Class Name

Register Number

2192/03
COMBINED HUMANITIES
20th Century World History, 1910s 1991 Wednesday
VICTORIA SCHOOL SCHOOL VICTORIA VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL SCHOOL VICTORIA VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL

11/SA2/HI/03

12 OCTOBER 2011

1 hr 30 mins

VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA SCHOOL VICTORIA

VICTORIA SCHOOL SEMESTRAL ASSESSMENT 2 (SECONDARY THREE)

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS

Write your name and index number in the spaces provided on this question paper and all answer sheets. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer all parts of Question 1. Section B Answer one question. Write all answers in the answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together if you use more than one sheet of paper.
The number of marks for each part-question is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This documentation is intended for internal circulation in Victoria School only. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Victoria School Internal Exams Committee.

This Question Paper consists of 6 printed pages including this cover page.

[Turn over] Section A (Source-Based Case Study) Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates. Study the sources carefully and then answer all the questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those you are told to use. In answering the questions, you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. 1 (a) Study Source A What can you infer from this source? Explain your answer. (b) Study Source B Why did the artist draw this cartoon? Explain your answer. (c) Study Sources C and D How different are the two sources? Explain your answer. (d) Study Source E Can you accept this source as evidence that the Nazi-Soviet Pact was beneficial to Soviet Union? Explain your answer. [7] [7] [6] [5]

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

Was the Nazi-Soviet Pact beneficial to Soviet Union? Source A A 1939 cartoon with the caption Wonder how long the honeymoon will last?

Source B

A cartoon published in 1967.

USSR

After Hitler's unbelievable treachery, the Soviets were eager to lend a helping hand to the Allies in order to save them from the perils of war and defeat. Source C Statistics on Soviet military capacity published in 1988. Rifle Divisions Sept 1939 - 96 June 1941 -198 Men Sept 1939 - 1.5 million June 1941 - 5.4 million Tank Corps Sept 1939 - 4 June 1941 - 29 Motorized Divisions Sept 1939 - 1 June 1941 - 31 Tank Divisions Sept 1939 - 0 June 1941 - 61

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

5 Source D A view by historian on Soviet Union in 1939.

Interestingly, some historians thought that Stalin should have attacked Germany in 1939/40. This is because in 1939, the Red Army was on alert and Britain was taking a stubborn stand against the Nazis. This would have been the perfect time to attack Germany. The Nazi-Soviet Pact gave Hitler a free reign in Western Europe. On the other hand, opening up the Eastern Front would have stretched the German army across the same two fronts that led to the downfall of Germany in the First World War. By giving the Red Army time to regroup it also allowed Germany to consolidate its own power and by 1941, Nazi Germany was in a better position to launch an attack on Soviet Union. Source E A comment by a German diplomat to Molotov, May 1939.

As I had stated previously, I could imagine a far-reaching compromise of mutual interests with due consideration for the problems which were vital to Russia. On our part there could be no question of menacing the Soviet Union; our aims were in an entirely different direction. What could England offer Russia? At best, participation in a European war and the hostility of Germany, but not a single desirable end for Russia. What could we offer, on the other hand? Neutrality and staying out of a possible European conflict and, if Moscow wished, a German-Russian understanding on mutual interests which, just as in former times, would work out to the advantage of both countries.

SECTION B (Structured-Essay Questions)

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

Answer any one question. 2. (a) (b) This question is about Stalin's dictatorship in Soviet Union To what extent was Trotskys arrogance the reason for Stalins rise to power in Soviet Union? Explain your answer. [12] The most important reason why Stalin was able to establish dictatorship in Soviet Union was his control of culture. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [13]

3. (a) (b)

This question is about Nazi Germany. To what extent was the death of Gustav Stresemann the reason for the loss of support for the Weimar government? Explain your answer. [12] The most important reason why Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship in Germany was the Reichstag fire. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [13]

4. (a)

This question is about Fascist Japan. To what extent was the coalition of Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) the reason for the military takeover of Japan? Explain your answer. [12] The most important reason why Japan was expansionist was because they wanted to free Asians from Western control. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [13]

(b)

End of Paper
Source Acknowledgements: Source A: Source B: Source C: Source D: Source E: http://apstudent.com/ushistory/docs1901/hitlstal.jpg http://thepeoplescube.com/peoples-tools/red-primer-for-children-and-diplomats-t2223.html http://rcocean.blogspot.com/2007/12/nazi-soviet-pact-stalins-greatest.html Operation Barbarossa: Historys Greatest Blunder (http://www.slideshare.net/mcgrath50/operationbarbarossa-histories-greatest-blunder) http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ns025.asp

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

VICTORIA SCHOOL SEC 3 WORLD HISTORY SA2 2011 SUGGESTED ANSWERS (a) Study Source A What can you infer from this source? Explain your answer. L1 Description of the source The cartoon shows the wedding of the Soviets and the Nazis. L2 Inference without support Award 2m for unsupported inference/s I can infer that the Nazi-Soviet Pact is ridiculous. L3 Inference with support Award 3m for inference from content with reference to the wedding/marriage analogy Award 4m for quality answer I can infer that the Nazi Soviet Pact between Hitler and Stalin is seen as something ridiculous. This is seen by how Stalin and Hitler are depicted as newlyweds enjoying the bliss of their marriage which is analogous to the Nazi-Soviet Pact. L4 Inference from content with reference to the honeymoon analogy. I can infer that the cooperation enjoyed by the Nazi-Soviet Pact will only last for a while, just like honeymoons. Honeymoons are known to be peaceful and blissful periods in a couple's lives and thus, this is used to symbolise the peaceful period when the Pact is honoured. The caption Wonder how long the honeymoon will last? casts doubt over whether the Pact will be honoured and if a divorce would occur and a war would break out between the 2 parties. (b) Study Source B - Why did the artist draw this cartoon? Explain your answer. L1 L2 Describes the response, but no valid inference made Valid inference(s) from the response, unsupported 1m 2m 5m 3m - 4m 2m 1m

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

8 L3 Valid inference(s) from the response, supported with evidence Award 3m for one inference, supported Award 4m for two inferences, supported The cartoonist drew this cartoon to show that the Soviet Union needed the Western powers help after Germany invaded it. This is evident in the cartoon which depicts USSR as being stuck in a hole and the allied powers trying to save him. The cartoonist drew this cartoon to show that the Soviet Union was betrayed by Hitler even though they had signed the Nazi Soviet Pact. This can be seen from the ironic caption which states After Hitler's unbelievable treachery... which suggests that Hitlers betrayal led to the Soviet Union falling into a trap, as shown in the picture. L4 Inference of purpose Award 5m for inference of purpose The cartoonist is trying to ridicule the Soviet Union for not being able to save themselves after Hitler invaded them and requiring the allies' help. This is evident from how the Soviet Union is depicted as being stuck in and requiring the help of US, France and Britain. L5 Purpose of the source, put in context, irony explained and supported The cartoonist is trying to ridicule the Soviet Union for not being able to save themselves. This is evident through the artist's use or irony. The caption After Hitler's unbelievable treachery, the Soviets were eager to lend a helping hand to the Allies in order to save them from the perils of war and defeat. is juxtaposed against the cartoon which depicts USSR, not the Western powers, as the one in need of help and in the perils of war and defeat while the allies try to save him. Through the use of irony, we can tell that the cartoonist was trying to mock Soviet Union for its inability to stand up to Hitler's advances. 6m 5m 3m-4m

(c) Study Sources C and D - How different are the two sources? Explain your answer. L1 Similarity/difference based on topic, provenance or 1m

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

9 speakers of sources. Similarity/difference based on content, unsupported. Similarity/difference based on content, supported. Similar Both sources are similar as they agree that Soviet Union was preparing for war with Germany/ Soviet Union took 2 years to prepare for war with Germany. C: The fact that the divisions were increased over the years signals that Soviet Union was preparing to engage the Germans in war. D: By giving the Red Army time to regroup it also allowed Germany to consolidate its own power Different Both sources are different as they disagree on whether Soviet Union was prepared to engage the Germans in 1939. C: Compared to 1941, it was clear that the Soviet Union was in no position to engage the Germans in war. D: in 1939, the Red Army had over 100 divisions on alert This would have been the perfect time to attack Germany L4 L5 Similarity AND difference based on source content Difference in perspective (On what would have defeated Germany) C: Success against Germany depended on Soviets military might, which is shown to be clearly deficient, compared to 1941. Therefore, the signing of the pact was necessary to buy time. D: Success against Germany would require the collaboration of Soviet Union and Britain. A 2-front war would have incapacitated Germany and caused them to lose the war. Therefore, the signing of the pact was unnecessary. (d)Study Source E: Can you accept this source as evidence that the Nazi-Soviet Pact was beneficial to Soviet Union? L1 L2 Descriptions of the source Answers based on provenance I can accept this source as it is an official statement made
VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011 2192/03/HE3/11

L2 L3

2m 3m-4m

5m-6m 7m

1m 2m

10 by a German diplomat. L3 Answers based on content of source I can accept this source as evidence that the Nazi-Soviet pact was beneficial to the Soviet Union. The source states that the pact would ensure that Soviet Union would not be embroiled into a European war that was potentially disastrous. The evidence is participation in a European war and the hostility of Germany but not a single desirable end for Russia. L4 Answers based on cross-reference Award 4m for ACCEPT answers Award 5m for DO NOT ACCEPT answers ACCEPT I can accept this source as evidence that the Nazi-Soviet pact was beneficial to the Soviet Union. The source states that the pact would ensure that Soviet Union would not be embroiled into a European war that was potentially disastrous. The evidence is participation in a European war and the hostility of Germany but not a single desirable end for Russia. This is supported by Source C which clearly states that the Russian military capacity was insufficient in 1939. This shows that if Soviet Union were to engage the Germans in 1939, the results would have been disastrous. DO NOT ACCEPT I do not accept this source as evidence that the Nazi-Soviet pact was beneficial to the Soviet Union. While the source states that the pact would ensure that Soviet Union would not be embroiled into a European war that was potentially disastrous as evident in the phrase participation in a European war and the hostility of Germany but not a single desirable end for Russia., Source D states otherwise. Source D claims that Soviet Union would have dealt a deadly blow to Germany if they had rejected the pact and declared war on Soviet Union. The evidence is On the other hand, opening up the Eastern Front would have stretched the Wehrmacht across the same two fronts that led to the downfall of Germany in the First World War. L5 L4 + DO NOT ACCEPT with purpose (German diplomat was dangling a carrot) 6m 4m 5m 3m

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

11

Source E cannot be accepted as evidence that the NaziSoviet Pact was beneficial to the Soviet Union because in May 1939, the Nazis were still in the process of courting Soviet Union and therefore, it is expected that the German diplomat would assure the Soviet Union that Germany had no intentions on them and the signing of the pact would benefit them. L6 L4 + DO NOT ACCEPT with purpose (German diplomat was dangling a carrot and trying to secure Germanys security) Source E cannot be accepted as evidence that the NaziSoviet Pact was beneficial to the Soviet Union because in May 1939, the Nazis were still in the process of courting Soviet Union and therefore, it is expected that the German diplomat would assure the Soviet Union that Germany had no intentions on them and the signing of the pact would benefit them. Furthermore, Germany was trying to avoid a two-front war so obviously, the diplomat would present a palatable proposal to the Soviets in the hope that Soviet neutrality could be secured and that Germany could deal with its enemies one at a time. 7m

Structured Essay Questions 2. This question is about Stalin's dictatorship in Soviet Union (a) L1 To what extent was Trotskys arrogance responsible for Stalins rise (12m) to power in Soviet Union? Explain your answer. Writes about the (issue) but without focus on the question Award 1 mark for each detail, to a maximum of 2 marks L2 Describes the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 3 marks for describing the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 4 marks for both. L3 Explains the given reason or other reason(s) Award 5 marks for an explanation, and additional marks for any supporting detail, to a maximum of 6 marks 5-6 3-4 1-2

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

12 L4 Both elements of L3 Award 7 marks for answers which explain the given reason and identify/describe other factor(s). Award 8-10 marks for explanations of the given reason AND other reason(s). Do not award 10 marks unless more than one additional factor is explained. In 1924, no one expected Stalin to become Lenins successor. Trotsky was considered to be the front runner because he had played a key role in the Civil War as the leader of the Red Army, and he had helped organised the October Revolution. Trotsky drew his support from a narrow base consisting the youths, students and the Red Army. Due to the underestimation of Stalin, Trotsky was complacent about building support within the ranks of the party and was considered arrogant by many of the party members. This gave Stalin the opportunity to form alliances with party members such as Kamenev and Zinoviev. Through the isolation of Trotsky within the party, Stalin managed to garner support for his own leadership and Party members increasingly looked to him as a more suitable candidate for the leadership position. Stalin, thus, had the mandate of the Party members. Stalin also pretended to have been close to Lenin. He tricked Trotsky into missing Lenins funeral by giving him the wrong date. Many Party members were angry with Trotsky for failing to appear at the funeral as it showed a lack of respect for Lenin. Stalin organised the funeral to make it seem as if he had always been close to Lenin. He gave himself the role of chief mourner at the funeral. Through the distortion of facts and careful orchestration of the funeral, Stalin was able to portray himself as Lenins chosen successor as well as cast Trotsky in a bad light. This had the impact of legitimising his position as the supreme leader of Soviet Union as people gradually disapproved of Trotsky. Stalins position as Secretary-General gave him considerable power as well. As Secretary-General, Stalin had the power to appoint his supporters to important posts. Thus, many key Party officials owed their position to him and were loyal to him. Besides controlling the central Party machine, Stalin also controlled the local Party committees, spreading his influence even more broadly among the rank and file members. Stalin was able to pack a 1924 Party meeting with his supporters, who voted to remove Trotsky from his posts. By virtue of his position as Secretary-General, Stalin was able to systematically remove opposing elements in the party and bring in people who, in a show of gratitude, support his agenda for supreme leadership in Soviet Union. L5 Constructs an explanation which considers the inter-relationship between a range of reasons or comparative importance 11-12 7-10

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

13 The most important factor for the rise of Stalin lies in the fact that he occupies a crucial position within the party. His position as the Secretary-General allowed him to freely deploy and discard members at will. Lenin himself understood the dangers of giving Stalin free reign as the Secretary-General and wrote it in his will. However, his will was ignored and the Party members failed to remove Stalin from his position. This enabled him to consolidate his support base even if he did not have the mandate from Lenin.

(b)

The most important reason why Stalin was able to establish dictatorship in Soviet Union was his control of culture. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. Writes about the (issue) but without focus on the question Award 1 mark for each detail, to a maximum of 2 marks

(13m)

L1

1-2

L2

Describes the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 3 marks for describing the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 4 marks for both.

3-5

L3

Explains the given reason or other reason(s) Award 6 marks for an explanation, and additional marks for any supporting detail, to a maximum of 7 marks

6-7

L4

Both elements of L3 Award 7 marks for answers which explain the given reason and identify/describe other factor(s). Award 8-10 marks for explanations of the given reason AND other reason(s). Do not award 10 marks unless more than one additional factor is explained. Stalin practise control of culture through education and the arts. The teaching of history was changed to focus on the importance of Lenin and Stalin. Stalin was shown as having played a key and heroic role during the October revolution while other leaders like Trotsky were ignored. Teachers were closely watched and if they taught anti-Stalin values, they would be purged as well. Stalin also controlled the arts. Only writers, artists and musicians who made art praising Stalin and his programmes could remain in their jobs. Many others were arrested and sent to labour camps. The control of culture ensured that the younger generations grew up to be ignorant of the atrocities that Stalin had committed. Loyalty to Stalin was thus the result and people worship him as a leader. A nation dedicated to the worship of the leader is thus unlikely to revolt and resist him.

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

14 Stalin also made use of the NKVD to create a terror state. He dealt with dissidents and political opponents through purges. His victims included Sergei Kirov, Zinoviev and Kamenev. Normal citizens were not spared. The NKVD was given a quota, which meant that they had to arrest a minimum number of enemies of the people. The people arrested were usually intellectuals and were seen as a threat to Stalins rule. Religious persecution was commonplace. Russians were not allowed to practise their religion. The imposition of terror on the people caused the people to be fearful of Stalin and hence, any thoughts of resistance were quickly eliminated. It is thus possible for Stalin to exert total control in the country where people are too afraid to reject him and his policies. Stalin also exerted control through forced collectivisation programme. He ordered communist officials to force farmers to hand over their crops. When the farmers resorted to assassinating the officials, Stalin blamed the kulaks for the failure of collectivisation and ordered their elimination. Again, he used the NKVD to deal with farmers and they were especially cruel to the kulaks. Orders were given to shoot farmers who resisted or to send them to labour camps. Stalin was able to exert total control on the state because he had the ability to control the supply of food which is necessary for the sustenance of the population. People were thus in no position to react negatively against his policies for fear that their livelihood is adversely affected. L5 Constructs an explanation which considers the inter-relationship between a range of reasons or comparative importance The most important reason for Stalins ability to establish dictatorship is his use of the NKVD to eliminate opposing elements within the country. This ensured that his policies, no matter how cruel or inhumane, could be carried out. Resistance and negative reactions are immediately stamped out and he could have a free reign in Soviet Union.

3. This question is about Nazi Germany. (a) To what extent was the death of Gustav Stresemann the reason for the loss of support for the Weimar government? L1 Writes about the (issue) but without focus on the question Award 1 mark for each detail, to a maximum of 2 marks L2 Describes the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 3 marks for describing the given reason AND/OR

(12m)

1-2

3-4

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

15 identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 4 marks for both. L3 Explains the given reason or other reason(s) Award 5 marks for an explanation, and additional marks for any supporting detail, to a maximum of 6 marks L4 Both elements of L3 Award 7 marks for answers which explain the given reason and identify/describe other factor(s). Award 8-10 marks for explanations of the given reason AND other reason(s). Do not award 10 marks unless more than one additional factor is explained. Chancellor Gustav Stresemann was an influential politician who helped bring about positive developments in Germanys post-war economy. He served as Foreign Minister in 4 Weimar Governments from 1924 and 1929. He negotiated the Dawes and Young Plans for more time t pay reparations to the Allies. In 1925, Stresemann helped to end the Ruhr occupation by French and Belgian troops. He also signed the 1925 Locarno Pact with France and Britain, promising to respect Germanys Western borders. Germanys relations with her former enemies improved and Germnay was even allowed to become a member of the League of Nations. However, he died of a heart attack on 3 October 1929. Hence, Germany lost a capable leader and bore the brunt of the Great Depression in which the loans from the USA on which Germany dried up. Millions of Germans lost their jobs. The Weimar government was thus severely discredited because of its inability to resolve the economic crisis that Stresemann, as many believed, might have been able to do. In times of desperation, people increasingly lost faith in the Weimar government and looked for an alternative government. The Weimar government also lost the support of the people when it signed the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans were angry with the Weimar Government because they believed that the army had not been defeated. The top army officers told the Germans that the army could have fought on but were betrayed by their politicians and were stabbed in the back. Furthermore, the Germans were also outraged that Germany had to bear the brunt of the harsh conditions stated in the Treaty and made to take the blame for the war. In this regard, the Weimar government was seen to be the traitors of Germany and by signing the Treaty, Germany was humiliated and made to take full responsibility for the war. The heavy reparations demanded from Germany translated into many years of economic hardship for the people and increasingly, they lost faith in the government. The Weimar government was also incompetent when it comes to keeping order in the country. The Weimar governments own army could not put down the riots and revolts. It frequently relied on the 4-5

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

16 Freikorps to put down the revolutions. The Kapp Putsch by the Freikorp members in 1920 only failed because the workers in Berlin called a general strike and it was left without power, water or transport. Members of the Weimar government became the targets of attack as well. Between 1919 and 1922, there were 376 political murders. Many people were deeply shocked by the level of violence in the country and lost confidence in the Weimar governments ability to maintain law and order. L5 Constructs an explanation which considers the inter-relationship between a range of reasons or comparative importance The signing of the Treaty of Versailles was the most important reason for the loss of support for the Weimar government. This act of treason resulted in the military constantly trying to undermine the government. Without the support of the military, the government found it difficult to suppress revolts and strikes, giving the people the impression the government is weak and unable to maintain law and order. Furthermore, the slew of economic problems was seen to be caused by the Weimar Governments signing of the treaty resulting in a huge sum of reparations.

(b)

The most important reason why Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship in Germany was the Reichstag fire. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. Writes about the (issue) but without focus on the question Award 1 mark for each detail, to a maximum of 2 marks

(12m)

L1

1-2

L2

Describes the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 3 marks for describing the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 4 marks for both.

3-4

L3

Explains the given reason or other reason(s) Award 5 marks for an explanation, and additional marks for any supporting detail, to a maximum of 6 marks

4-5

L4

Both elements of L3 Award 7 marks for answers which explain the given reason and identify/describe other factor(s). Award 8-10 marks for explanations of the given reason AND other reason(s). Do not award 10 marks unless more than one additional factor is explained. The Reichstag fire which happened in February 1933 was probably

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

17 an orchestrated event by Hitler in a bid to frame the communists. The Nazis used the opportunity to blame the Communists for the fire and accused them of wanting to overthrow the government. This also gave Hitler the chance to convince the President to give him emergency powers to deal with the Communist threat. Hitler arrested the Communists and other opponents of the Nazis. All civil and political rights, such as the right to hold meetings, were suspended. Without the communists, the Nazis won the most seats in the Reichstag on 5 March, with 43.9% of the votes. The Reichstag fire gave the Nazis the perfect opportunity to eliminate their communist rivals and hence, they were able to capture more votes for themselves and became the biggest party in the Reichstag. This was the beginning of the establishment of a dictatorship since there is no opposition and the Nazis form the majority in the government that would thus support his future policies. The passing of the Enabling Act on 23 March 1933 propelled Hitlers agenda further. With the Nazis forming the majority of the Reichstag, Hitler outlawing the communists and garnering the support of the Nationalists and the Catholic Centre Party, Hitler was able to get the Enabling Act passed. This gave him dictatorial powers for 4 years and he could ignore the constitution, the Reichstag and the President. Within a few months, Hitler made use of his powers to strengthen his control. For example, he was able to remove all members of other political parties from all government departments, trade unions and all other political parties in the countries were banned. The Enabling Act was a crucial step towards dictatorship because it essentially ensured zero opposition in the country so that Hitler was able to conduct his domestic and foreign policies without any regard. To further strengthen his control, Hitler also eliminated threats from within his own party. The SA was set up in 1921 to protect Nazi meetings and intimidate the opposition. The leader of the SA Ernst Rohm headed a 4-million strong army and his growing influence worried Hitler. Thus, on 29 and 30 June 1934, Hitler had Rohm and many other SA leaders arrested and executed. This event became known as the Night of Long Knives. At least 200 people were executed and many more imprisoned. The removal of potential threatening elements within the party ensured that Hitlers actions would not be questioned by the members and that full support would be given to his actions and policies. L5 Constructs an explanation which considers the inter-relationship between a range of reasons or comparative importance The most important reason for Hitlers ability to establish a dictatorship would be the passing of the Enabling Act. While he

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

18 Hitler was able to eliminate his opponents through various means, it is only with the passing of the Enabling Act that he is given the freedom to execute his policies without needing to consult anyone else. One of the characteristics of a dictatorship is the possession of absolute power, with the Enabling Act, Hitler possesses absolute power by virtue of the fact that he has no opposition.

4. This question is about Fascist Japan. (a) To what extent was the coalition of Kuomintang(KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) the catalyst for the military takeover of Japan? Writes about the (issue) but without focus on the question Award 1 mark for each detail, to a maximum of 2 marks L2 Describes the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 3 marks for describing the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 4 marks for both. L3 Explains the given reason or other reason(s) Award 5 marks for an explanation, and additional marks for any supporting detail, to a maximum of 6 marks L4 Both elements of L3 Award 7 marks for answers which explain the given reason and identify/describe other factor(s). Award 8-10 marks for explanations of the given reason AND other reason(s). Do not award 10 marks unless more than one additional factor is explained. Since 1894, Japan had benefited from Chinas weak and disunited government. These benefits include special trade rights and trade concessions. However, the situation changed in 1927 when the KMT and CCP joined forces to form a united army to fight the warlords and gained full control of China. They then demanded an end to the special concessions to foreigners. Strikes, demonstrations and boycotts of Japanese goods hurt Japanese economic interests in China and Manchuria. The Kwantung army then proposed that Japan occupy Manchuria and North China before anti-Japanese feelings became too strong. This provided the critical impetus for the military to take over Japan because the national economic interests were precariously threatened by a united China and knowing that the Japanese government may not concede to waging a war against China, the military thus had to take over the government in order to secure their agenda. 4-5 3-4 (12m)

L1

1-2

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11

19

Economic problems also catalysed the process towards militarism. In the early 20th century, Japanese farmers and workers had difficult working and living conditions. Trade imbalance was a problem that the government was unable to solve as well. These problems were further exacerbated by the Great Depression which happened in 1929. Japanese exports decreased as a result of protectionism . Silk Japans main export was the worst affected. Demand for silk in the ISA and the other parts of the world fell drastically. The farmers were adversely affected as the country plunged into economic depression. This economic depression galvanised the position of the military which was seen as having the ability to bring the country back to its glorious state. Thus, there was an urgent need for the military to take over the government such that its expansionist agenda of acquiring more overseas raw materials and markets could be secured. American expansion in the Asia-Pacific region was also crucial in compelling the military to take over Japan. Since 1853, the United States took control of many tiny islands that were rich in guano, a natural fertiliser. It also took control of other islands and used them as bases for American trading ships. By the 1930s, the area under American control had expanded to include islands such as Hawaii and the Philippines. Japanese militarists believe that American economic and military interests would bring them into conflict over who would control the Asia-Pacific region. With an agenda of expanding its territories and markets, the Japanese army had an urgent need to ensure that Japan was able to eliminate the Americans from the region before further American expansionism. The only plausible way to do it was to take over the government to ensure that no politician would go against their agenda. L5 Constructs an explanation which considers the inter-relationship between a range of reasons or comparative importance Economic problems that were compounded by the Great Depression provided the biggest catalyst for the military takeover of Japan. With the country in depression, the militarys proposal of overseas territories and markets became more attractive and support for them grew. Economic conditions made it necessary for the military to secure these sources of wealth by force and they would have to do it without interference from politicians who might be worried and concerned about Japans international reputation. (b) The most important reason why Japan was expansionist was (12m) because they wanted to free Asians from Western control. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. Writes about the (issue) but without focus on the question
2192/03/HE3/11

L1

1-2

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

20

Award 1 mark for each detail, to a maximum of 2 marks L2 Describes the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 3 marks for describing the given reason AND/OR identifying/explaining other reason(s). Award 4 marks for both. L3 Explains the given reason or other reason(s) Award 5 marks for an explanation, and additional marks for any supporting detail, to a maximum of 6 marks L4 Both elements of L3 Award 7 marks for answers which explain the given reason and identify/describe other factor(s). Award 8-10 marks for explanations of the given reason AND other reason(s). Do not award 10 marks unless more than one additional factor is explained. Japan had expansionist desires because it wanted to free Asians from Western control. Because Japan was the strongest military power in Asia, the Japanese felt they would have to lead the fight to end Western imperialism. The Japanese also felt that it was their destiny to be the leaders of Asia. This made war in the Asia-Pacific likely because Japan would have to wage war against colonial powers like Britain, France and the Netherlands to create a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The purpose of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was also beneficial to Japan economically because it ensure that Japan would receive a steady supply of raw materials, necessary for its industries and economic survival. However, in order to create the sphere, Japan would have to encroach into territories belonging to European powers and this was perceived to be expansionist. Japan was also expansionist because it needed to find room for its growing population. Japans population grew from 30 million in 1870 to 70 million by 1937. The rapid increase in population created a problem for Japan because its farmers could not grow enough food for all the people. The government had to import food. The growing population also needed more space. However, Japan is a mountainous country and there was not enough room to house all of the people. Due to practical reasons, Japan had to look outwards for the solution to its growing population. The most immediate solution, although antagonistic, would be to occupy foreign territories so that food supply can be secured and the housing problem can be eradicated with the moving of the Japanese across borders. Japan faced the problem of a lack of natural resources which were crucial in the production of industrial goods. This created the
VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011 2192/03/HE3/11

3-4

4-5

21 problem of trade imbalance in which Japans volume of imports outnumbers that of its exports. The problems were further exacerbated when the Great Depression hit them in 1929. Due to the Great Depression, demand for Japanese goods fell which resulted in massive unemployment. Furthermore, protectionism in other countries prevented the sale of Japanese goods. Japans industries thus needed cheap suppliers of natural resources and markets to sell its goods. Japans leaders looked to Manchuria as a solution for the countrys economic problems. It was considered the seimeisen or lifeline since Manchuria could provide Japan with cheap manpower, raw materials like coal, timber, iron, soya beans, grain, gold and an overseas market for Japans goods. Japans economic predicament necessitated an aggressive and expansionist policy. In the wake of the depression, it became painfully clear to Japan that its economy will always be in a vulnerable position, constantly subjected to the negative external forces of the world. Unless Japan took proactive steps in securing a steady supply of natural resources and markets for its goods, economic survival will always be a problem. L5 Constructs an explanation which considers the inter-relationship between a range of reasons or comparative importance Japans expansionist desires can be attributed to its need to control raw materials for its industries. While Japan prides itself as the liberator of Asians, the practical problems of its country ultimately triumph over its ideological beliefs. Even without its ideological belief, Japan would have been nevertheless, compelled to commit to expansionism due to the pressing economic issues at home which the government cannot find a solution to. Even issues pertaining to housing and food would have been issues that Japan could resolve, though not with ease, if its economy had been healthy and it had not been debilitated by the Great Depression. Since its economic health is largely dictated by its industries, the need to secure raw materials was of utmost importance and thus, expansionism was seen as the solution to their economic problems.

VICTORIA SCHOOL 2011

2192/03/HE3/11