e d n o r t h - n o r t h w e s t ,

perpendicular to t h e The a u t h o r s

e a r l i e r t r e n d , and are l a t e T e r t i a r y i n age.

i n t e r p r e t t h e t w o t e c t o n i c o r i e n t a t i o n s - a s e v i d e n c e of

former stress f i e l d s s i g n i f y i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g :
" . . . t h e Laramide e x t e n s i o n a l p a t t e r n d e v e l o p e d u n d e r weak, l a t e r a l ENE-directed c o m p r e s s i o n combined w i t h d i f f e r e n t i a l u p l i f t a l o n g m u l t i p l e NNW t o NW-elongate arches, w h i l e l a t e T e r t i a r y B a s i n and Range s t r u c t u r e s formed u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of a non-compressive o r t e n s i o n a l stress f i e l d which r e s u l t e d i n r e g i o n a l WSW-ENE d i s t e n s i o n . P r e e x i s t e n t basement a n i s o t r o p h y is c o n s i d e r e d a p o s s i b l e i n f l u e n c e on b o t h Laramide and l a t e T e r t i a r y s t r u c t u r e .
T h e o p p o s i n g r e g i o n a l stress p a t t e r n s f o r t h e t w o t i m e p e r i o d s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e large-scale effects of p l a t e t e c t o n i c s . Weak, e a s t - n o r t h e a s t directed c o m p r e s s i o n w a s produced b y s u b d u c t i o n a l o n g t h e F a r a l l o n - A m e r i c a n p l a t e boundary d u r i n g t h e Laramide o r o g e n y (50-75 m.y.B.P.).

"The s u b s e q u e n t release of t h i s l a t e r a l compress i o n and a t t e n d a n t i n c e p t i o n of B a s i n and Range t e n s i o n a l stresses o c c u r r e d upon d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e suba n d motion s p r e a d d u c t i o n zone a b o u t 30 m.y.B.P,, n o r t h w e s t w a r d as t r a n s f o r m f a u l t i n g o c c u r r e d a l o n g 11 t h e w e s t edge of t h e American p l a t e

....

T h r e e d i s t i n c t s t r u c t u r a l t r e n d s have b e e n i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e s t u d y area. T h e s e t r e n d s c a n be s e e n on t h e i s o t h e r -

m a l maps (Figs. 4 and 5 ) , on the F l u o r i d e (Fig. 6 ) and Mer-

c u r y (Fig. 7)maps, a n d on t h e Aeromagnetic map ( F i g . 8 ) .

T o of t h e t r e n d s ("W and NE) c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e Laramide w

a n d l a t e - T e r t i a r y V u l t u r e Mountain stress f i e l d s of R e h r i g and H e i d r i c k (1976).
The t h i r d s t r u c t u r a l t r e n d ( N W ) , of

unknown age, is also e v i d e n t from t h e L a n d s a t l i n e a m e n t map ( L e p l e y , 1978)

( F i g . 9 ) a n d from a i r photo i n t e r p r e t a t i o r , .

T h i s n o r t h w e s t t r e n d is e s p e c i a l l y a p p a r e n t n o r t h of the

13

Figure 4 .

Projected Tempratures (OC) a t 500 m Depth.

14

a
Figure 5.
I

Projected depths i n km t o 100C isotherm.

15

..
: .. ...

. .

-._ .
/ , .

. I

.-.
,

'

I.

.. .

Figure 6. Fluoride Concentrations (Nilligrams Per Liter)..

Contour interval is one mgll.

16

Figure 8 .

Residual Aeromagnetic Map (From Sauck and Sumner, 1970). Contour interval is 25 Gammas.

18

Figure 9. Landsat Lineaments (From Lepley, 1978).

19

b
Belmont Mountains where J a c k r a b b i t Wash t r e n d s s o u t h e a s t ward a l o n g t h e trace of a prominent n o r t h w e s t - d i r e c t e d Lands a t lineament.

I n a d d i t i o n numerous n o r t h w e s t - t r e n d i n g
A single,

l i n e a m e n t s o c c u r i n t h e e a s t e r n V u l t u r e Mountains.

s h o r t e r l i n e a m e n t s t r i k e s n o r t h w e s t through t h e V u l t u r e Mine

area and probably is t b e t r a c e of t h e Talmage F a u l t (Hutch-

inson, 1921).

The c o r r e l a t i o n of p r e s e n t - d a y s t r u c t u r a l

t r e n d s w i t h Laramide a n d l a t e - T e r t i a r y t r e n d s i n d i c a t e s t h a t
these f e a t u r e s h a v e b e e n e x t a n t f o r many m i l l i o n s of y e a r s ; t h a t t h e channelways s t i l l may b e open a n d may p r o v i d e con-

d u i t s for f l u i d s moving t h r o u g h o r up f r o m t h e deep subsurface.

T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of these t e c t o n i c f e a t u r e s may

b e the source of local u p w e l l i n g s of w a r m water.

GEOPHYSICS:

Aeromagnetics.
Ar:zona

The R e s i d u a l Aeromagnetic Map of

(Satlck ar,6 Sumner, 1970) ( F i g . 8 ) shows t w o closed

m a g n e t i c lows i n t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n , o n e c e n t e r e d o n J a c k r a b b i t Wasn, t h e o t h e r s e v e r a l miles t o t h e s o u t h e a s t .

A s e c o n d , l e s s prominent f e a t u r e is a n o r t h e a s t - t r e n d i n g

t r o u g h of l o w magnetism, o n l y s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e t w o
I

c i o s e d rcagnetic lows, which crosses n o r t h o f t h e Belmont

Jioiifitains, crosses t h e more R o r t h e r l y n a g n e t i c low a n d t h e

Iiassayanpa P l a i n , a n d d i e s o u t west o f t h e Hassayampa R i v e r .

The c n g n e t i c t r o u g n n e a r l y c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d

n o r t h e a s t - t r e n d i n g f a u l t ( F i g . 2 ) , and o n e closed m a g n e t i c
low occiirs a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h i s f a u l t and t h e

20

iiorttiwcst-trrnding Jackrabbit

Wits11

nult .

T h e nmpl 1 t u d c

of t h e m a g n e t i c f e a t u r e s is l o w and t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e is

uncertain.

One e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e o b s e r v e d f e a t u r e s is

t h e u p w e l l i n g of h o t water a l o n g t h e f a u l t or a t t h e f a u l t i n t e r s e c t i o n , w i t h a t t e n d a n t h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n of m a g n e t i t e t o p y r i t e which would create a m a g n e t i c l o w . Gravity. G r a v i t y d a t a i n t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa

P l a i n a r e scarce s o t h a t any a t t e m p t a t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is difficult. From t h e data a v a i l a b l e , l i t t l e i n t h e way of

s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s is a p p a r e n t ( F i g . 1 0 ) .

Most l i k e l y

t h e Hassayampa P l a i n c o m p r i s e s a r e l a t i v e l y t h i n c o v e r of

mountain-derived s e d i m e n t s o v e r l y i n g a bedrock basement

t h e depth t o which v a r i e s l o c a l l y .

A bedrock h i g h , e v i -

d e n t from i s o l a t e d s c h i s t o u t c r o p s , e x t e n d s s o u t h from t h e V u l t u r e Mountains n e a r l y t o I n d i a n B u t t e s ( F i g . 2), b u t it

is n o t known w h e t h e r t h i s f e a t u r e is d u e t o local basement
relief o r t o f a u l t i n g . Thermal Gradients:

Thermal g r a d i e n t s were measured

i n e i g h t w e l l s , and D i r d w e l l t e m p e r a t u r e l o g s were p r o v i d e d
by Fugro,

I n c . f o r t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l test h o l e s i n t h e s t u d y
The d a t a a r e l i s t e d i n Table 1.

area ( F i g . 11).

Most of

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s are normal f o r t h e B a s i n and Range p r o v i n c e , i n d i c a t i v e of recharge t o t h e r e g i o n a l a q u i f e r . The t h r e e h i g h e s t g r a d i e n t s , w e l l s A , B, and C ( F i g . 11),

w h i c h are e x c e p t i o n s , are s p a c i a l l y closest t o t h e f a u l t

intersection.

Possible explanations f o r t h e high gradients

21

..

Figure 10.

Terrain Corrected Residual Bouguer Gravity Map (From Lysonski and Sumner, 1979, Unpublished Data). Contour interval is 5 Milligals.

22

. .

. -

. !,-

C.

Table 1 .

Measured Geothermal Gradients, Northern Hassayampa P l a i n , Arizona

Well No.
A

Township and Range Location ( G i l a - S a l t Meridian) 5N-6W-25 SE N W 4N-6W-4 NE NE 5N-6W-21 NW 5N-6W-10 SE S W 6N-5W-31 S Nw W 5N-5W-16
S E NW

Geothermal Gradient

C/km
140.1 94.8 87.5 23.2 15.6 18.3 41.4 19.0 51.8
9.0

B
C
D
E

F
G
I.

5N-5W-22 S NE W 5N-5W-21 5N-5W-29

SE SE S E NW

I
J

4N-5W-5 NW NE 4N-5W-18 S SE W

24.8

24'

LJ

i n c l u d e : (1) s h a l l o w c o n v e c t i v e c i r c u l a t i o n of w a r m water,
( 2 ) r e f r a c t i o n of heat across a range-bounding

f a u l t , and

(3) rise of w a r m water along a range-bounding f a u l t .

(1) High t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t s measured a t r e l a t i v e l y

s h a l l o w d e p t h s may r e s u l t from s h a l l o w c o n v e c t i v e c i r c u l a -

t i o n of w a r m water (Batzle and Simmons, 1977).

However,

s h a l l o w c o n v e c t i v e c i r c u l a t i o n seems a n u n l i k e l y e x p l a n a -

t i o n i n t h e s t u d y area b e c a u s e of t h e widespread o c c u r r e n c e of normal g r a d i e n t s . A d d i t i o n a l z o n e s of w a r m - w a t e r

discharge s h o u l d b e randomly located t h r o u g h o u t the area,

a n d these a r e n o t o b s e r v e d .

I n a d d i t i o n t h e ground-water

g r a d i e n t p o i n t s t o t h e s t e a d y f l o w of ground water t o t h e southeast, rather than to convective circulation.

(2)

I n a non-geothermal area, upwarping of isotherms

and a small heat flow anomaly may r e s u l t from r e f r a c t i o n of

h e a t , c a u s e d by t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y c o n t r a s t across a

range-bounding f a u l t (Blackwell and Chapman, 1977).

This

is a m o r e p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e observed g r a d i e n t s ,

b u t s t i l l is n o t e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .

G r a d i e n t s B and C

( F i g . 11) a r e located a l o n g t h e range-bounding f a u l t , b u t

s o is g r a d i e n t K w h i c h , according t o t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n ,
m i g h t r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d t o b e much h i g h e r .

(3)

The most p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e o b s e r v e d

g r a d i e n t s seems t o b e t h e rise of h o t water a l o n g t h e rangebounding f a u l t (Blackwell and Chapman, 1977; Chapman a n d

o t h e r , .1978; Hahman, i n press) and a t t h e f a u l t i n t e r s e c t i o n .

LJ
25

S u r f a c e water percolates down t h r o u g h f a u l t s , f r a c t u r e s , and p e r m e a b l e beds where i t is heated b y t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a t normally i n c r e a s e w i t h depth.

The water may o r may n o t be

s t o r e d i n a r e s e r v o i r f o r some p e r i o d of t i m e .

Difference

i n piezometric head between recharge and d i s c h a r g e z o n e s ,

a n d t h e r e d u c e d d e n s i t y of w a r m water e v e n t u a l l y force t h e
t h e r m a l waters toward t h e s u r f a c e t h r o u g h a f a u l t zone.

Hot s p r i n g s may o r may n o t o c c u r a l o n g t h e r a n g e f r o n t t o s i g n a l t h i s phenomenon.

Where h o t s p r i n g s are a b s e n t ,

leakage of t h e r m a l waters i n t o t h e a l l u v i u m can be s i g n i f i -

cant.

F a u l t i n t e r s e c t i o n s , l e a k i n g greater volumes of

h y d r o t h e r m a l water i n t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g r o c k and a l l u v i u m , c o u l d b e expected t o c a u s e e x t e n s i v e h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r ation.

As s t a t e d above, s u c h a l t e r n a t i o n of m a g n e t i t e t o

p y r i t e c o u l d e a s i l y a c c o u n t f o r t h e t w o closed m a g n e t i c

lows o b s e r v e d i n t h e s t u d y area, o n e of w h i c h o c c u r s o v e r
the fault intersection.

26

GEOCHEhl ISTRY

Water.

N i n e chemical a n a l y s e s of water samples i'rom

t h e s t u d y area, Group I , and e i g h t a n a l y s e s of samples from

Wickenburg, Group 11, are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2.

Cation

r a t i o s , chemical geothermometers and measured t e m p e r a t u r e s

are p r e s e n t e d i n Table 3.
F i g u r e 12.

Sample locations are shown i n

The data are u s e d t o p r o v i d e a chemical charac-

t e r i z a t i o n of t h e waters and t o estimate a q u i f e r temperat u r e s a t depth. F o r comparison of t h e Group I and Group I1 samples,
t h e major i o n s of 13 samples, f o r which complete a n a l y s e s

are a v a i l a b l e , are p l o t t e d o n a P i p e r diagram ( P i p e r , 1944)

(Fig. 13).

Two d i s t i n c t c h e m i c a l t r e n d s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

Hassayampa and Wickenburg samples, and three anomalous

a n a l y s e s , can be i d e n t i f i e d o n t h e diagram.

Most Group I

samples ( n o s . 2 , 3, 8 and 9 ) are characterized by sodium,

bicarbonate water, whereas a l l Group I1 samples ( n o s . 11,

1 2 , 13, 1 4 and 17) and sample 7 from Group I are characterized by sodium, c a l c i u m , b i c a r b o n a t e water.

Samples 5, 6

and 10 are each d i s t i n c t i n chemical c o m p o s i t i o n , and rep-

resent waters from separate s o u r c e s o r waters of mixed

origin. Anomalous c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of c e r t a i n e l e m e n t a l c o n s t i t u e n t s and anomalous e l e m e n t a l r a t i o s i n water and soil
samples c a n b e i n f e r r e d t o i n d i c a t e q u a l i t a t i v e l y a high-

t e m p e r a t u r e s y s t e m t h a t h a s no s u r f a c e e x p r e s s i o n of

27

TABLE 2.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF WATER F O SELECTED WELLS IN THE WICKENBURG RM AND NORTHERN HASSAYAMPA AREA, ARIZONA

(Chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s i n m i l l i g r a m s per l i t e r )

Sample NO

Location B-4-5 B-4-5 B-4-5

5ABB
l8DCC

P H

C a
I _

Mg
19.0 4.1 3.8 2.0 0.8

Si02
20

c1 -118 18 21 94 440 24 22

s04 64 22 35

HC03
7

F
1.8 1.9 2.3 2.6 4.0

- TDS 431 24 6 260 413 I101 390

1
2

7.2
7.1

37 69 35 220 9 25 55 77 220 2.1 2.3 9.5 1.4 1.9 12.0 1.6 2.6 2.8

146 190 143 185 60 249

3
4

18DCB

* 8.1

13
1 1
16

0.14 0.65

B-5-5
B-5-6
B-5-6 B-5-7

22BCC 25BCC
31ADD 1ODDB

16
28
12.7 34 29 43 23 37 31 43 29 30

38
105 7.8 6.2 10 19 400 53 9.3 74 59

5
h) or)

6.2

6
7

* 8.2
6.9 7 07 7.2 7 .O

121 .
56 14 24 25 130 59 32 76 70 49

13.1
5.4 6.2 10.0 110.0 16.0 14 .o 23.0 21.0 16.0 15.0 9.2

0.5
0.6 1.0

0.74 0.67 0.12 0.18 0.54 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.14

8.3*

18
12 27 280 28

138
220 250 300 280 200 320 300 273 241

250
272

8
9 10

3 - 5 7 22DBD

B-6-5
B-7-4 B-7-4 B-7-4 B-7-4 B-7-4 B-7-5 B-7-5 B-7-5

31BCC

3.2
1.9

309
1330 382
2 60

7CDC-3 7DCC

1 1
12

53
35 47 46

1.5
1.0

1 7 M
18ACA-1
POCAA
lCCB

7 07
7.1 6.8

3.8
2.7 2.7

23
32 28

13
14 15 16 17

0.8
0.8 0.8 0.4 2.1

442 406 304 282 247

lCDB

51
40

18

30.
43 14

15
2Q

2UBC

6.9

38

180

0.09

*Laboratory measurement

c
TABLE 3:

TI = Silica temperatures assuming quartz equilibrium and

conductive cooling.

Tz = Silica temperatures assuming equilibrium with e-cristobalite T3 = Silica temperatures assuming equilibrium with chalcedony. T4 = Na-K-Ca temperatures.
L .

TABLE 3:
TI = Silica temperatures assuming quartz equilibrium and conductive cooling.

T2 = Silica temperatures assuming equilibrium with

a -cristobalite,
Tg = Silica temperatures assuming equilibrium with chalcedony.

T4 = Na-K-Ca temperatures,

30

TABLE 3. RATIOS OF SELECTED CHEMICAL CONSTITUEXTS A;YD ESTIMATED AQUIFER TEMPER$TURES (Chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s i n milligrams p e r l i t e r . Chemical geothermometers i n C.)

Sample No.*
4 I I -

-_
65.6 9.5 9.1 36.2 110.0 48.0 30.0 12.0

Cl/B

c1/so4
r

Mg/C1 0.51 0.32 0.35 0.13 0.01 0.23 0.39 0.26 0.61 0.23

T1
79.4 67.1 55.3 76.6 47.2 84.6 78.0 94.9 68.8

T2
48.1

*3
29.6 17.8 6.5 26.9
_ I

28.5 25.0

128.6 32.3

0.81 0.10 0.15 0.51 7.33 0.10 0.13 0.06 0.11 0-93 0.10 0.12
0.10 0.09 0.07

2 3 4

35.1
22..9 45.1 14.6 53.6 46.6 64.5 36.9 57 04 49.5 64.5 46.6 48.1
I

54.4

25.5 51 .o 31. O 34 . O 25.5 28-5 22.5

0.18
0.02 0 002 0.55 0.30 0.52 0.37 0.39 0.57 0.61 0.72 0.75 0-89
1.oo

53.7

5
6

66.4 -5.0
_ I _

32.4 26.9 100.0 150.0 518.5

21 5.4

34.7 28.3 44.7 19.4 38.2 30.1 1

7
8 9 10
11

41.2

-73.3**
36.4 29.9 34.2 48.0 --27.1 .

8.4
147.4

0.40
0.85 0.27
0.44

88.3
80.8 94.9 78.0 79.4

22 .o
27.5 23.5 21 .o

18.7
23.0 40.0 35.0 22.5
I

12
13

328. G 228.6 200.0

44.7 .
28.3 -29.6

'

0.30
0.30
0.33

14
15 16

26.0

28.2

37.5 9.5

I
I I

222.2

0.06
0.11

0.29

58.7 39.3
II

17
*,See

0.46

58.7

47.1

Table 2 for locations. A M c o r r e c t i o n a p y l h - 4 t o snmptc 8 y i e l d s this value. g

Other samples d i d n o t r e q u j r e a M c o r r e c t i o l g

Figure 12.

Locations of Water Samples.

32

GI

c/
Figure 13. Piper Diagram showing chemical distinction between Group I (Hassayampa) water samples (solid lines) and Group I1 (Wickenburg) water samples (dashed lines).

t h e r n a l water.

Xahon (1070) showed t h a t h i g h C l / F and

C1/So4 r a t i o s i n a g e o t h e r m a l a r e a g e n e r a l l y i n d i c a t e h i g h

temperature i n t h e system.

Sample 5 has h i g h v a l u e s f o r

b o t h r a t i o s ; s a m p l e 10 h a s a h i g h C l / F r a t i o (Table 3 ) .

T h e C l / B and C l / F r a t i o s f o r Group I 1 s a m p l e s ( e s c e p t s a m p l e
10) are very s i m i l a r , s u p p o r t i n g t h e i n f e r e n c e t h a t those

waters a r e from t h e same a q u i f e r a n d a r e d i s t i n c t from

Group I samples.

The same i n f e r e n c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o s o u r c e

c a n n o t be made from t h e Group I Cl/F and C l / B r a t i o s , as

t h e Group I Cl/F r a t i o s v a r y among samples b y a f a c t o r

g r e a t e r t h a n 7.5 and t h e C l / B r a t i o s v a r y by a f a c t o r of 6 .
H y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n commonly r e s u l t s i n uptake of

magnesium by t h e w a l l rock i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of l l g - c h l o r i t e
n n d bI g- mo n t mo r i 11on i t e ,
i ith v

res u 1t a n t d c p 1e t i c>n o f ma g n es ium

i n the t h e r m a l water.

C o n s e q u e n t l y low Mg/Ca and J I g / C 1

S a m p l e 5 shows

r a t i o s a l s o may r e f l e c t t h e r m a l water.

r a t i o s of Mg/Ca and Mg/C1 lower t h a n a l l o t h e r samples b y

t w o o r d e r s of magnitude.

These q u a l i t a t i v e i n d i c a t o r s

s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t a t h e r m a l o r i g i n f o r s a m p l e 5.
Chemical g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s , based o n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e

dependence t o c e r t a i n e l e m e n t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n thermal
water, are u s e d t o estimate r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e s a t d e p t h .

However, c e r t a i n a s s u m p t i o n s must b e made i n a p p l y i n g t h e geothermometers ( W h i t e , 1970):

1) t h e chemical r e a c t i o n s

c o n t r o l l i n g t h e amount of a chemical c o n s t i t u e n t t a k e n i n t o s o l u t i o n by h o t water are t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n t , 2 ) a n

adequate s u p p l y of these chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s is p r e s e n t

34

ir,

t h e a q u i f e r , 3) chemical e q u i l i b r i u m h a s been established

between t h e h o t water and t h e w a l l rocks which s u p p l y t h e

chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s , 4 ) h o t water from t h e a q u i f e r flows
r a p i d l y t o t h e s u r f a c e , and 5) t h e chemical c o m p o s i t i o n of
t h e h o t water does n o t change (mix w i t h c o l d water, e v o l v e
gas,

o r p r e c i p i t a t e m i n e r a l s ) as i t rises t o t h e s u r f a c e .

O f t e n these assumptions c a n n o t be d e m o n s t r a t e d i n a f i e l d

s i t u a t i o n , s o t h a t chemical geothermometers must be u s e d

w i t h caution.
W i t h t h a t u n d e r s t a n d i n g , chemical geother-

mometers can p r o v i d e a u s e f u l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e t o o l f o r making a p r e l i m i n a r y estimate of r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e s a t depth.

T h e r e is e x c e l l e n t c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e s i l i c a and
Na-K-Ca
p r e d i c t e d a q u i f e r t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r t h e Group I1

samples ( T a b l e 3), t h e best agreement o c c u r r i n g between

Na-K-Ca

and d - c r i s t o b a l i t e , rather t h a n w i t h chalcedony

as is commonly found w i t h most A r i z o n a i B a s i n and Range water

samples.
T h i s would b e a r e s u l t of h o s t rock m i n e r a l o g i c

composition.

T h e r e is a n e q u a l l y good c o r r e l a t i o n of chem-

ical geothermometers among t h e i n d i v i d u a l water samples f r o m

Group 11.

The Group I1 samples p r e d i c t a n a q u i f e r tempera-

t u r e of a b o u t 35OC i n t h e Wickenburg area.

(Mean T(SiOZ)

is 35.OoC;

mean T(Na-K-Ca)

is 35.7OC.)

Among Group I s a m p l e s c o r r e l a t i o n is less d i s t i n c t .

For samples 7, 8, and 9, Na-K-Ca

agrees w e l l w i t h chalcedony
Na-K-Ca

and p r e d i c t s s u b s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 73OC.

of samples 2 and 3 correlates w i t h c o n d u c t i v e q u a r t z and

35

Mean v a l u e of Hg f o r t h e sampled area is 25 p a r t s per

h i

b i l l i o n (ppb).

Values greater t h a n 25 ppb are d i s t i n Three t r e n d s ,

g u i s h e d i n F i g u r e 7 by larger numerals.

closely f o l l o w i n g t h e S t r u c t u r a l t r e n d s o u t l i n e d b y t h e
o t h e r s u r v e y s , are a p p a r e n t .
The h i g h e r Hg v a l u e s imply

leakage of mercury a l o n g t h e f a u l t s .
,

However, mercury

anomalies o f t e n mark f o s s i l (now cold) t h e r m a l s y s t e m s and

c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e y too must be viewed w i t h c a u t i o n .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n is a broad, sedimentf i l l e d b a s i n w i t h a complexly f a u l t e d basement.

Depth t o

b e d r o c k depends upon t h e degree of r o t a t i o n and displacem e n t of basement blocks and probably r a n g e s from s h a l l o w to many hundreds of meters. The three d i i n c t s t r u c t u r a l t r e n d s (NE, N W , and NW)

i d e n t i f i e d from a i r photo i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , L a n d s a t l i n e a m e n t s and geochemical t r e n d s are here i n t e r p r e t e d as f a u l t traces. Two of these i n f e r r e d f a u

(NE and "W) agree w i t h t h e

t r i k e maxima i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e V u l t u r e Mountains by R e h r i g

and H e i d r i c k (1976).
The measured geothermal g r a d i e n t s d e f i n e a s i n g l e d i s -

c r e t e area of h y d r o l o g i c discharge t h a t is a b o u t 30 km2 and

can best be e x p l a i n e d as b e i n g f a u l t c o n t r o l l e d .

The t h r e e

w e l l s t h a t c o n s t r a i n t h e area are a d j a c e n t t o o n e a n o t h e r
a n d are t h e w e l l s located n e a r e s t t h e f a u l t s and t h e f a u l t

intersection.

The ma x i mum r e p o r t e d water t e m p e r a t u r e i n

h i

t h e s t u d y area, 53OC, is from w e l l A ( F i g . 11) which y i e l d s

37

an anomalous chemical a n a l y s i s , sample 5, a n d h a s t h e h i g h e s t geothermal g r a d i e n t , 140C/km.

I t seems l i k e l y t h a t t h e

cd

water i n t h i s w e l l is r i s i n g from a deep t h e r m a l s o u r c e a l o n g

f a u l t p l a n e s and f r a c t u r e s .
The o r i g i n of other waters is

u n c e r t a i n , b u t may represent waters from t h e same s o u r c e , mixed t o a greater degree w i t h cold water.
The maximum t e m -

p e r a t u r e of 73OC p r e d i c t e d by geochemical methods probably r e p r e s e n t s a minimum s u b s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e and is too l o w

a s a r e s u l t of n o t s a t i s f y i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y a s s u m p t i o n s .
Mixing of h o t water r i s i n g from t h e d e e p s u b s u r f a c e , w i t h

water i n a s h a l l o w , cold a q u i f e r , c a n d i s t o r t measured t e m p e r a t u r e s , chernidal geotherrnometers, and geothermal g r a d i e n t s . Although a r e l i a b l e estimate of t h e geothermal p o t e n t i a l
of t h e n o r t h e r n Hassayampa P l a i n c a n n o t be made b e c a u s e of

i n s u f f i c i e n t data, c e r t a i n t r e n d s have been i d e n t i f i e d t h a t s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t t h e p r e s e n c e of a geothermal r e s o u r c e t h a t

is p r i m a r i l y controlled by i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e p r i n c i p a l

zones of f a u l t i n g .

Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e a n d r e s e r v o i r v o l u n e

c a n n o t be predicted w i t h o u t detailed geologic and g e o p h y s i c a l s u r v e y s , and deeg d r i l l i n g .

Recommendations a r e made f o r

a d d i t i o n a l f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , i n order of p r i o r i t y , which should s u b s t a n t i a l l y assist i n e v a l u a t i n g t h i s geothermal anomaly.

38

LiJ REC0JiliESD.AT IOSS

1.

D e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c mapping of the Belmont Mountains

and t h e area t o t h e n o r t h w e s t t h e r e o f , w i t h r o c k chemical

a n a l y s e s and age d a t e s a s n e c e s s a r y , t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e geo-

l o g i c s e t t i n g of t h e g e o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r .
2.

Detailed g r a v i t y survey over t h e inferred f a u l t s

and f a u l t i n t e r s e c t i o n , t o d e t e r m i n e s u b s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s

and d e p t h s t o b e d r o c k .
3.

S h a l l o w d r i l l holes (50 m) across t h e f a u l t s and

t h e f a u l t intersection, t o determine p o s s i b l e zones o f high

h e a t flow.
4.

Electrical r e s i s t i v i t y s u r v e y , t o i d e n t i f y zones

o f a n d d e p t h s t o t h e r m a l waters i n t h e d e e p s u b s u r f a c e .
5.

E x h a u s t i v e water s a m p l i n g w i t h complete chemical

and i s o t o p i c a n a l y s e s , t o i d e n t i f y and characterize t h e

d e e p and s h a l l o w a q u i f e r s , and t o p r o v i d e enough s a m p l e s

t o d e t e r m i n e i f m i x i n g of h o t and cold waters is o c c u r r i n g .

Mixing model c a l c u l a t i o n subsurface temperature.
w i l l more a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e

39

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Blackwell, D. D . ,

and Chapman, D. S., 1977, I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f g e o t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t and h e a t f l o w data for B a s i n and Range g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . Geothermal Resources C o u n c i l , T r a n s a c t i o n s , V o l . 1, p. 19-20.

Chapman, D. S . , K i l t y , K. T . , and Mase, C. W., 1979, T e m p e r a t u r e s and t h e i r dependence on groundwater f l o w i n shallow geothermal systems Geothermal Resources C o u n c i l , T r a n s a c t i o n s , V o l . 2 , p. 79-81.

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1979, P e r s o n a l communication.

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P i p e r , A. M., 1944, A g r a p h i c p r o c e d u r e i n t h e g e o c h e m i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f water a n a l y s e s . T r a n s a c t i o n s , American G e o p h y s i c a l Union, P a p e r s i n Hydrology, p . 914-923.

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aehrig, K . A . ,

S h a f i q u i l a h , l i . , and Damon, P . E . , 1979, Geochronology m d geology of the V u l t u r e Mountains, I l a r i c o p a County, A r i z o n a . Arizona G e o l o g i c a l Socit3W D i g e s t , Vol. 1 2 , i n p r e s s .
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Refirig, W .

S a u c k , W. A . and S u n n e r , J . S . , 1970, R e s i d u a l AeromagDepartment of G e o s c i e n c e s , n e t i c $lap of Arizona. U n i v e r s i t y of A r i z o n a , TUCSOG, A r i z o n a , 1:1,000,000 scale.

W h i t e , D. E . ,

1 9 7 0 , Geochemistry a p p l i e d t o t h e d i s c o v e r y , e v a l u a t i o n , and e x p l o i t a t i o n of g e o t h e r m a l energy r e s o u r c e s . ' i n P r o c e e d i n g s U n i t e d N a t i o n s Syinp. on t h e D e v e l o p m z t and U t i l i z a t i o n of Geothermal Znergy: P i s a , Vol. 1, P a r t 2 , G e o t h e r a i c s , Spec. I s s u e 2 , p . 58-80.

Wilson, Moore, and Cooper, 1969, Geoiogic Map of Arizona.

41