Biology test questions What year and scientists who made contributions with the microscope?

1665- Robert hook used crude light microscopes to look at a bark of a cork tree. He saw little boxes, small rooms, called them cells. 1673- anton van leeuwekhock make microscope ten times greater then hook. 1st to observe living cells with microscope/ Name the three parts of cell theory All living cells are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organixm Cells come only from the reproduction of living cells. Cell diversity: Shape many fit the function Size microscopic, most 10 -100 micrometer Cell efficiency depends on the size. Smaller cells can more quickly transfer in nutrients and transfer out waste. Thats why cells divide. What are the basic parts of a cell? (all cells have) All cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm organelle, cytoskeleton and cytosol, nucleus in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. Prokaryote cells: Less complex Unicellular Do not have a nucleus and no membrane bound organelles Most have cell wall surrounding the cell membrane and a single, looped chromosome (genetic material) in the cyto plasm Include bacteria and blue green bacteria Found in the kingdom monera and archaebacteria domains bacteria and archea Eukaryote cells: More complex cells includes bothe unicellular and multicellular organisms Do have a true nucleus and membrance bound organelles More complex cells

Organelles are internal structures in cells that perform specific functions Cell organization Multicellular: cell, tissue, organ, organ system Colonal organism: cells in conectered group no specialization Plasma membrane: surrounds the cell, allows some substances in and keeps others out. Selectively permeable. What does the membrane consists primarily of ? phospholipids What does a phosphilipid have? Polar head and two non polar tails What are they in terms of water head is hydrophilic-water loving Tail is hydrophobic- water fearing What eviroments are cell in? aqueous where in the cell are they this part of the environment? Inside and outside What is a lipid bilayer? Puts lipids on both the outside and inside surfaces of the cell. What other types of molecules, in additioin to phospholipids, makes cell membrane Steroids Eukaryotic cell membranes contain steroids to anchor the phospholipids. Main membrane steroid is cholesterol. Carbohydrates found on the outside surface of the cell. Function in cell to cell communication (in animals the main membrane steroid is cholesterol) Proteins Peripheral proteins- on the surfaces of the membrane Integral proteins- embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane Some integral proteins..? Some integral proteins extend across the entire cell membrane and are exposed to both the inside of the cell and the exterior surface. Nucleus What is the function of the nucleus? Controls functions of cell, contains DNA What are the parts of a nucleus and their functions?

Chromatin- form DNA takes when it is not dividing Nuclear Envelope- lipid bilayer that surrounds nucleus regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus. Nucleolus- site of ribosome production Transport notes Agar lab- cells need surface area large enough to exchange nutrients with environment wastes, gases such as carbon dioxide How are cells limited in size? By the ratio between their surface area and their volume. What is more favorable? Surface area to volume is more favorable When must the cell divide? When the surface area to volume ration gets too small Passive transport: does not require energy Diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration What is the concentration gradient? The difference I the concentration of molecules across a space EquilibriumWhen the concentration of the molecules of a substance is the same throughout a space. The concentration of the substance is equal on both sides of the membrane of the cell. Osmosis Turgor pressurePressue water molecules exert on the cell wall Cytolysis Cell swells and bursts Plasmolysis Cell membrane dehydrates and shrinks away from cell wall Hypertonic Solution that causes water to move out of a cell Hypotonic solution that causes in water to move into a cell

Isotonic A solution that results in no new movement of water in or out of the egg Facilitated diffusionsome molecules cannot diffuse across cell membranes, even when there is a concentration of gradient. Special proteins embedded in the cell membrane called carrier proteins help substances get in and out of the cell. What is the process of facilitated diffusion? One the carrier protein binds to a specific molecule on one side of the cell membrane. Two the carrier protein changes shape, shielding the molecule from the interior of the membrane Three the molecule is released on the other side of the membrane Ion channelsAllow ions to pass through (cannot pass through non polar lipids) channels are specific for specific ions. Some are open all the time, some have gates that open and close to situations within the cell. Active transportRequires energy, goes against the concentration gradient. Cell membrane pumpsAlso use carrier proteins. Called pumps because they move substances against the concentration gradient and enery is required. Sodium potassium pumpMany typed of animal cells must have a higher concentration of na+ ions ouside the cell and a higher concentration of K+ ions inside the cell. The sodium-potassium pump works to maintain these concentration differences. Movement in vesiclesSome molecules are too larget to get across a membrane even with the help of a carrier protein. These method of transport enable the cell the take in or get rid of large substances. EndocytosisThe cell membrane folds in and forms a small pouch. The pouch then pinches off from the cell membrane to become a vesicle inside the cell. What are the two types of endocytosis and their definitions? Pinocytosis- fluids going in the cell Phagocytosis- large particles or whole cells going in the cell. Unicellular organisms often feed by this method.

ExocytosisA vesicle moves to the cell membrane, fuses with it then releases its contents to the external environment.