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Abstract
The paper presents an algorithm for network reconfiguration based on fuzzy multi-objective approach. Multiple objectives are considered for
load balancing among the feeders, minimum deviation of the nodes voltage, minimize the power loss and branch current constraint violation,
while subject to a radial network structure in which all loads must be energized. These objectives are modeled with fuzzy sets to evaluate their
imprecise nature and one can provide his or her anticipated value of each objective. These four objectives are first fuzzified and then a fuzzy
satisfaction objective function is formed and maximized for each tie-switch operation. Heuristic rules are also incorporated in the algorithm for
minimizing the number of tie-switch operation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through an example.
q 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nomenclature
NB total number of nodes of the system Vi,j voltage of node j corresponding to the opening of
Nk total number of branches in the loop including the the ith branch in the loop
tie-branch, when kth tie-switch is closed jI(i, m)j magnitude of current in branch m when ith branch
LN total number of branches in the loop is opened
NF total number of feeders Ic(m) line capacity of branch m
ntie total number of tie-switches IFi,j current of feeder j corresponding to the opening of
PLOSS0 total real power loss before network reconfiguration ith branch in the loop
PLOSS(i) total real power loss of the radial configuration of IFavg
i average of all the feeder currents corresponding to
the system when ith branch in the loop is opened the opening of ith branch in the loop
VS voltage at the substation W1, W2, W3, W4 weighting factors
load patterns over an interval of a year in order to define the incorporated in the proposed algorithm for minimizing the
hourly load conditions for each season. They have used branch number of tie-switch operations.
and bound technique for obtaining minimum loss configur-
ation. Nara et al. [9] have proposed a method of distribution
system reconfiguration for reduction of real power loss using 2. Optimization in fuzzy environment
genetic algorithm. Lin et al. [10] have applied refined genetic
algorithm to network reconfiguration problem for reduction of In fuzzy domain, each objective is associated with a
resistive line losses. In this method, the authors have refined the membership function. The membership function indicates the
conventional crossover and mutation scheme by a competition degree of satisfaction of the objective. In the crisp domain,
mechanism to avoid premature convergence. Huang [11] has either the objective is satisfied or it is violated, implying
proposed one genetic algorithm based fuzzy approach for membership values of unity and zero, respectively. On the
network reconfiguration of distribution system. Although the contrary, fuzzy sets entertain varying degrees of membership
researchers [9–11] have demonstrated the effectiveness of function values from zero to unity. Thus, fuzzy set theory is an
genetic algorithm for network reconfiguration but solution time extension of standard set theory [19].
is highly prohibitive. Lin and Chin [12,13] have presented an When there are multiple objectives to be satisfied
simultaneously, a compromise has to be made to get the best
algorithm for distribution feeder reconfiguration. They have
solution. The four objectives described in the preceding text are
used voltage index, ohmic index and decision index to
first fuzzified and then, dealt with by integrating them into a
determining the switching operation. Huang and Chin [14]
fuzzy satisfaction objective function J through appropriate
have proposed an algorithm based on fuzzy operation to deal
weighting factors as given in Section 7.
with the feeder reconfiguration problem. Their approach tries
In the proposed method for network reconfiguration, the
to minimize power loss and acquire the load balance at the terms mLi, mVi, mAi and mBi indicate the membership function
same time. Liu et al. [15], Jung et al. [16] and Auguliaro et al. for real power loss reduction, maximum node voltage
[17] have proposed artificial intelligence based applications in deviation, maximum branch current loading index and load
a minimum loss configuration. Hsiao [18] has proposed fuzzy balancing of the feeders, respectively. The higher membership
multi-objective based evolution programming method for value implies a greater satisfaction with the solution. The
network reconfiguration. In this method, objective function membership function consists of a lower and upper bound
has been formulated using fuzzy min–max principle. value together with a strictly monotonically decreasing and
In the light of the above developments, this work formulates continuous function for different objectives are described
the network reconfiguration problem as a multiple objectives below.
problem subject to operational and electric constraints. The
problem formulation proposed herein consider four different
objectives related to: 3. Membership function for real power loss reduction (mLi)
jIði;mÞj
Branch current loading index Z ;
Ic ðmÞ (5)
for i Z 1;2;.;Nk ; m Z 1;2;.; LN
Basic purpose of this membership function is that the In this work, z minZ1.0 and z max Z1.15 have been
deviation of nodes voltage should be less. considered.
Let us define
6. Membership function for feeder load balancing (mBi)
yi ZmaxjVS KVi;j j; for i Z1;2;.;Nk ; j Z 1;2;.;NB (3)
If maximum value of nodes voltage deviation is less, then a Load balancing is one of the major objectives of network
higher membership value is assigned and if deviation is more, reconfiguration. An effective strategy to increase the loading
then a lower membership value is assigned. margin of heavily loaded feeders is to transfer part of their
Fig. 2 shows the membership function for maximum node loads to lightly loaded feeders. Feeder load balancing index
voltage deviation. From Fig. 2, we can write may be given as
8
> ðymax Kyi Þ ðIFi;j KIFavg
i Þ
>
> for ymin ! yi ! ymax Fi;j Z for i Z 1;2;.;Nk ; j Z1;2;.; NF (8)
>
> IFavg
ðy
< max Kymin Þ i
mVi Z 1 for yi % ymin (4) where
>
>
>
>
>
:
0:0 for yi R ymax 1 XNF
IFavg
i Z IF (9)
NF jZ1 i;j
In the present work, yminZ0.05 and ymaxZ0.10 have been
considered. Let us define
ui ZmaxjFi;j j; for i Z1;2;.;Nk ; j Z1;2;.;NF (10)
5. Membership function for maximum branch current
loading index (mAi) Eq. (10) indicates that a better load balancing can be achieved
if the value of ui is low. Therefore, for lower ui, higher
Basic purpose for this membership function is that to membership grade is assigned and for higher ui lower
minimize the branch current constraint violation. Let us define
Fig. 2. Membership function for maximum node voltage deviation. Fig. 3. Membership function for maximum branch current loading index.
334 D. Das / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 28 (2006) 331–338
Fig. 4. Membership function for load balancing index. For the purpose of explanation, consider the sample radial
distribution system as shown in Fig. 5. It is assumed that every
membership grade is assigned. Fig. 4 shows the membership branch has a sectionalizing switch. This system has four tie-
function for ui. From Fig. 4, we can write branches and four tie-switches (Fig. 5). Initially, run the load
8
>
> ðumax Kui Þ flow program for radial distribution networks. Now compute
>
> for umin !ui !umax the voltage difference across all the open tie-switches and
> ðu
< max Kumin Þ
mBi Z 1:0 (11) detect the open tie-switch across which the voltage difference
> for ui %umin is maximum. Say, out of these four open tie-switches, voltage
>
>
>
> difference across the open tie-switch, tie-4 (Fig. 5) is
:
0 for ui Rumax maximum. Now, check whether this voltage difference is
In the present work, uminZ0.10 and umaxZ0.50 have been greater than some specified value (say 3) or not. Say this
considered. voltage difference is greater than 3, therefore, this tie-switch
(tie-4) will be considered first.
7. Fuzzy multi-objective formulation Now if tie-4 is closed, a loop will be formed (Fig. 6) and
total number of branches including tie-branch (24–13) in this
The four objectives described in the previous sections are loop is 10. These branches are 13–12, 12–11, 11–10, 10–26,
first fuzzified, and then, dealt with by integrating them into a 27–18, 18–19, 19–22, 22–23, 23–24 and 24–13. Opening of
fuzzy satisfaction objective function J through appropriate each branch in this loop is an option. Therefore, one branch at a
weighting factors as given below: time in the loop is opened (radial structure is retained) and
membership value of each objective is evaluated.
Max Ji Z W1 mLi C W2 mVi C W3 mAi C W4 mBi ; Say in this loop, first open the sectionalizing switch of
(12) branch 13–12 (radial structure is retained), and run radial
for i Z 1;2;.;Nk
distribution load flow program. After that compute mL1, mV1,
The proper weighting factors used are W1ZW2ZW3Z mA1 and mB1 using Eqs. (2), (4), (7) and (11), respectively.
W4Z0.25 in which these four objectives are assumed to be Now, compute J1 using Eq. (12).
equally important. The weighting factors can be varied Similarly, now close the sectionalizing switch of branch 13–
according to the preferences of different operators. 12 and open the sectionalizing switch of branch 12–11 and run
the load flow program. After that compute mL2, mV2, mA2 and
8. Heuristic rules for minimizing the number of tie-switch mB2 using Eqs. (2), (4), (7) and (11), respectively, and then
operations compute J2 using Eq. (12). Similarly, J3, J4,., J10 have to be
computed. Optimal solution (OS1) for this tie-switch (tie-4)
The optimal switching strategies for network reconfigura- operation is maximum for all such values of J. Therefore,
tion proposed by most of the researchers need to consider every optimal solution for this tie-switch (tie-4) operation can be
candidate switch to evaluate the effectiveness of loss reduction
and extensive numerical computation is often required. In the
present paper, heuristic rules are considered which minimize
the number of tie-switch operations. These heuristic rules are
explained below.
In the first iteration, compute the voltage difference across
all the open tie-switches and detect the open tie-switch across
which the voltage difference is maximum. If this maximum
voltage difference is greater than some specified value (3) then
this tie-switch is considered first. It is expected that because of
largest voltage difference, this switching will cause maximum
loss reduction, minimum nodes voltage deviation, minimum
branch current constraint violation and better load balancing.
In the next iteration, same procedure is repeated for remaining
tie-switches and so on. Fig. 5. Sample distribution networks with four tie-branches.
D. Das / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 28 (2006) 331–338 335
Fig. 7. Radial configuration after first switching operation. Fig. 9. Radial configuration after second switching operation.
336 D. Das / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 28 (2006) 331–338
10. Example
Table 1 Appendix A
Feeders current before and after reconfiguration
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