B4.

4-R3: COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND

MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS
Previous Question Papers

• January 2006
• July 2006
• July, 2005
• January, 2005
• July, 2004
• January, 2004
• July, 2004 (old syllabus)

january 2006
B4.4-R3: COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS

NOTE:
1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.
2. Parts of the same question should be answered together and in the same
sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100

1.
a) Discuss the merits and demerits of various clipping algorithms.
b) How does the Z buffer algorithm determines which surfaces are hidden?
c) Explain the Sutherland Cohen line-clipping algorithm. Is this applicable to any type of
window? Justify your answer.
d) Explain how MIDI files are created and what are their applications in multimedia
applications.
e) Describe briefly the Phong shading and compare it with Gouraud shading.
f) Explain the importance of vanishing point. What type of projection is associated with it?
Explain the projection.
g) Describe the importance of compression in multimedia system. Compare and contrast
JPEG and MPEG techniques.
(7x4)
2.
a) Differentiate between video compression standards and multimedia video compression
standards.
b) What are the components of multimedia systems? Explain in brief each component.
c) Describe the functions of flat panel displays.
(4+10+4)

3.
 th
a) Show the n degree B-spline basis function Bi,n (x) = 0 , if x < t1 or x > ti+n-i.
b) A triangle having vertices at (0,0), (1,1) and (5,2) is rotated by 45 degree clockwise i)
about origin and ii) about P(-1, -1) point. Obtain the coordinates of the vertices of the
triangle using homogenous coordinate system.
c) What are the advantages of parametric representation of curves and surfaces in
computer graphics?
(6+10+2)

4.
a) Describe different models used for illumination. How do you define surface normal
vector? Explain its importance.
b) Explain ray tracing and compare it with ray casting. Describe the intersection of an
arbitrary ray with yz plane.
c) Explain rendering. What are the approaches used for volume rendering? What are the
steps used in the process of smooth shading?
(6+6+6)

5.
a) Explain why RGB color model is used for display. How different shades of colors are
generated on the RGB monitors.
b) How is clipping done in three-dimensional domain? Discuss the various options for
selecting different types of view volumes.
c) Describe Painter’s algorithm. Give its relative advantages and disadvantages over other
methods.
(6+6+6)
6.
a) In a 3D coordinate system the plane XY(z = 0) represents the screen of monitor. A box is
placed at the origin such that its three edges are touching x, y and z axes. Describe the
transformation matrix needed to show the side view of the box on the screen.
b) What did you understand by morphing? Explain with the help of practical application.
c) Write a routing to design a two dimensional cubic Bezier curve shapes having first order
continuity. Use interactive technique for selecting control points in XY plane for each
section of curve.
(6+6+6)

7.
a) Explain where and why the magnetic storage is used in multimedia system?
b) Describe the operation of scanner. What criteria would you use for selecting scanner?
c) What are the main design issues for the multimedia authoring system? Briefly explain
each one of these issues.
(4+4+10)

july 2006
B4.4-R3: COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS

NOTE:
1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.
2. Parts of the same question should be answered together and in the same
sequence.
 Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100

1.
a) What is the difference between raster-scan CRT and random-access CRT?
-1
b) What is the relationship between the translations Ttx,ty , T -tx, -ty and (T tx , ty ) ?
c) Explain the Z-buffer algorithm for removing hidden surfaces.
d) Explain one vanishing point projection from a point on z-axis.
e) What do you mean by digital audio? Synchronization of audio and video
streams is important for multimedia communication. Why?
f) Describe the transformation ML that reflects an object about a line L.
g) Explain the special visual effect morphing in graphics animation.
(7x4)

2.
a) Indicate which raster locations would be chosen by Bresenham’s
algorithm when scan converting a line from screen coordinate (1,1) to screen
coordinate (8,5).
o
b) Perform a 45 rotation of triangle A(0,0), B(1,1,) and C(5,2) about P(-1,-1).
c) Explain the difference between the perspective projection and the parallel projection.
(6+6+6)

3.
a) Explain the technology of CCD cameras.
b) Explain the steps of the Cyrus-Beck line-clipping algorithm.
c) Let R be the rectangular window whose lower left-hand corner is at L(-3,1) & upper right-
hand corner is at R(2,6). Clip the line segments AB and CD where A(-4,2),B(-1,7),C(-1,5)
and D(3,8).
(6+6+6)

4.
o o o
a) What is the difference between G and C continuity? Explain the difference between C ,
1 2
C , C continuity. Suggest a scheme for approximating a set of 2D points using a curve
2
that satisfies C continuity.
b) Briefly describe the Phong shading model.
([3+3+6]+6)

5.
a) What type of coding is JPEG, in the coding classification? Which part of the JPEG
algorithm introduces losses and why?
b) Is it necessary to compute lighting information before clipping for rendering a 3D scene?
Explain.
c) What is a MIDI file?
(9+6+3)
6.
a) Explain the Z-buffer algorithm for removing hidden surfaces.
b) Explain, how temporal redundancy is exploited in compression of video in MPEG-1.
(9+9)

7. Write short notes on any two of the following:

a) MPEG
b) Gourand Shading
c) Types of Multimedia Authoring Systems
(2x9)

July, 2005
Note:

1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.

2. Parts of the same question should be answered together and in the same sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks:100

1.
1. Why data compression is need for multimedia?
2. What is the relationship between the rotations Rθ , R-θ and Rθ-1.
3. What are the differences between raster-scan CRTs and random-access or
vector CRTs?
4. Explain one vanishing point projection from a point on z-axis.
5. Describe the transformation ML that reflects an object about a line L.
6. Explain the special visual effect morphing in graphics animation.
7. What is computer audio? Give a few examples to explain its use in
multimedia applications.

(7x4)

2.
1. Indicate which raster locations would be chosen by Bresenham's algorithm
when scan converting a line from screen coordinate (1, 1) to screen
coordinate (8, 5).
 2. Consider a rectangle ABCD in the figure given below. Apply the
following transformations on rectangle ABCD:
1. Rotate the rectangle ABCD with 90 degree in clockwise direction
with respect to the point (2,2).
2. Magnify the rotated figure twice to its size in X-direction and half

to its size in Y-direction keeping point A (2,2) as fixed point.

Find out the composite transformation matrices to perform the given

transformations. Also show Output and Input matrices.

3. (9+9)
4.
1. Distinguish between the perspective projection and the parallel projection.
2. Explain the technology of CCD cameras.
3. Perform a 45° rotation of triangle A(0,0), B(1,1) and C(5,2) about P(-1,-1).

(6+6+6)

5.
1. Explain the Z-buffer algorithm for removing hidden surfaces.
2. Let R be the rectangular window whose lower left-hand corner is at L(-3,
1) and upper right-hand corner is at R(2,6). Clip the line segments AB and
CD where A(-4,2), B(-1,7), C(-1,5) and D(3,8) using Sutherland Cohen
line-clipping algorithm.

(9+9)

6.
1. Explain the various types of images used for video encoding in MPEG.
2. Show that the Bezier form of the curve segment is Q(t) = (1-t)3P1 + 3t(1-
t)3P2 + 3t2 (1-t) P3 +t3P4 Where the coefficients are Bernstein polynomials.

(8+10)

7.
1. What is a "Hypertext"? Explain, how it helps in presentation and use of
information?
2. What is meant by "text importing" and "text exporting"? Explain, how
these features help in the creation of a document.
3. Describe the JPEG compressions scheme.

(4+4+10)

8. Write short notes on any two of the following:

1. Multimedia Authority systems
 2. B-Spline curves
3. Gouroud and Phong Shading

(9+9)

January, 2005
Note:

1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.

2. Parts of the same question should be answered together and in the same sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks:100

1.
1. What are the advantages of using homogenous coordinate system for
computer graphics applications?
2. JPEG uses transform domain coding. Is this statement true? Discuss.

Ans. True : This technique can be applied to a color image. A color image
is composed of pixels; these pixels have RGB color values, each with x
and y co-ordinates using an 8 x 8 or 16 x 16 matrix for each primary color.
In the case of a gray-scale image, the pixels have gray-scale values, and its
x and y co-ordinates consists of amplitudes of the gray color. To compress
an RGB color image, the work is three times as much, because JPEG
treats each color component separately. The R (red) component first, then
the G (green) component, and lastly, the B (blue) component.

When considered over an 8 x 8 matrix of 64 values, each with x and y co-

ordinates, we have a three dimensional representation of pixels called a
spatial representation or spatial domain. The spatial representation is
converted to a spectral representation or frequency domain by DCT
conversion.

3. What do you mean by hyper-linking?

Ans.Hyperlink is a predefined linkage between one object and another.

The link is displayed either as text or as an icon. On Web pages, a text
hyperlink displays as underlined text, while a graphical hyperlink is a
small graphics image of any size and shape. The terms "hyperlink" and
"hypertext" are used synonymously. ( hypertext and hypergraphic. )

A hyperlink that links to other forms of media: graphics, sound, video, etc.
4. What is morphing?

Ans.Image metamorphosis, or morphing for short, is commonly referred

to as the animated transformation of one digital image to the other. It is a
powerful tool and has widespread use for achieving special visual effect in
the entertainment industry.

5. Explain how colour images are displayed on a computer monitor.

6. Synchronisations of audio and video streams are important for multimedia
communication. Why?

Ans.Dialogue editing is the first step in creating a mixed dialogue track

consisting of production dialogue clips as well as dubbed studio clips. The
dubbed dialogue is fully synchronized with lip movements, and the sound
clips are track to specific frames of the movie. In the final dialogue mix,
the entire sequence is smoothed out so that the different clips fade into the
next and blend properly,

Music editing ensures that the music is properly synchronized with the
scene and the highlights occur at the proper time to give the movie an
emotional impact. Music sound clips are recorded and stored separately.
Similarly, other sound effect such as whistle of a train, the roar of car
racing by, thunder, and so on are also recorded separately or picked out
from an existing library and edited to suit the scene. Premixing combine a
number of concurrent sound effects into a synchronized sound effect.

The final mix brings the dialogue, music, and sound effects together in
terms of timing synchronization, although the three remain on separate
tracks.

7. Explain why sampling rate is important for the quality of audio

reproduction.

Ans.Sampling is a process where the analog signal is sampled over time at

regular intervals to obtain the amplitude of the analog signal at the
sampling time. The regular interval at which sampling occurs is called the
sampling rate. The sample (amplitude) obtained at the sampling time is
represented by 8-bit value (one byte) or 16-bit value (two byte). Higher bit
values up to 32 bits are used for very high fidelity sound.

A composite analog signal of 11.025 KHz sampled 4 times in one cycle

yields a sampling rate of 44.1 KHz. If a signal is sampled at a higher
sampling rate, it acquires more samples in one cycle. e.g., if we increase
the 44.1 KHz sampling rate to 88.2 KHz, the number of samples per cycle
increases from 4 to 8. More samples allow higher sound fidelity, which
means the signal will sound better and richer.
2. (7x4)
3.
1. Design an algorithm to scan converts the following curve:
x= y2
2. Explain how temporal redundancy is exploited in compression of video in
MPEG-1.

Ans.Temporal redundancy is similar to spatial redundancy although here

pixels are compared from frame to frame. An example of temporal
redundancy would be a clear blue sky in the background that is in shot for
several frames. The sky is unlikely to change from frame to frame so the
pixels making up the sky image are sampled in the first frame and their
values are simply repeated in successive frames until the compressor notes
a significant change in the image (i.e. cut to new scene or camera move).
When the image changes substantially all the pixels will be resampled.

4. (9+9)
5.
1. Explain the difference between orthographic projection and isometric
projection with the help of diagrams. Indicate their applications.
2. Intersection of the ray from the viewpoint to the object is first checked for
its intersection with the extent of the object. Suggest an efficient algorithm
for this task.

([6+3]+9)

6.
1. Suggest a scheme for modeling transparency and refraction in a scene
assuming existence of point light source.
2. What is a MIDI file?

Ans.MIDI (or MID) files are music files for keyboards, but most
soundcards can play them as well. Instead of recorded music, they contain
data sheets describing the instruments, where to place them in a stereo
room, how their sound is modulated and what notes they shall play. Your
soundcard uses this information to produce the music. Depending on your
soundcard MIDI files can sound awesome, okay, bearable or only poor.

3. Is it necessary to compute lighting information before clipping for

rendering a 3D scene? Explain.

(10+4+4)

7.
 1. What is difference between G0 and C0 continuity? Explain the difference
between C0, C1, C2 continuity. Suggest a scheme for approximating a set
of 2D points using a curve that satisfies C2 continuity.
2. Briefly describe the Phong shading model.

([3+3+6]+6)

8.
1. What is inbetweening in computer animation?

Ans.In-betweens are the intermediate frames between the key frames. The
number of in-between needed is determined by the media to be used to
display the animation. Film requires 24 frames per second and graphics
terminals are refreshed at the rate of 30 to 60 frames per second,
Typically, time intervals for the motion are set up so that there are from
three to five in-betweens for each pair of key frames depending on the
speed specified for the motion, some key frames can be duplicated, For a
one minute film sequence with no duplication, we would need 1440
frames with five in-betweens for each pair of key frames, we would need
288 key frames. If the motion is not too complicated, we could space the
key frames a little farther apart.

2. What do understand by the term 3-point perspective projection? Explain

with the help of a diagram.
3. Describe the Sutherland-Cohen algorithm for clipping.

(4+5+9)

9.
1. Describe the basic features of a multimedia authoring system.

Ans.Basic features of a multimedia authoring system.

Use simple drag and drop actions to create complex applications.

Import pictures and illustrations created with your favorite paint or
drawing software.

Import formatted text documents created with your favorite word
processor or use NeoBook's built-in text editor.

Add navigation and user interface controls including: push buttons,
check boxes, radio buttons, text entry fields (with validation), list
boxes, combo boxes, media players, track bars and timers.

Play Animated GIF files.

Display web sites and live Internet content inside your application.

Create and send email messages directly from your application.

Use the built-in text editor to create formatted text with tables,
multiple fonts, bookmarks and hypertext commands.

Create advanced applications using the powerful, integrated
scripting language. Includes conditional statements, looping,
variables, file i/o, string processing, etc. Script commands can be
typed manually by experienced users or selected from a list and
added interactively by filling out a simple questionnaire.

Perform calculations and tabulate scores for computer-based
training exercises.

Use transition effects between screens, such as wipes, dissolves,
weaves, etc.

Store and retrieve information from external files and the Windows
Registry.

Create applications with custom shaped windows.

Play sound, music, video, animation and other multimedia files.

Display alert boxes, messages, popup images, menus, Custom
Dialog Boxes, etc.

Create your own animated cartoons using the included NeoToon™
utility.

Launch Windows or DOS programs including other compiled
NeoBook applications.

Send keystrokes and mouse clicks to other Windows applications.

Access your favorite word processor, sound editor, animation
editor and/or paint program directly from NeoBook to edit text,
images, audio and animation clips.

Enhance NeoBook's functionality with simple to use, yet powerful
plug-ins.

Test, debug and spell check your projects without leaving the
NeoBook environment.

Use NeoBook's Compiler to assemble your projects into 32-bit
Windows applications (exe), Windows screen savers (scr),
Windows system tray applications or web browser Plug-
In/ActiveX controls (ocx). Compiled applications may be
distributed or sold - without paying royalties or additional license
fees,

Create a professional Setup/Installation for your applications,
complete with compression and multi-disk capabilities.

Import files created with previous Windows and DOS versions of
NeoBook.

New NeoBookDB plug-in lets you read and write database files
directly from your NeoBook publications.
2. Explain what happens when following operations are performed on an
image.
1. Every block of 2x2 pixel being replaced by a single pixel having
mean value of the four pixels.

Ans. Image averaging minimizes or cancels the effects of random

(Gaussian) noise. Successive image frames are added on a pixel-
 by-pixel basis and the result is divided by the number of frames to
get the average value of the pixel. Normally two successive frames
are added and then a division by 2 gives the average values of
pixels. The process is repeated in real time to cancel out noise
effect.

2. A fixed constant is added to each pixel in the image.

Ans.Histogram sliding is used to change the overall visible effect

of brightening or darkening of the image. In this operation, a
constant is added to or subtracted from all pixels in an image. By
adding the constant to a pixel, the pixel value is increased which in
turn increases the gray value or the color value of the pixel. The
process enhances the image by brightening the image. By
subtracting a constant from a pixel, the pixel values are decreased,
hence darkening the image. When a constant is added or subtracted
to all pixels, if shifts the image histogram accordingly hence the
term histogram sliding.

3. Explain how quantisation can result in data loss in image compression.

Ans.After the 8 x 8 FDCT, each of the 64 resulting DCT coefficients is

quantized by a uniform quantizer. The quantizer step size is defined in a 8
x 8 table of integers known as the quantization table. Loss of image
information is caused by this quantization process with different step sizes
resulting in different amounts of information loss. In general, larger
quantization step sizes will result in reduced quality. Importantly, the
preprocessing by the FDCT allows the amount of loss to be varied as a
function of the spatial frequency of the image.

10. (8+[3+3]+4)

July, 2004
Note:

1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.

2. Parts of the same question should be answered together and in the same sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks:100

1.
1. Differentiate between Perspective and Parallel projections. What is meant
by vanishing points? .
2. What are the advantages of non-uniform non-rational B-splines over
uniform non-rational B-splines?
3. Comment on the error tolerance of compressed media data, as compared to
uncompressed ones.

Ans.When compression methods are used that may result in loss of some
information, the key issue is the effect of this loss. For some types of data
destined to be heard or visualized by the human ear or eye, the natural
tendency of the human senses to bridge over discontinuities comes into
play. The human eye fills in the missing information. An important
consideration is how much information can be lost before the human eye
or ear fails to bridge the gaps in information.

Lossy compression is, as we have just seen, often used for compressing
audio, gray-scale or color images, and video objects in which absolute
data accuracy ia not essential. Gray-scale or color images are known as
continuous-tone images. e.g., when a video image is decompressed on a
frame-by-frame basis, the loss of data in one frame will not be perceived
by the eye.

4. What is meant by the terms Multimedia and Hypermedia? Distinguish

between these two concepts.

Ans. Multimedia

Systems that support the interactive use of text, audio, still images,
video, and graphics. Each of these elements must be converted in
some way from analog form to digital form before they can be
used in a computer application. Thus, the distinction of multimedia
is the convergence of previously diverse systems.

The combination and integration of more than one media format
into a presentation or program, for example: computer graphics
with audio.

A document or program which incorporates a combination of text,
graphics, audio and video.

The presentation of information or entertainment by a combination
of data, images and sounds. Can be delivered in a variety of ways -
on a computer disk, through modified televisions, or using a
computer connected to a telecommunications channel.

Hypermedia

A hypertext system that can display multimedia, including

graphics, sounds, animation, and video.

Media (such as pictures, videos, and audio), on a web page that
links the user to another web page by clicking on the media.

A system for storing information using embedded references to
other pages, sounds, and graphics used on the WWW.

Hypermedia is a general term applied to "clickable" media. Once
you click on a particular word or graphic, you are then taken to
other text, graphics, sound files, animation or moving video. Or,
more generically, an interactive project which includes a structure
of linked elements which the user can navigate

A nonlinear way of presenting information that allows users to
access related works or images from a single computer screen. For
example, a user reading an encyclopedia entry on jazz could also
hear excerpts from recordings, read biographies of jazz artists, and
view photos of them. Apple Computer Inc.'s Hypercard is the best-
known example of hypermedia. Presumably, this type of interface
is similar to normal human cognitive processes. Also known as
"hypertext."

Although there is disagreement about these differences, there are two

commonly recognized distinctions. Multimedia implies less user
interaction with the multimedia program or presentation. Multimedia
presentations and programs are sequential in terms of the flow of the
information. Hypermedia information spaces are connected by non-
linear links which a user may follow in any order. Multimedia
information spaces are arranged sequentially, with only one path
through the information provided. Educational television tends to be
the prime example of multimedia information.

5. Describe how hidden surface removal and projection are integrated into
the ray-tracing process?
6. Explain, why Phong shading is more computationally demanding than
Gouraud Shading and achieves better results, in particular for specular
reflection?
7. Why do we use digital video in multimedia? Is its quality better than
analog video? Is the bandwidth requirement of digital uncompressed video
lower, equal or higher than analog video?

Ans.Video and Audio are both stored in either analog or digital form.
Digital form is usually favoured since it is much more versatile for editing
and controlling within the application. Analog devices such as VCRs or
cassette tape do not provide random access to individual frames of video
or specific bars of music. This makes branching in and out of these
sequences very difficult to achieve with any accuracy. This is fine if
sequences are intended to only run from start to finish and not in
synchronisation with any other media. The drawbacks with digitally coded
sequences is that they are very expensive in terms of disk storage space.
 Normally both video and audio sequences will be subject to compression
to enable good quality reproduction over a suitable duration to be stored
on disk.

Quality of digital video is not better then analog video.

The bandwidth requirement of digital uncompressed video is higher than

analog video.

2. (7x4)
3. A clipping window is given by P0(10,10), P1(20,10), P2(25,15), P3(20,20),
P4(10,15) and P5 = P0. Using Cyrus-Beck algorithm, clip the line AB where A is
(0,0) and B is (30,25).

(18)

4.
1. Outline the approach of the ray tracing and radiosity methods for
rendering of scenes in
2. computer graphics, and then explain which technique you would use to
display i) an automobile and ii) the interior of a house, and why?
3. Let P0(0,0), P1(1,2), P2(2, 1), P3(3, -1), P4(4, 10) and P5(5,5) be given data
points. If interpolation based on cubic B-splines is used to find a curve
interpolating these data points, find a knot set t0, ., ., t9 that can be used to
define the cubic B-splines.

(10+8)

5.
1. Briefly explain, clearly identifying the differences between them, how
entropy coding and transform coding techniques work for data
compression. Illustrate your answer with a simple example of each type.
2. Give a definition of a Multimedia Authoring System. What key features
should such a system provide?

Ans.Also known as authorware, a program that helps you write hypertext

or multimedia applications. Authoring tools usually enable you to create a
final application merely by linking together objects, such as a paragraph of
text, an illustration, or a song. By defining the objects' relationships to
each other, and by sequencing them in an appropriate order, authors (those
who use authoring tools) can produce attractive and useful graphics
applications. Most authoring systems also support a scripting language for
more sophisticated applications.

Basic features of a multimedia authoring system.


Use simple drag and drop actions to create complex applications.

Import pictures and illustrations created with your favorite paint or
drawing software.

Import formatted text documents created with your favorite word
processor or use NeoBook's built-in text editor.

Add navigation and user interface controls including: push buttons,
check boxes, radio buttons, text entry fields (with validation), list
boxes, combo boxes, media players, track bars and timers.

Play Animated GIF files.

Display web sites and live Internet content inside your application.

Create and send email messages directly from your application.

Use the built-in text editor to create formatted text with tables,
multiple fonts, bookmarks and hypertext commands.

Create advanced applications using the powerful, integrated
scripting language. Includes conditional statements, looping,
variables, file i/o, string processing, etc. Script commands can be
typed manually by experienced users or selected from a list and
added interactively by filling out a simple questionnaire.

Perform calculations and tabulate scores for computer-based
training exercises.

Use transition effects between screens, such as wipes, dissolves,
weaves, etc.

Store and retrieve information from external files and the Windows
Registry.

Create applications with custom shaped windows.

Play sound, music, video, animation and other multimedia files.

Display alert boxes, messages, popup images, menus, Custom
Dialog Boxes, etc.

Create your own animated cartoons using the included NeoToon™
utility.

Launch Windows or DOS programs including other compiled
NeoBook applications.

Send keystrokes and mouse clicks to other Windows applications.

Access your favorite word processor, sound editor, animation
editor and/or paint program directly from NeoBook to edit text,
images, audio and animation clips.

Enhance NeoBook's functionality with simple to use, yet powerful
plug-ins.

Test, debug and spell check your projects without leaving the
NeoBook environment.

Use NeoBook's Compiler to assemble your projects into 32-bit
Windows applications (exe), Windows screen savers (scr),
Windows system tray applications or web browser Plug-
In/ActiveX controls (ocx). Compiled applications may be
distributed or sold - without paying royalties or additional license
fees,

Create a professional Setup/Installation for your applications,
complete with compression and multi-disk capabilities.

Import files created with previous Windows and DOS versions of
NeoBook.

New NeoBookDB plug-in lets you read and write database files
directly from your NeoBook publications.

(10+8)

6.
1. Describe the Phong illumination model.
2. The (implicit) canonical equation for an elliptic paraboloid is x2 + y2- z =
0. Determine if a ray represented by the parametric vector s + td (where
vector s specifies its starting point and d describes its direction) intersects
the paraboloid.

(8+10)

7.
1. What type of coding is JPEG, in the coding classification?

Ans. Entropy encoding type of coding is JPEG, in the coding

classification.

2. Is the DCT algorithm a lossless or a lossy compression one? Does it

compress data?

Ans. DCT algorithm is a lossy compression. Yes, it does compress data.

Prior to the FDCT operation, each 8 x 8 block is level shifted by

subtracting 128.

Each of the blocks is transformed by the FDCT into an 8 x 8 block of 64

DCT coefficients. This process is illustrated below, with the DCT
coefficients denoted by the variables sxy where x and y are integers
between 0 and 7. The coefficient s00 is known as the DC coefficient
because it represents the average value of the block, whereas the
remaining values are known as the AC coefficients.

3. Which part of the JPEG algorithm introduces losses and why?

Ans.Quantisation part of the JPEG algorithm introduces losses.

After the 8 x 8 FDCT, each of the 64 resulting DCT coefficients is

quantized by a uniform quantizer. The quantizer step size is defined in a 8
x 8 table of integers known as the quantization table. Loss of image
 information is caused by this quantization process with different step sizes
resulting in different amounts of information loss. In general, larger
quantization step sizes will result in reduced quality. Importantly, the
preprocessing by the FDCT allows the amount of loss to be varied as a
function of the spatial frequency of the image.

4. What type of JPEG can be used in medical imaging?

Ans.In many application areas, such as medical image analysis, it might

be illegal or undesirable to use compression techniques that result in the
loss of information and the only acceptable compression techniques are
those that do not accumulate information loss. Lossless compression
techniques operate by reducing the code and inter pixel redundancy
present in the data.

8. (3+5+5+5)
9. Outline the steps required to generate a hidden-surface image using the depth-
buffer approach and then comment on the relative merits of this approach
compared with the scan-line algorithm.

(18)

January, 2004
Note:

1. Answer question 1 and any FOUR questions from 2 to 7.

2. Parts of the same question should be answered together and in the same sequence.

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks:100

1.
1. What is image morphing?

Ans.Image metamorphosis, or morphing for short, is commonly referred

to as the animated transformation of one digital image to the other. It is a
powerful tool and has widespread use for achieving special visual effect in
the entertainment industry.

2. How are points at infinity represented in homogenous coordinate system?

3. Why clipping is an important operation for rendering? .
4. How can we generate shadow-using ray tracing algorithm?
5. Is it possible to force a B-spline curve to pass through a fixed point? How?
 6. In a decompressed JPEG image some compression artifacts were found.
Explain what has possibly happened to the image.

Ans.JPEG is classified as a "lossy" compression scheme which means that

some data is intentionally mathematically calculated out of existence to
achieve smaller file size. The smaller the file, the greater the loss in detail.
The image is divided into what we will call "supercells" of eight by eight
pixels. Then each is mathematically treated to produce a representation of
this area with less data. The problem is that the very next supercell, which
normally should transition smoothly, can actually be significantly
different. In its worst form, it is possible to zoom in on the image and
actually see the boundaries of the supercells. Why we even see the
boundaries is the problem for these boundaries, often called "artifacts",
now become part of the picture and may be visible at normal viewing.
MORE : The errors generated affect the image in different ways. Some
algorithms introduce these errors in the form of creating a 'blocky' image,
or jagged edges. Other algorithms produce blurring of the image, or just
introduce white noise.

7. Describe features of a CCD camera.

Ans.Features of a CCD camera

Digital images can be viewed immediately for proofing.

Digital images can be printed immediately and any number of
times for duplication.

Digital images can be integrated with word processor documents.

Digital images can be faxed or embedded in mail messages.

Digital images can be altered or enhanced to make a more effective
presentation. e.g. , a marketing brochure can benefit from a digital
image enhanced to emphasize the product.

Digital images can be archived, thereby enhancing their utility over
time and minimizing the risk of loss or damage to the image.

A digital camera can take images of three-dimensional objects and
store them as three-dimensional images.

Digital cameras are portable and can be used in environments
where film cameras cannot be used due to heat or radiation (e. g.,
in a nuclear plant)

(7x4)

2.
1. Show that, if all objects are in front of the center of projection and if the
front and back clipping planes are located at infinity, then the result of
clipping in 3D against canonical view volume followed by perspective
projection is the same as first doing projection into 2D and then clipping
 in 2D. In case of clipping plane located at a finite distance will change this
property?
2. What is hyper-linking?

Ans.A predefined linkage between one object and another. The link is
displayed either as text or as an icon. On Web pages, a text hyperlink
displays as underlined text, while a graphical hyperlink is a small graphics
image of any size and shape. The terms "hyperlink" and "hypertext" are
used synonymously though a hyperlink also can be a hypergraphic. A
hyperlink that links to other forms of media: graphics, sound, video, etc.

3. Can you connect two Hermite curves maintaining C1 continuity? How?

(9+4+5)

3.
1. Describe how will you draw a bi-cublc 3D curve on a 2D raster-scan
display device.
2. What are oblique projections?
3. Describe Phong shading scheme.

(10+4+4)

4.
1. Design an algorithm for hidden-surface elimination using ray-tracing.
2. What is morphing?

Ans.Image metamorphosis, or morphing for short, is commonly referred

to as the animated transformation of one digital image to the other. It is a
powerful tool and has widespread use for achieving special visual effect in
the entertainment industry.

Basically, morphing is achieved by coupling image warping with color

interpolation. As the morphing proceeds, the first image (source) is
gradually distorted and is faded out, while the second image (target) starts
out and is faded in. Thus, the early images in the sequence are much like
the first image. The middle image of the sequence is the average of the
first image distorted halfway towards the second one and the second
image distorted halfway back towards the first one. The last images in the
sequence are similar to the second one. Then, the whole process consists
of warping two images so that they have the same "shape" and then cross
dissolving the resulting images.

3. Is it necessary to compute lighting information before clipping for

rendering a 3D scene? Explain.
 (10+4+4)

5.
1. What is anti-aliasing? Can you design an anti-aliasing scheme by virtually
increasing the resolution of the display device?
2. Explain the difference among I, P and B frames found in an MPEG
stream.

Ans.Moving pictures consists of sequences of video pictures or frames

that are played back a fixed number frames per second. Furthermore, to
achieve the requirement of random access, a set of pictures can be defined
to form a group of pictures (GOP) consisting of one or more of the
following three types of the following three types of pictures.

Intrapictures (I)

Unidirectionally predicted pictures (P)

Bidirectionally Predicted pictures(B)

A GOP consists of consecutive pictures that begin with an intrapicture.

The intrapicture is coded without any reference to any other picture in the
group. Intrapictures can achieve only a moderate level of compression.

Predicted pictures are coded with a reference to a past picture, either an

intrapicture or a unidirectionally predicted picture. Bidirectionally
predicted picturea are never used as references. In other words, an
intrapicture or past unidirectionally predicted picture is utilized to code the
current unidirectionally predicted picture by using motion compression.
An intrapicture or a unidirectionally predicted picture can be the
immediately previous picture, or it can be one of several pictures in the
past (i.e., one of the previous pictures). When a picture is coded with
respect to reference, motion compensation is used to improve
compression.

Intrapictures and unidirectionally predicted pictures are called anchor

pictures.

Bidirectionally predicted pictures are situated between anchor pictures.

bidirectionally predicted pictures are predicted using motion compensation
for both the previous and next anchor pictures. MPEG is flexible in
allowing spacing between intrapictures, spacing between unidirectionally
predicted pictures, and the number of bidirectionally predicted pictures in
GOP. There can more then one intrapicture in a group of pictures.

6. (9+9)
7.
1. Consider merging two images of identical size, represented by the frame
buffer and Z-buffer contents. If you know the Zmin and Zmax of each
image and the values of Z to which they originally correspond, can you
merge the images properly? Is any additional information required?
2. Describe the Sutherland-Cohen algorithm for clipping.

(9+9)

8.
1. How can you model a light source using OPEN-GL primitives?
2. What is streaming audio?

Ans.Streaming Audio and Video is a technology that allows large

multimedia files to be transferred continuously while simultaneously being
accessed by the user, e.g. a person can listen to an audio file while it is
being downloaded.

3. Describe a raster-scan algorithm for drawing a circle given by the

following equation which exploits 8-way symmetry:
(x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = c2?

(6+4+8)